BOILING CHARACTERISTICS OF R-11 IN COMPACT TUBE BUNDLES WITH SMOOTH AND ENHANCED TUBES

This study presents new data on nucleate boiling heat transfer obtained in compact horizontal tube bundles with small tube gaps. The experiment investigates the heat transfer enhancement effects by the restricted spaces comprising the compact tube bundles and the enhanced heat transfer tubes for nucleate boiling heat transfer of R-11 at atmospheric pressure. A roll-worked tube was used as a new type of enhanced heat transfer tube. The experimental results show that the small tube gaps can greatly enhance boiling heat transfer in a smooth tube bundle, while enhancement effects of small gaps were not quite significant for the enhanced tube bundle. There is a compound effect from the enhanced surface and the restricted space only for the enhanced tube bundle with the tube gap of 0.5 mm. The effects of the tube positions within both compact tube bundles on the boiling heat transfer were minor.     

微小空间内多孔表面上的沸腾实验研究

1引言微小空间内的沸腾在电子器件冷却、航天热控、微型换热器以及核反应堆的冷却等领域中有着广泛的应用，因此对其沸腾机理的研究具有重要的意义。过去微小空间内的沸腾研究主要是针对光滑表面［‘－‘1，已证明在微小空间里，沸腾换热受空间尺寸的影响要比大空间大。对于多孔表面在微小空间内的沸腾研究则相对较少。本文对矩形槽道表面和烧结型多孔表面在微小空间里的沸腾进行了实验研究。2实验装置实验装置如图1，实验段是3O0mm长的紫铜管（包括矩形槽道管和烧结型的多孔管），内插不同外径的不绣钢管，形成不同间隙的环形小空间。在内…     

FC-72在浸泡于液池中的微小圆管内的沸腾传热

本文对浸泡于FC-72液池中的两个微小圆管进行了沸腾实验研究,得到了沸腾曲线和传热系数,并用DV摄像机拍摄到了圆管出口处的沸腾状况,研究了管道尺寸对沸腾传热特性的影响。实验结果显示,管道尺寸对沸腾传热特性有显著的影响。传热系数和CHF随着管道尺寸的缩小而减小.直径为1.10mm的圆管出口处在低热负荷加热时发生了汽泡阻塞,并导致了剧烈的沸腾滞后现象。     

Refrigerant-oil mixtures boiling in a planar confined space

In the frame of the JOULE 1 R&D programme of the Commission of the European Communities a project has been carried out on enhanced evaporation heat transfer surfaces. A specific investigation has been realised on refrigerant oil mixtures boiling in a planar confined space.An experimental investigation of the boiling phenomenon in the confined space between a 30 mm wide × 120 mm high, heated plate and an opposing, adiabatic plate was carried out. The heated surface was made of a copper-aluminium-nickel alloy (Ra = 1 micrometer) and a saturated R-113/SUNISO 3GS oil mixture at atmospheric pressure was used as the boiling fluid.The maximum heat flux tested was approximately 90% of CHF. The parameters investigated were the gap size (1–5 mm) and the oil concentration (1–7% by weight). It was again observed that confinement does not improve the nucleate boiling performance of pure R-113 in any significant way, whereas the CHF decreases with decreasing gap size. In addition, while the presence of oil was observed to have only a relatively minor effect on low flux nucleate boiling, it caused a serious degradation of the high flux boiling performance. This deterioration increased with increasing oil concentration and was more severe for smaller gap sizes. However, for a given gap size, the CHF increased with increasing oil concentration accompanied by increasingly larger surface superheats.     

FC-72在竖直壁面上及微小三角型通道内的沸腾传热

本文对浸在FC-72液池中的竖直壁面及两个微小三角形通道进行了沸腾实验研究,考虑了管道尺寸对沸腾传热特性的影响。两个微小三角形通道的边长分别为1.5和2.5 mm,水力直径分别为0.87和1.44 mm,长度50 mm,采用铜块上开V型沟槽,再覆盖上透明的玻璃片构成。热流密度由贴在铜块背后的膜状加热器提供。实验得到了沸腾曲线和传热系数,并用DV摄影机拍摄到了沸腾状况。实验结果显示,管道尺寸对沸腾传热特性有显著的影响,CHF值随通道尺寸的减小而减小,小通道在低热流密度时传热系数较大。     

Étude phénoménologique de l'ébullition en espace confinéà partir d'un site de nucléation isolé

The aim of the present work is to identify the mechanisms of heat transfer enhancement during natural convective boiling in confined spaces. The influences of gap-size (0.3 to 2 mm), of pressure (1 to 3 bar), of heating surface orientation (vertical or horizontal) and that of the number of nucleation sites (no site, single site or several sites) for boiling R-113 in a narrow channel are investigated. Results for unconfined boiling are also presented as a reference. It is shown that latent heat transfer is improved when the bubbles are squeezed against the heated wall. The heat transfer enhancement is greater for a vertical than for a horizontal orientation because the two-phase fluid velocity is increased when the gap-size decreases, which enhances the sensible heat transfer. Finally, the confinement reduces the effect of an increase in pressure, which limits the influence of confinement. Indeed, both parameters lead to contrary effects on the bubble diameter.     

