HEAT TRANSFER AND PRESSURE DROP MEASUREMENTS FOR IN-TUBE CONDENSATION OF CFC-113 USING MICROFIN TUBES AND WIRE INSERTS

Accurate, repeatable heat transfer and pressure-drop measurements have been made for condensation of CFC-113 with downflow inside enhanced microfin tubes and tubes containing twisted-wire inserts. In the latter case measurements have also been made for CFC-113/air mixtures. The heat transfer rate was calculated from the coolant flow rate and temperature rise, the latter measured using a 10-junction thermopile with careful attention paid to adequate coolant mixing and isothermal immersion of the thermopile leads. The surface temperature was found from thermocouples embedded in the tube wall. One plain tube, nine microfin tubes (with different fin heights, helix angles, and number of fins), and four twisted-wire inserts (with different wire densities) were tested. Enhancement ratios (i.e., vapor-side heat transfer coefficient for the enhanced tube divided by that for a smooth tube at the same vapor-side temperature difference and vapor inlet velocity) between 1.6 and 5.6 for the microfin tubes and between 1.2 and 1.6 for the twisted-wire inserts were found, with values depending on vapor-side temperature difference, vapor inlet velocity, and air inlet mole fraction in the case of CFC-113/air mixtures. The microfin tubes showed moderate pressure-drop penalties of around 50% compared to the plain tube, while the twisted-wire inserts showed increasing pressure-drop penalty with increasing wire density.     

Forced Convective Condensation of R134A Vapor Inside a Vertical Microfin Tube

In this study, condensation of pure refrigerant R134a vapor inside a vertical 18° helical microfin tube was experimentally investigated. Tests were performed at saturation pressure of 5.7–5.9 bar with mass fluxes of 20–100 kg/m²s and heat fluxes of 1.7–5.3 kW/m². The effects of mass flux and the temperature difference between the refrigerant and tube wall (ΔT) on the heat transfer performance were analyzed throughout experimental data. For experiments in which ΔT is more than 2.5°C, the average condensation Nusselt number showed a tendency to be independent from ΔT. Heat transfer enhancement ratio was found to be 1.59–1.71, which is always higher than the heat transfer area enhancement factor (1.55). Fins always act as a turbulence promoter in the given experimental data range. Finally, the most widely used heat transfer coefficient correlations for condensation inside microfin tubes were analyzed through the experimental data. Best fit was obtained with Yu and Koyama's correlation with an absolute mean deviation of 17% and Kedzierski and Goncalves's correlation with an absolute mean deviation of 19%.     

机械加工多孔层在大气压和高于大气压时的沸腾换热

1引言在过去的二十年中，已研制出诸如HighFI。、Thermoexcel－E、Ge、－T、CIT等多种高性能强化沸腾换热结构［‘－’］，其中ThermoexcelE型结构是机械加工多孔层中有代表性的一种，并进行了较多研究＊‘］。但迄今为止，研究工作多限于一个大气压时的沸腾工况［‘，’］，而较少涉及非大气压时的情形。本文对一种ThermoexcelE型机械加工多孔层在大气压和高于大气压时的沸腾传热进行了实验，提出了简化物理模型，进行了流动与传热分析，综合实验数据，建立了相应的传热关联式。2实验研究实验装置参见文献＊。多孔层基体为厚壁紫铜管…     

微方肋冷却系统的换热特性

采用去离子水为冷却介质,对自行设计的不同结构微方肋散热器内的换热特性进行实验研究,结果表明:在进口温度为20 ℃、进口流量为57.225 L/h、底面平均温度为73.4 ℃时,散热器散热量可达2.83106 W/cm2,可以满足当前高热流密度散热需求;当散热面温度一定时,散热量随着散热器进口流量的增加而增加,但增速随散热器底面温度的增加变缓;努谢尔特数随雷诺数的增加而成幂次方增加,常规针肋结构和微针肋结构换热关系式不满足微方肋散热器特性。为了更好地表达微方肋散热器内的换热特性,拟合了微方肋散热器内对流换热关系式。     

