Flat Surface Heat Transfer Enhancement By An Impinging Circular Free Water Jet

Impinging a free water jet onto a heated flat plate was investigated with and without mesh screens. Increasing the jet velocity increased the surface cooling rate via turbulence increase. Lower temperature gradients existed due to the faster wetting front propagation for the water film to advance in shorter times. Decreasing the nozzle-to-block spacing slightly increased the cooling rates by counteracting effects of gravity acceleration and jet momentum dispersion. The turbulence role in the heat transfer enhancement was optimized via opposite changes in the strain rate and largest turbulence scale. Displacing the screens from the impingement zone increased the heat flux.     

MEASUREMENTS OF LOCAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENTS FROM A FLAT PLATE TO A PAIR OF CIRCULAR AIR IMPINGING JETS

Local heat transfer coefficients from a flat plate to a pair of circular air impinging jets are investigated experimentally, A pair of well-controlled, fully developed circular air impinging jets at room temperature are used in the experiments. The experimental method in this investigation is the transient liquid-crystal technique. During the experiments, the surface liquid-crystal color distribution of the test plate is recorded using a video imaging acquisition system, and the color information is translated into a surface temperature distribution through a digital color image processing unit. Local heat transfer coefficients art obtained using a surface transient heat conduction analysis. The flow Reynolds number of the jet is kept at 23,000. The jet-to-plate distance and the jet-to-jet spacing are varied in the experiment. Detailed radial heat transfer distributions at different radial directions are obtained and analyzed for L/D = 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10. The effect of jet spacing distance (S/D =1.75, 3.5,5.25, 7.0) is analyzed by comparing to data obtained from a single jet with similar flow configurations.     

Colours in a complex fluid flow

The addition of colours to flow visualization allows a third dimension to be added to the intrinsically two-dimensional information rendered by an image.In the present work, the velocity domain and the wall heat transfer in the near field of a jet in cross-flow is experimentally investigated by making extensive use of coloured images. Tests are performed in a low turbulence wind tunnel at a jet Reynolds number equal to 8000 and for velocity ratios ranging from 1 to 5. Data are obtained with Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and with infrared thermography applied to the steady state heated-thin-foil technique.     

Heat transfer and flow characteristics of turbulent slot jet impingement on plane and ribbed surfaces

A computational study is carried out to assess the suitability of various RANS based turbulence models for slot jet impingement on flat and ribbed surfaces with various values of Reynolds number and jet to plate spacing. The com-puted results are compared with the reported experimental data. It was observed that none of the turbulence models considered predicted the heat transfer data accurately. However, some models predicted the experimental data with good trends, e.g., secondary peak and several spikes in Nusselt number for ribbed surface, with a precise computation of the stagnation point Nusselt number. Further, the effects of slot width, rib pitch and jet to ribbed surface spacing were investigated for jet impingement on a ribbed surface. It was observed that the local Nusselt number increased with slot width and rib to plate spacing. It was also observed that increasing Reynolds number had a positive effect on the local heat transfer. With increasing rib pitch the local Nusselt number increased near the stagnation zone but de-creased downstream. The observed flow pattern was different for jet impingement on a ribbed surface than that on a flat surface.     

Heat Transfer Study in a Discoidal System: The Influence of an Impinging Jet and Rotation

Abstract

This article presents an experimental study of the local heat transfer on the rotor surface in a discoidal rotor-stator system air-gap in which an air jet comes through the stator and impinges the rotor. To determine the surface temperatures, measurements were taken on the rotor, using an experimental technique based on infrared thermography. A thermal balance was used to identify the local convective heat transfer coefficient. The influence of the axial Reynolds number Re _j and the rotational Reynolds number Re was measured and compared with the data available in the literature. Local convective heat transfer coefficients were obtained for a dimensionless space between the two disks G = 0.01, for Re _j between 0 and 41,666, and for Re between 20,000 and 516,000. The flow data found in the literature can be used to explain the heat transfers in this small space configuration. In fact, the rotating disk can be divided into two influence zones: one dominated by the air jet near the center of the rotor and one affected by both the air jet and rotation. Heat transfers with non zero impinging jets appear to be continuously improved compared to those with no jets, even if the two influence zones mentioned previously are situated differently.     