竖直微槽道内沸腾换热CHF实验研究

对于沸腾换热,一个主要的约束条件就是临界热流密度(Critical Heat Flux,简称CHF)。这个约束条件对沸腾换热量有一个最高值的限制。文中对矩形微槽道中的流动沸腾临界热流密度进行了实验研究。实验数据是在不同尺寸(0.15mm;0.4mm;1mm)微槽道中,在较大范围的面积质量流速和不同进口过冷度下,以去离子水为工质得到的。实验过程中发现,达到CHF时,靠近出口壁面温度会突然升高,此时传热效率迅速下降。实验数据分析结果表明:CHF随质量流量的增加而增加;进口过冷度对CHF没有明显影响;CHF随着出口干度的增加而降低。     

BOILING HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS IN A HORIZONTAL TUBE BUNDLE

The effect of thermal environment on boiling heat transfer performance in a section of a horizontal tube bundle was investigated using R-113 as the working fluid. The in-line tube bundle has five columns and 27 rows with a pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.3. Heal transfer coefficients obtained from the instrumented tube in the tube bundle with only one tube heated while the other tubes remained unhealed and with all the lubes in the bundle heated are reported for a range of heat flux, pressure, mass flow rate, and quality. The results showed that heat transfer coefficient of a tube in a heated bundle is slightly higher than that in an unhealed bundle, with the variation of heat transfer coefficient decreasing as heat flux, mass flow rate, or pressure increased. It was also found that higher quality would tend to improve the heat transfer. However, the effect of quality disappeared as heat flux, mass flow rate, and pressure increased. Based on the experimental data, the mechanism of the heat transfer augment due to thermal environment was analyzed. It was proposed that fluid agitation and thin liquid film formation are two main factors for a heated bundle to have better transfer performance than an unhealed bundle,     

常压下液氮窄缝池沸腾实验研究

采用玻璃钢 (FRP)制成的矩形窄缝 ,对三种不同的间隙尺寸 ,分加热面与水平面呈 0°,4 5°,90°,135°,180°五种角度 ,以液氮为工质进行了 15组池沸腾实验。得出结论 :液氮在窄缝中的沸腾传热有明显的强化换热效果 ;加热面所处角度不同 ,在相同热负荷下壁面过热度亦不同 ,滑移汽泡和微液膜蒸发机理在通道中发挥的作用也相应不同。该研究对于有限空间传热强化的机理和实际应用都有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

Prediction of heat transfer of nanofluid on critical heat flux based on fractal geometry

Analytical expressions for nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of nanofluid in the critical heat flux (CHF) region are derived taking into account the effect of nanoparticles moving in liquid based on the fractal geometry theory. The proposed fractal model for the CHF of nanofluid is explicitly related to the average diameter of the nanoparticles, the volumetric nanoparticle concentration, the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles, the fractal dimension of nanoparticles, the fractal dimension of active cavities on the heated surfaces, the temperature, and the properties of the fluid. It is found that the CHF of nanofluid decreases with the increase of the average diameter of nanoparticles. Each parameter of the proposed formulas on CHF has a clear physical meaning. The model predictions are compared with the existing experimental data, and a good agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is found. The validity of the present model is thus verified. The proposed fractal model can reveal the mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluid.     

Flow boiling characteristics of refrigerant mixture R-22/R-114 in the annulus of enhanced surface tubing

This paper presents an experimental study of flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of refrigerant mixture R-22/R-114 in the annuli of a horizontal enhanced surface tubing evaporator. The geometric parameters of the test section are: inner tube bore diameter of 17.5 mm, envelope diameter of 28.6 mm and outer smooth tube of 32.3 mm I.D. The ranges of heat flux and mass velocity covered in the tests were 5–25 kW m⁻² and 180–290 kg m²⁻s⁻¹ respectively, at a pressure of 570 kPa. The enhanced surface tubing data showed a significant enhancement of the heat transfer compared to an equivalent smooth tube depending on the mixture's components and their concentrations. Correlations were proposed to predict the heat transfer characteristics such as average heat transfer coefficients as well as pressure drops of R-22/R-114 non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture flow boiling inside enhanced surface tubing. In addition, it was found that the refrigerant mixture's pressure drop is a weak function of the mixture's composition.     

