超流氦中的沸腾实验研究:压力测量及其可视化

在超流氢的沸腾实验中,随着静压液柱高度ｈ的降低,会出现不同的沸腾状态。在噪声沸腾中,一个与平板加热器大小相当的气泡在其表面上反复地长大、缩小,并伴随着巨大的噪声和剧烈的机械振动;在无噪声沸腾中,在平板加热器表面形成一个极稳定的气膜,并且,没有噪声和机械振动出现;而在两者之间,存在一个过渡的沸腾状态。通过沸腾过程中的压力振动测量和可视化测量,对不同沸腾状态进行了研究。     

短脉冲激光加热下液氮爆发沸腾实验观测

21世纪的超导研究将步入实用化阶段。在超导体工作中,其所处的低温环境(液氮、液氦)有可能受到瞬时高热流的冲击,从而导致爆发沸腾的发生,甚至影响到超导体的安全、稳定工作。对此,有必要进行系统的实验和理论研究,揭示低温工质的爆发沸腾现象与过程特征。本文就是基于这一目的,首次从实验角度观察液氮的爆发沸腾行为,拍摄到液氮爆发沸腾时的系列照片,并测量了脉冲加热期间以及之后的温度变化。发现了一些新颖并值得关注的现象。     

Current instability mechanisms in liquid-coolant-cooled high-temperature superconductors

The stable current distribution in Bi₂Sr₂CaCu₂O₈, Bi₂Sr₂Ca₂Cu₃O₈, and YBa₂Cu₃O₇ high-temperature superconductors depending on conditions of cooling thereof by liquid cryocoolants—helium, hydrogen, and nitrogen, respectively—is studied. It is shown that the current instability mechanism may change in going from one coolant to another. Consequently, stable states may be disturbed, first, when the conditions of cooling the superconductor surface change from nucleate boiling to film boiling. Such a thermal mechanism of stable current state disturbance is observed largely when a superconductor is cooled by liquid helium. Second, even for the nucleate boiling of a liquid coolant, current instability may result from the stable formation of the voltage-current characteristic of the superconductor. This type of injected current stability disturbance is most likely when a superconductor is cooled by liquid nitrogen. Criteria for determining a current instability mechanism in relation to the properties of the superconductor and coolant are given.     

Heat conduction through narrow channels and phase separation of He II at zero gravity

We explain the heat flow properties of a system which works as a phase separator for superfluid helium at zero gravity. Differently from most previous work the flow of He II in a narrow slit between a helium bath and a vapour space (instead of a second He bath) is studied. Due to the Fountain effect most of the He II stays contained in the bath, and a small amount is evaporated to carry away the heat transported through the slit. The role of evaporation kinetics is discussed and its contribution, raising the heat flow resistance, is calculated. At higher heat flow there is a sharp transition to a different flow state, which we identify with the Gorter-Mellink regime where the supercomponent flows dissipatively and liquid enters into the vent line so that an additional heat exchanger is necessary for its evaporation. In this regime the mass and heat flow are still controlled by the applied pressure gradients or-important for practical use:-by varying the length of the slit.     

Hydrodynamics of superfluid helium in a single nanohole

The flow of liquid helium through a single nanohole with radius smaller than 25 nm was studied. Mass flow was induced by applying a pressure difference of up to 1.4 bar across a 50 nm thick Si(3)N(4) membrane and was measured directly by means of mass spectrometry. In liquid He I, we experimentally show that the fluid is not clamped by the short pipe with diameter-to-length ratio D/L?1, despite the small diameter of the nanohole. This viscous flow is quantitatively understood by making use of a model of flow in short pipes. In liquid He II, a two-fluid model for mass flow is used to extract the superfluid velocity in the nanohole for different pressure heads at temperatures close to the superfluid transition. These velocities compare well to existing data for the critical superflow of liquid helium in other confined systems.     

低温过冷测试平台冷压缩机性能的测试研究

冷压缩机具有工作温度低、尺寸小、功耗低、便于操控等特点,是大型过冷氦低温系统中的关键设备。对低温过冷测试平台的冷压缩机进行测试,方法为采用两台串联的冷压缩机在低温低压下直接抽吸饱和液氦容器,液氦容器内装有电加热器用以模拟超导磁体的热负荷,并调节氦气蒸发速率。测试表明,冷压缩机的稳定工作参数接近设计值,运行过程中冷压缩机始终保持安全运行,未出现喘振情况,液氦容器温度和压力分别达到3 K、22 kPa,满足设计要求。     