808 nm垂直腔面发射激光器列阵的温度特性分析

为了研究温度对808 nm InGaAlAs垂直腔面发射激光器（VCSEL）列阵输出特性的影响,通过变温塞耳迈耶尔方程计算了InGaAlAs量子阱VCSEL的温度漂移系数。采用非闭合环结构,制备了2×2 的808 nm垂直腔面发射激光器列阵,每个单元的出光口径为60 μm。通过热沉温度调节,对不同温度下的列阵激射波长、光功率以及阈值电流进行了测量。在温度为20 ℃、脉宽为50 μs、重复频率为100 Hz的脉冲条件下,列阵的最大输出功率达到56 mW,中心光谱值为808.38 nm,光谱半宽为2.5 nm,连续输出功率达到22 mW。通过变温测试,发现输出功率在50 ℃以上衰减剧烈,列阵的温漂系数为0.055 nm/℃。实验测得的温漂系数与理论值保持一致。     

微透镜阵列反应离子束蚀刻传递研究

提出了一种微透镜阵列复制的新方法－反应离子束蚀刻法（ＲＩＢＥ）它在工作原理和参数控制等方面较传统的蚀刻方法有很大的先进性，能够实现蚀刻过程的精确控制，本文详细阐述了反应离子蚀刻过程中的蚀刻选择性的控制方法，通过对各种蚀刻参数的控制，最终实现了微透镜阵列在硅等红外材料上面形传递的深度蚀刻，口径φ１００μｍ的Ｆ／２微透镜阵列在硅基底上的传递精度达１：１．０３，无侧向钻蚀。     

方柱微结构表面射流-流动沸腾强化换热

采用长×宽×厚为10 mm×10 mm×0.5 mm的硅片来模拟实际芯片散热,通过干腐蚀技术在其表面加工出宽×高分别为50μm×60μm,50μm×120μm的方柱微结构,实验研究了方柱微结构在射流冲击下的流动沸腾换热性能。过冷度为25℃和35℃,横流速度V_c为0.5,1.0,1.5 m/s,喷射速度V_j为0～2 m/s,冷却工质为FC-72。实验结果和同工况下的光滑表面作了对比。结果表明,方柱微结构由于换热面积的增加从而表现出优于光滑表面的强化换热性能,增加过冷度和提高V_c以及V_j都提高了芯片在高热流密度下的换热性能,但随着V_c的增加,射流冲击的强化作用减弱,低流动高喷射的强化效果最为明显。方柱肋片效率随着热流密度的增加而减小,随着V_c(V_j)增加,方柱肋片效率也逐渐下降,但降幅随着V_c的增加而减小。     

Visualization of transient natural convection heat transfer from a vertical rectangular fin

Experiments on thermal visualization of transient natural convection from short vertical rectangular fins were conducted using the technique of laser holographic interferometry. A sequence of infinite-fringe interferograms recorded for the heating regime of an aluminum fin demonstrates the effect of fin base heating on local convection coefficients and reveals alternating and oscillatory buoyancydriven flows similar to those over the top surface of heated horizontal plates. The effect of fin base heating results in greater uniformity of the local heat transfer coefficient along the fin. It also significantly reduces the steady-state heat transfer coefficients of short vertical fins compared to their transient values. Hence, the use of steady-state solutions for the design of short vertical fins operating in transient conditions may not introduce as much error as was previously thought.     

换热器表面结霜状态下翅片效率公式的理论分析及改进

１引言制冷设备中换热器是重要的部件，在进行换热器设计或对实际系统中换热性能进行计算时，采用的翅片效率的准确与否将会关系到整个系统的工作状况。对于换热器表面处于干或湿工况时，文献中的翅片效率公式形式较统一，但对结霜情况下的研究相对没有一致的结论［１］。Ｓａｎｄｅｒｓ［１］、Ｂａｒｒｏｗ［２］和Ｋｏｎｄｅｐｕｄｉ［３］都曾提及霜工况下换热器翅片效率公式，此外还有包含析湿系数的翅片效率形式。由于所采用的结霜翅片效率表达式不同，最终得到的翅片效率及翅片温度分布也难免存在差别。因而，从众多公式中选择相对准…     