多孔表面开槽影响池沸腾传热的实验研究

本文报道了开槽密度对R11在烧结多孔表面池沸腾换热性能影响的实验研究。观察发现,多孔表面开槽,让蒸汽从槽道逸出、液体从多孔区吸入到受热面,将增强池沸腾换热。沸腾特征可分为液体灌注、槽道起泡、底部蒸干三个区。对特定的多孔层,合理开槽可获得较好的换热效果。带槽道的多孔表面实验件与均匀多孔表面相比,在相同壁面过热度条件下,热流密度提高2～10倍,临界热流密度提高2～4倍。     

NUCLEATE POOL BOILING UNDER DC ELECTRIC FIELD

This article deals with an experimental study of the influence of a DC uniform electric field on the nucleate boiling heat transfer. Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) effects on heat transfer coefficients for dielectric liquids are quantitatively investigated by performing experiments on various liquids with different properties. In these experiments, n-pentane, R-113, and R-123 are used as working fluids and the boiling phenomenon takes place on a horizontal plane copper surface. The experimental results have shown: (1) a threefold increase of nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients, (2) a threefold increase of the critical heat flux (CHF), and (3) the disappearance of the hysteresis phenomenon. For nucleate pool boiling and CHF regimes, heat transfer laws based on dimensionless numbers are proposed. The results obtained by the proposed EHD model are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

光管及窄环隙流道池沸腾换热实验研究

本文在常压下以水为工质,对管外及窄环隙流道池沸腾换热进行了可视化实验,结果表明：汽泡扰动并不是沸腾换热系数高的主要原因,液体过冷使核沸腾的换热能力降低,窄隙流道内的沸腾换热机理与普通的大容积沸腾没有明显区别。文中还根据观察和测量到的结果对一些换热现象重新进行了解释。     

毛细微槽内的相变传热的实验研究

本文对矩形毛细微槽竖直板的相变传热特性进行了实验研究。结果表明毛细微槽对相变换热具有很大的促进作用。当壁面过热度较小时,相变换热形式主要是三相接触线附近的蒸发换热机制。而当过热度较大时,微槽内发生剧烈的沸腾。微槽内相变换热的临界热负荷有两种产生机理:其一是当微槽长度较大时微槽内由于流动阻力而产生的液体输运临界;另一机理是当微槽长度较小时的池内沸腾临界现象,亦即由动态微液层模型决定的临界机理。实验还得到了微槽强化传热的最佳优化尺寸。     

不凝气体对R123凝结换热的影响

对氟利昂 R123 在水平单管外的凝结换热性能进行了试验研究,试验管为光管和五根强化管.目的是获得不凝气体对 R123 蒸气凝结时最佳肋密度的影响.试验结果表明:光管管外 Nusselt 理论值与实验数据偏差在±5%以内.对于含 8%不凝气体的 R123 在低肋管外的凝结换热,在肋密度为 1475 翅/米时可以获得最佳的换热性能.含不凝气体的 R123凝结换热系数显著下降,其管外换热系数约为纯蒸气的 20%～25%.随着肋密度的减小,不凝气体对凝结换热的影响逐渐减弱,但其最佳肋间隙仍保持不变,均为 0.32 mm.     

三维微肋螺旋管内流动沸腾流型与传热性能

采用三维微肋螺旋管进行了制冷剂R134a在管内的流动沸腾传热与流型可视化实验。随着流量和干度的变化,流型可划分为泡状流、塞状流、分层波状流、间歇流以及环状流。在Taitel-Dukler流型图上给出了流型的分区及其转变曲线,讨论了螺旋管内两相流动流型转变的特性。传热实验揭示了质量流量、热流密度及蒸汽干度对传热性能的影响,三维微肋螺旋管的强化因子为1.5-2.1。     

自然循环加热段内摩擦阻力及对流传热的实验研究

以常压去离子水为工质,对自然循环工况下上升加热段内单相水的摩擦阻力及对流传热特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,自然循环工况下加热段内由浮升力引起的自由流动对摩擦阻力及对流传热特性有重要影响,自然循环与强制循环二种工况下加热段内的摩阻系数及对流换热系数存在明显差别;并且,自然循环工况下加热段内的摩擦阻力存在滞后现象.通过实验提出了计算自然循环工况下加热段内单相水的摩阻系数及对流换热系数的经验关系式.     

大空间和毛细管内液氮池沸腾传热的实验研究

文中以直径50μm,长20mm的磷青铜丝作为加热丝和测温元件,采用控制热流密度的方式测量了0°,30°,60°和90°倾角下大空间和玻璃毛细管内液氮的沸腾曲线,分析了毛细管对核态沸腾传热的影响以及管径和倾角对临界热流密度的综合影响。结果表明,在实验管径内,毛细管对于核态沸腾传热有明显的强化作用;并存在一最佳管径,可在30°~90°倾角范围内获得最大的CHF值,并且其值高于大空间时的CHF。     

具有微槽的圆管流动沸腾实验研究

1引言行化行业大量的立、卧式重沸器等中都涉及沸腾相变传热。超大规模集成电路的正常工作需要具有10’W／m’量级甚至更高的散热能力山，航天热环境控制也同样要求在小温差下具有极高的散热强度问。对于这些高热流、低温差传热问题，往往也采用沸腾相变的方法解决。沸腾强化技术研究有很长历史，已发展出许多有效的方法，Thome问对过去数十年的工作做了系统的综述。具有烧结多孔表面薄展的HIGHFLUX管则，机加工扩展表面的THERMOEXEC－E管问，西德研制的GEWA－T管问，虽然在强化池沸腾时具有优异性能，很少用于强化流动沸腾。在…