板翅式换热器空气冷却侧传热性能的数值模拟

建立了板翅式换热器冷却空气侧锯齿翅片通道的稳态湍流数学模型,借助FLUENT软件进行了数值模拟,从各段翅片中部的切片与翅片上表面两个视觉角度给出了计算区域的流场、温度场、湍流强度、换热系数、压力等分布图形,计算结果有助于更好地理解锯齿翅片板翅式换热器的强化传热机理.     

空气源热泵机组结霜问题的实验分析

基于空气源热泵在低温寒冷地区运行中遇到的结霜问题,对不同风速工况下,结霜过程中设备性能的变化进行分析,以换热量、换热系数为指标对不同翅型换热器的换热特性进行研究.实验结果显示:换热器结霜过程中,换热过程主要分为初始增加段、换热平稳段、缓慢衰减段、后期平稳等四段,结晶体在增加空气湍流度强化换热的同时,也增加了换热热阻使换...     

Thermographic investigation of some surface flow patterns

Infrared (IR) thermography, due to its two-dimensionality and non-contact character, can be usefully employed in a vast variety of heat transfer industrial applications as well as research fields. The present work deals with measurements of temperature and/or convective heat transfer coefficients in several types of fluid flow configurations studied by means of the IR scanning radiometer applied to the heated-thin-foil technique. In more details, it is analysed the capability of the infrared system to study particular phenomena such as: the heat transfer, including the spiral vortical structures developing at transition, over a disk rotating in still air; the thermal exchange enhancement induced by a jet centrally impinging on the rotating disk; the complex heat transfer pattern associated with a jet in cross-flow.     

Flow and Heat Transfer Characteristics of in-Line Impinging Jets With Cross-Flow At Short Jet-To-Plate Distance

The aim of this research is to numerically and experimentally study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of in-line impinging jets in cross-flow. The jets from a row of round orifices are perpendicularly impinged on the inner surface of a rectangular wind tunnel at a short distance between the orifice plate and impinged surface (H) of 2D, where D is a diameter of the orifice. The jet velocity was fixed corresponding to Re = 13,400 for all experiments, and the cross-flow velocity was varied at three different velocity ratios (velocity ratio, jet velocity/cross-flow velocity) of 3, 5, and 7. The heat transfer characteristic was visualized using a thermochromic liquid crystal sheet, and the Nusselt number distribution was evaluated by an image processing technique. The flow pattern on the impinged surface was also visualized by an oil film technique. The numerical simulation was used to explore a flow interaction between the impinging jets and cross-flow. The results indicated that Nusselt number peak increased by the increasing cross-flow velocity for short jet-to-plate distance. For the range determined, the maximum local Nusselt number peak was obtained at VR = 3 as the consequence of high velocity and high turbulence kinetic energy of jet impingement.     

涡轮叶片前缘阵列冲击冷却流动及传热特性数值研究

本文采用SST湍流模型模拟了类前缘通道内蒸汽射流阵列冲击冷却的流动与传热特性,分析了雷诺数(Re=10000～50000)、孔径比(d/H=0.5～0.9)和孔间距比(S/H=2～6)对流动及传热性能的影响规律,得到了相应的传热和摩擦关联式。结果表明:在不同雷诺数下,d/H从0.5到0.9变化时,通道压力损失系数降低了76%～79%,靶面平均努塞尔数降低了45%～49%;S/H从2增至6时,通道压力损失系数增加了1.64～1.92倍,靶面平均努塞尔数增加了54%～64%;增大d/H、减小S/H可有效提高类前缘通道蒸汽冲击冷却的综合热力系数。本文研究结果可为未来先进燃气轮机高温涡轮叶片蒸汽冷却结构的设计提供参考和借鉴。     

Influence of Streamwise Pitch on Local Heat Transfer Distribution for In-Line Arrays of Circular Jets with Spent Air Flow in Two Opposite Directions