Experimental investigation of heat transfer from different pin fin in a rectangular channel

In this study, the effect of both hexagonal pin fins (HPFs) and cylindrical pin fins (CPFs) into the rectangular channel on heat transfer augmentation, Nusselt number and friction factor were experimentally investigated. In planning of the experiments, different Reynolds number, pin fin array, pin fin geometry and the ratio of the distance between pin fin spacing (s) to the pin fin hydraulic diameter (s/D_h) were chosen as the design parameters. Air was used as the fluid. The Reynolds number, based on the channel hydraulic diameter of the rectangular channel, was varied from 3188 to 19531. In the experiments, the heating plate was made of stainless steel foil. The foil was electrically heated by means of a high current DC power supply to provide a constantly heated flux surface. The heat transfer results were obtained using the infrared thermal imaging technique. The heat transfer results of the hexagonal pin fins (HPFs) and cylindrical pin fins (CPFs) are compared with those of a smooth plate. Best heat transfer performance was obtained with the hexagonal pin fins. The maximum thermal performance factor ((?), was obtained as Re = 3188, staggered array, s/D_h = 0, ? = 2.28.     

Laser direct micromilling of copper-based bioelectrode with surface microstructure array

The laser direct micromilling is proposed to fabricate the microstructure arrays on the surface of dry bioelectrodes using red copper material. Based on the principle of laser machining and SEM results, the forming process of microstructure arrays on the surface of copper-based bioelectrodes is discussed. When the process parameters are varied, the effect of process spacing, laser output power, scanning speed and number of scan on the morphology and geometrical dimension of microstructure array of bioelectrode is investigated. The results show that the cone surface microstructure can be fabricated when process spacing is set to 0.1 mm. Surface roughness of microstructure is greatly changed with different scanning speeds. The height of surface microstructure and recast layer is greatly increased with increasing laser output power. When smaller laser output power or less number of scan are selected, surface microstructure array is difficult to be fabricated. However, it is easy to generate the damage of surface microstructure when the larger output power or excessive scanning times are selected. Moreover, our developed copper-based bioelectrode shows a hydrophobic property when the spacings are selected in the range of 0.1–0.3 mm. Eventually, the optimized process parameters are obtained to fabricate the bioelectrode with cone microstructure array.     

NATURAL CONVECTION FROM A VERTICAL RECTANGULAR FIN

An experimental investigation of steady-state natural convection from vertical rectangular mild steel and aluminum fins was conducted using laser holographic interferometry. Infinite-fringe interferograms demonstrate the effect of fin base heating. Depending on the fin material and base temperature, the local heat transfer coefficients vary along the fin with maximum values at positions about 22-48% of the fin height measured from the base. Temperature measurements along the fin show good agreement with the classical one-dimensional corwective and adiabalic tip solutions. Hence, in the thermal design of vertical aluminum fins of low Biot numbers, the classical one-dimensional fin solutions may be used together with an average heat transfer coefficient obtained from established correlations for natural convection from an isothermal flat plate.     

凹折射微透镜阵列的离子束刻蚀制作

利用光刻热熔成形工艺及离子束刻蚀制作 12 8× 12 8元凹微透镜阵列。所制硅及石英凹微透镜的典型基本图形分别为凹球冠形、凹柱形和矩顶凹面形。分析了在光致抗蚀剂柱凹微透镜图形制作过程中的膜系匹配特性 ,与制作该种微透镜有关的光掩模版的主要结构参数 ,以及光致抗蚀剂掩模工艺参数的控制依据等。探讨了在凹微透镜器件制作基础上利用成膜工艺开展平面折射微透镜器件制作的问题。采用扫描电子显微镜 (SEM)和表面轮廓仪测试了所制石英凹微透镜阵列的表面微结构形貌。给出了所制石英凹微透镜阵列远场光学特性的测试结果。     

Current implosion of quasi-spherical wire arrays

By means of the electrostatic expansion of a cylindrical wire array by an additional electrode, quasi-spherical arrays with a radius of 8–12 mm and a mass of 200–400 μg consisting of 30–60 tungsten wires 6 μm in thickness are formed. The compression of Z pinches formed by these arrays was performed by a current of 3–4 MA with a rise time of 100 ns in the Angara-5-1 facility. It has been shown that the central part of this array forms a region hotter than its edges and that for cylindrical arrays.     