高温超导薄膜无源微波器件的应用

高温超导薄膜在微波器件中的应用,与常规导体相比可以减小器件的体积,重量,功率消耗和插入损耗,并且可以在液氮沸点附近工作,接近于卫星的环境温度100K,微波器件是在几个平方厘米的高温超导薄膜上制备的。这些薄膜必须要有最高的超导性能,如临界温度,临界电流密度以及微波表面电阻,因此高温度超导薄膜的应用受到制备大面积,高质量薄膜的限制,美国高温超导空间实验在1999年5月已经获得成功,使高温超导薄膜在微波器件中的应用成为现实。     

Thermally driven josephson oscillations in superfluid 4He

We find that a temperature differential can drive superfluid oscillations in 4He. The oscillations are excited by a heater which causes a time dependent temperature differential across an array of 70 nm apertures. By measuring the oscillation frequency and simultaneously determining both temperature and pressure differentials we prove the validity of the most general form of the Josephson frequency relation. These observations were made near saturated vapor pressure, within a few mK of the superfluid transition temperature.     

Superconductivity as a consequence of an ordering of the electron gas zero-point oscillations

It is shown that the temperature dependence of the value of energy gap in superconductors is characteristic for the order–disorder transition. The obtained relationship between the critical parameters of the Bose–Einstein condensate of electrically charged particles is in accordance with measurement data of superconductor critical parameters. The dependence of the critical temperatures for both – I and II – type superconductors and their Sommerfeld constants (and their Fermi energies) is obtained. It is marked that among the high-temperature superconducting ceramics there are the both – I and II – type superconductors. In total the phenomenon of superconductivity is seen as a consequence of ordering into the zero-point oscillation system of the electron gas in a metal at low temperatures. The obtained estimations of the interaction of zero-point oscillations are in satisfactory agreement with the data measurements of critical parameters of I and II type superconductors.     

Self-excited pressure pulsations in ethanol under heater subcooling

This paper presents experimental results of investigation of high-intensity cooling of high-temperature metal heater by subcooled ethanol flow. The experiments have proved the presence of self-excited pressure pulsations with amplitude of 1.15 MPa, arising in ethanol. Expanding real signals of the sensors by the Hilbert?Huang transform has resulted in the intrinsic mode functions. Analysis of these functions and the high-speed video shooting results allows identifying the basic frequencies and mechanisms of pressure oscillations. Comparison of the results with the data of film cooling and bubble boiling on the cooled heater has shown that maximum values of non-stationary heat-transfer coefficients for the self-excited oscillations and for the bubble boiling are the same.     

Distribution of Excited Atoms and Ions in a Plasma Generated at the Surface of Ferroelectric Ceramic

The distribution of excited atoms and ions in a plasma generated at the surface of ferroelectric ceramic has been studied. For all studied spectral lines of He I, Ar I, Ar II and hydrogen a decrease of the total line intensity with the increasing distance from the ceramic surface has been found. The shapes of these distributions are characteristic of the specific spectral lines. The distributions for He I lines depend strong on the concentration of argon in the helium — argon mixture. The effect of overpopulation of some excited Ar II ion levels in an argon discharge observed already in a previous work has been found also in the case of a helium — argon plasma.     

Helium wetting: Theme and variations on inhomogeneous helium

The surprising discovery, in 1991, that liquid helium does not wet a cesium surface at low temperature has triggered an important activity both theoretical and experimental: helium has become a model system for the study of wetting transitions. After summarizing the main theme of helium wetting, I will focus on more recent studies, such as the structure and excitations of helium interfaces, experiments on the capillary rise, the “surfactant effect” of helium-3 impurities on liquid helium-4 and the “quantum prewetting transition” of pure helium-3. Unexpected consequences on the phase separation of³He?⁴He mixtures in restricted geometry will be drawn.     

DESIGN,CALIBRATION, AND INITIAL RESULTS ON A COLOR/TEMPERATURE-MAPPING GOLD-FILM HEATER

The goal of this article is to present a new heater design which combines a thin-film resistometry technique with a double-incident liquid-crystal film in the form of a coated (printed) sheet to provide both a spatial mean surface temperature and a color/ temperature map. The heater is demonstrated to yield spatial temperature results consistent with those of other boiling studies in the literature while providing the additional functionality of a mean temperature measurement. The heater design and calibration are outlined and four boiling tests are presented to show the applicability of such a neater for fundamental boiling research, including some information in the conduction and convection regimes, electric-field-enhanced boiling research, and microgravity boiling research.     

Chaotic vibrations of a magnet near a superconductor

The forced vibration of a small permanent magnet near the surface of a high temperature superconducting ceramic disc is shown to produce period doubling oscillations and chaos. The source of these anomalous vibrations is the nonlinear, hysteretic force between the magnet and the superconductor. These forces are believed to be related to flux pinning and flux dragging effects in the superconductor in the type II state. A return map, based on the displacement of the magnet, reveals a single hump polynomial function which under iteration exhibits a bifurcation structure similar to the experimental results.     