Abstract

The effect of streamwise jet-to-jet spacing on local heat transfer distribution due to an in-line rectangular array of confined multiple circular air jets impinging on a surface parallel to the jet plate are experimentally studied. The length-to-diameter ratio of nozzles of the jet plate is 1.0. The flow, after impingement, is constrained to exit in two opposite directions from the confined passage formed between the jet plate and target plate. Mean jet Reynolds numbers based on the nozzle exit diameter (d) covered are 3,000, 5,000, 7,500, and 10,000; jet-to-plate distances studied are d, 2d, and 3d. Streamwise jet-to-jet distances of 3d, 4d, and 5d, and a constant spanwise pitch of 4d, are considered. The jet plates have ten spanwise rows in the streamwise direction and six jets in each spanwise row. The flat heat transfer surface is made of thin stainless-steel metal foil. Local temperature distribution on a target plate is measured using a thermal infrared camera. Wall static pressures in the streamwise direction are measured midway between the spanwise jets to estimate cross-flow velocities and individual jet velocities. The streamwise distribution of the jet flow and the cross flow is found to be least influenced by the streamwise pitch variation for the range of parameters considered during the present study. Heat transfer characteristics are explained partially on the basis of flow distribution. The cooling performance, based on the strip-averaged Nusselt number per unit mass flow rate of coolant per unit area of cooled surface, indicates deterioration for lower streamwise pitch and higher jet-to-plate distance.     

HEAT TRANSFER ENHANCEMENT DUE TO TURBULENCE INDUCED BY PARTICLE MOTION IN GAS-SOLID FLUIDIZED BEDS

Heat transfer augmentation due to turbulence in the gaseous flow of a gas-solid fluidized bed is analyzed. Since the heat transfer in such beds is enhanced by various mechanisms, each mechanism's contribution can only be separately evaluated using special means. Therefore, we employed a new mass transfer measurement technique to measure the contribution of the turbulence induced by particle motion on the total heat transfer occurring around a horizontal test cylinder immersed in a fluidized bed. Results indicate that the mass transfer, i.e., analogous to convective heat transfer to or from the gaseous flow, is enhanced by the turbulence produced from particle motion on the front side of the cylinder surface, but that other heat transfer mechanisms besides turbulence contribute to the heat transfer augmentation taking place on the cylinder side walls and back-side surface.     

Numerical study of the effect of turbulence on rate of reactions in the MILD combustion regime

In this paper, the importance of fluctuations in flow field parameters is studied under MILD combustion conditions. In this way, a turbulent non-premixed CH₄+H₂ jet flame issuing into a hot and deficient co-flow air is modeled using the RANS Axisymmetric equations. The modeling is carried out using the EDC model to describe the turbulence-chemistry interaction. The DRM-22 reduced mechanism and the GRI2.11 full mechanism are used to represent the chemical reactions of H₂/methane jet flame. Results illustrate that although the fluctuations in temperature field are small and the reaction zone volume are large in the MILD regime, the fluctuations in temperature and species concentrations are still effective on the flow field. Also, inappropriate dealing with the turbulence effect on chemistry leads to errors in prediction of temperature up to 15% in the present flame. By decreasing of O₂ concentration of hot co-flow air, the effect of fluctuations in flow field parameters on flame characteristics are still significant and its effect on species reaction rates does not decrease. On the other hand, although decreasing of jet inlet Reynolds number at constant inlet turbulence intensity addresses to smaller fluctuations in flow filed, it does not lead to lower the effect of turbulence on species distribution and temperature field under MILD combustion conditions.     

Relevance of the subgrid-scales for large eddy simulations of turbulence-radiation interactions in a turbulent plane jet

An a priori study based on direct numerical simulation (DNS) of a non-isothermal turbulent plane jet has been carried out in order to analyse the role of the small-scales of turbulence on thermal radiation. Filtered DNS and large eddy simulation (LES) without subgrid-scale (SGS) model have been estimated for the radiative heat transfer. The comparison of the results highlights the subgrid-scale influence over the filtered radiation quantities, such as the radiative intensity and the radiative emission. The influence of the optical thickness is also studied. It is shown that the subgrid-scales are not significant near the centerline of the jet, where the radiative heat transfer is more important, and therefore that the SGS can be neglected in this configuration. However, when the optical thickness increases, the SGS become relevant and SGS modeling may be needed.     