翅片结构参数对纵向翅片扁管换热器换热性能的影响

以纵向翅片扁管换热器为研究对象,分析翅片长度、翅片高度及翅片间距对换热性能的影响,并对换热器的翅片结构参数进行优化,得出进口风速为2m/s时理想的翅片结构参数为:翅片长度为400mm、翅片高度为25mm、翅片间距为2.7mm.     

纵向翅片扁管换热器的结构优化

通过建立数值优化模型,对纵向翅片扁管换热器进行结构优化,得到了翅片长度、翅片间距及翅片高度对换热器热阻及空气侧对流换热系数的影响,同时还研究了不同热源温度、不同风速时换热器的优化结构,为工程应用提供了参考。     

3D nanoimprinted Fabry–Pérot filter arrays and methodologies for optical characterization

Fabry–Pérot (FP) filter arrays fabricated by high-resolution three dimensional (3D) NanoImprint technology are presented. A fabrication process to implement 3D templates with very high vertical resolution is developed. Filter arrays with 64 different cavity heights have been fabricated requiring only one single imprint step. Different optical methods are involved in this paper to characterize geometric and spectral properties. In order to investigate the transfer accuracy of the surface quality from the NanoImprint template to the filter, we use white light interferometry (WLI) measurements. Surface roughness and structure height accuracy of <1 nm for both values demonstrate the conservation of these critical parameters during the 3D NanoImprint process. Additionally, an optical characterization methodology for spectral transmission and reflection measurements of the filter arrays is introduced and applied. A compact microscope spectrometer setup which allows efficient handling, high resolution and short inspection time is verified by comparing measurement results to that of an optical bench setup used as a reference. First, this paper focuses on the foundation of the FP filter arrays, second on the technological fabrication, third on validation calibration of the setup and forth on the characterization of the filter arrays. The measurements envisage the spectral position of filter transmission lines, the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and the total spectral bandwidth of the array, i.e. the stopbands of the included Distributed Bragg Reflectors (DBRs).     

多孔圆肋传热传质分析

多孔肋片传热传质过程在自然界中广泛存在,本文对水在多孔圆肋中流动产生的传热传质现象进行了研究,建立了相应的物理数学模型,通过数值计算获得肋片内水的温度和流量分布,以及水沿肋长方向蒸发率的变化。讨论了外界空气温度对多孔肋片中水的流量和蒸发率的影响,并对孔隙率、长径比等因素对肋片传热传质效率的作用进行了分析．     

磁性量子元胞自动机功能阵列的实验研究

采用电子束光刻、热蒸镀和剥离工艺在室温下制备了多组磁性量子元胞自动机器件功能阵列. 实验研究了曝光剂量和曝光时间对三个不同间距参数磁性量子元胞自动机阵列图案的影响, 发现100 pA电子束束流和0.38 μs曝光时间可获得理想的阵列图案. 对制备的反相器阵列结构进行了磁力显微测试, 结果显示了正确的逻辑功能, 成功实现了不同间距参数功能阵列的实验制备. 此外, 实验还发现纳磁体阵列制备中容易出现缺陷, 模拟结果表明丢失纳磁体缺陷导致了信号传递反相.     

翅片长度对纵向翅片扁管换热器换热性能的影响

纵向翅片扁管换热器是一种新型换热器。气体沿扁管轴向方向流动,与管内介质的流动路径平行,可强化传热,减少气侧阻力,不易积灰结垢,维护方便。利用数值模拟方法,以纵向翅片扁管换热器为研究对象,分析翅片长度对换热性能的影响,对换热器的翅片长度进行优化。研究表明,不同进口风速对应不同的有效纵向翅片长度。随着进口风速的增大,翅片的有效长度越大。