Hydrogen and helium films as model systems of wetting

Optical experiments on the wetting properties of liquid ⁴He and molecular hydrogen are reviewed. Hydrogen films on noble metal surfaces serve as model systems for studying triple point wetting, a continuous transition between wetting and non-wetting. By means of optically excited surface plasmons, the adsorbed film thickness for temperatures around, and far below, the bulk melting temperature is measured, and the physical mechanisms responsible for the transition are elucidated. Possible applications for other experiments in pure and applied research are discussed. Thin films and droplets of liquid helium are studied on cesium surfaces, on which there is a first order wetting transition. Our studies concentrate on dynamical observations via surface plasmon microscopy, which provide insight into the morphology of liquid helium droplets spreading at different temperatures. Features corresponding to pinning forces, the prewetting line, and the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition are clearly observed.     

Investigation of transient processes at liquid boiling under nonstationary heat generation conditions

The paper presents results on experimentally investigated dynamics of boiling development and formation of film boiling zones under stepwise heat generation on a horizontally and vertically oriented cylindrical surface in a large volume of Freon-21. Experimental data on the expectation time and boiling temperature, the propagation velocity and structure of evaporation and boiling fronts for different heat flux density both in saturated liquid and in subcooling conditions are obtained. Results of experiments on investigating the nucleation forms under development of nonstationary heat release crisis caused by heat loading on the vertical heater immersed into the volume of liquid (water, ethanol) subcooled to saturation temperature are presented. A calculation ratio for determining the expectation time to the beginning of intense vaporization in water is proposed and compared with experimental data obtained on surfaces with different-size roughness. Peculiarities of evolution of evaporation fronts from incipient bubbles are investigated in the experiments with ethanol. Data on the evaporation front velocity as a function of wall overheating are obtained. The obtained experimental data on the propagation velocity of self-sustained evaporation fronts are compared with the known calculated data.     

Experimental Study of the Influence of Structured Capillary-Porous Coatings on the Dynamics of Development of Transient Processes and the Crisis Phenomena at Stepwise Heat Release

The effect of structured plasma-sprayed capillary-porous coatings on transient processes and the development of crisis phenomena at boiling under pulsed heat release was studied. The working fluid was liquid nitrogen on the saturation line at atmospheric pressure. It is shown that under unsteady heat release, there is a degeneration of the development of the boiling crisis on heaters with structured capillary-porous coatings at q < q_CHF (critical heat flux at steady heat release). Under unsteady pulsed heat release, no rapid transition to the film boiling regime (without passing through the nucleate boiling stage) is observed on heaters with such coatings until the thermal load is more than two times higher than the critical heat flux for steady heat release. This significantly increases the times of transition to post-critical heat transfer. Analysis of synchronized measurements of surface temperature of heaters and high-speed video recording of transient processes shows that the degeneration of the heat transfer crisis at q < q_CHF on samples with coatings occurs due to significantly lower liquid boiling temperature differences and specific features of the dynamics of propagation of self-sustaining evaporation fronts in comparison with a smooth heater.     

过载条件下流动沸腾压降振荡的建模与仿真研究

流动沸腾系统中,压降振荡是系统不稳定性的主要型式之一。过载条件下流动沸腾压降振荡缺乏研究。本文采用数值仿真方法,对过载条件下管内流动沸腾的压降振荡特性进行了研究。建立了不同重力条件下压降振荡计算的数学模型,基于此,对过载条件下R134a在2.168 mm水平管内的压降振荡进行了仿真分析,得出了1.41 g、3.16 g(g=9.8 m/s^2)过载条件下的压降振荡特性及其引起的流量振荡、流体温度振荡和壁温振荡,并与对常重力(1 g)下的压降振荡特性进行了对比。结果表明,随着重力增加,流动特性N曲线的负斜率段缩短;一定条件下,当过载增加时,系统从稳定状态趋于不稳定状态。     

三氟碘甲烷的新气相状态方程和输运物性

提出了三氟碘甲烷（ＣＦ３Ｉ）的新蒸气压方程和新状态方程；给出了ＣＦ３Ｉ的偏心因子、正常沸点等物性参数，并与文献值进行了比较．使用毛细管粘度计测量了ＣＦ３Ｉ的２５３～３３８Ｋ的饱和液粘度，采用以钽丝为热线的双线瞬态热线法测量了ＣＦ３Ｉ的气相导热系数，并分别给出了关联式．