薄片激光器喷流冷却技术

为了分析喷流冷却技术对薄片激光器的冷却效果,从湍流换热理论出发,定义了评定喷流冷却换热能力和冷却均匀性的两个参数:面均对流换热系数和平均最大温差。利用ANSYS CFX流体力学仿真软件,建立喷流冷却的物理模型,对多种喷板结构进行求解计算。设计加工了整套喷流冷却实验装置,并进行了模拟热源喷流冷却实验。分析结果表明,喷流冷却换热能力和冷却均匀性主要受喷板结构参数的影响,仿真计算结果可以定性地指导喷板结构参数的优化设计。     

脉冲流冲击冷却换热的液晶显示实验研究

采用热色液晶定量测温技术对稳态及脉冲式空气-氮气圆形浸没射流冲击冷却换热进行了实验研究.脉冲射流的实验结果表明,对于喷嘴直径D=3 mm的情形,无论脉冲频率高低,均无强化换热效果;对于D=I0 mm的情形,在较高Re数时出现个别工况的驻点换热强化.脉冲射流表现出换热系数沿径向分布趋于均匀的特点.     

旋转光滑U形通道内换热的三维模拟

数值模拟了旋转状态下涡轮叶片U形内冷通道湍流流场和温度场,分析了其换热的变化规律。结果表明,旋转状态下哥氏力、离心力和浮升力的共同作用使得流场相对于静态发生了较大的变化。总体上讲,旋转强化了换热。但是旋转使得换热能力在各个面分布不均,增加了温度梯度。     

氩等离子体射流在空气环境中冲击平板层流流动与传热的数值模拟

本文采用组合扩散系数方法处理不同气体组分之间的扩散，对氩等离子体的流射入空气环境并撞击平板时的层流流动和传热进行了数值模拟．这种新的处理混合气体中质量扩散的方法有助于更准确地描述等离子体条件下的组分扩散与能量输运。文中给出了射流中速度、温度及氩质量分数的分布情况，以及基板处热流密度分布的若干典型的数值模拟结果．     

Heat Transfer and Emission Characteristics of Impinging Rich Methane and Ethylene Jet Flames

Flame impingement heat transfer has widespread industrial and domestic applications and attaining high heat flux as well as low emission of pollutants is the important prerequisite for all such applications. In this article, the heat transfer and emission characteristics of a laminar flame jet impinging on a flat target plate have been investigated experimentally. The effect of reactant jet Reynolds number, equivalence ratio and burner to plate separation distance on the average heat flux, and emissions of CO and NO_x are studied using methane and ethylene fuels. Results indicate that the heat flux is maximized under certain operating conditions of jet Re, equivalence ratio, and separation distance between the burner and the target. Fuel type is found to have an effect on the heat transfer rate because of the varying luminosity of the flame with different fuels. Operating regimes that produce lower emission of pollutants are also identified. Findings of this article have direct industrial relevance to flame impingement heat transfer applications that have small target plate-to-burner port diameter ratios.     

Dynamics of heat and mass transfer through a water-air interface based on measurements of thermal radio emission at a frequency of 60 GHz

We study the dynamics of heat and mass transfer through a water-air interface on the basis of laboratory radiometric measurements of the time dependence of thermal radio emission of water at a frequency of 60 GHz, which is related to air turbulization above its surface by a fan. We recover the dynamics for the temperature profile in water and in a viscous sublayer of air as well as for the heat flux through the water-air interface. The flux components related to evaporation and heat exchange and the rate of evaporation from a unit surface are determined. An equation for determining the thickness of the viscous sublayer in the air from the heat flux value is obtained;this thickness is about 2 mm under the experimental conditions. The process dependence on the water turbulence is established and methods for determining the thermal film thickness are proposed. In the absence of turbulence in unstable stratified water we observed the development of a periodic convective process from the time the critical value of the Rayleigh number was reached. The heat exchange dependence on the presence of petroleum film on the water surface is studied. It is found that for a film thickness of 5 μm the heat exchange rate decreases by a factor of 3 because of the petroleum presence. Radiophysical Research Institute, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp. 351–369, March, 1997.