An Experimental Investigation of Liquid Jet Impingement and Single-Phase Spray Cooling Using Polyalphaolefin

Experiments on triangular and rectangular array jet impingement and single-phase spray cooling have been performed to determine the effect of both cooling techniques on heat transfer coefficient (h) and the coolant mass flux required for a given cooling load. Experiments were performed with circular orifices and nozzles for different H/D values from 1.5 to 26 and Reynolds number range of 219 to 837, which is quite lower than the ranges employed in widely used correlations. The coolant used was polyalphaolefin. The experiments simulated the boundary condition produced at the surface of the stator of a high power low-density generator or motor. For the custom fabricated orifices, commercial nozzles, and conditions used in this study, both cooling configurations showed enhancement of heat transfer coefficient as H/D increases to a certain limit after which it starts to decrease. The heat transfer coefficient always increases with Reynolds number. In keeping with previous studies, single-phase spray cooling technique can provide the same heat transfer coefficient as jets at a slightly lower mass flux, but with much higher-pressure head. Special Nu_d correlations that account for the range of parameters and coolant studied in this work are derived.     

含冷却水管大体积混凝土温度场计算的一种新方法

水管冷却是混凝土坝施工期的主要温度控制措施,提出一种新的水管冷却数值模拟理论和计算方法.该方法将水管置于常规混凝土单元内部,在单元中把混凝土与水管的接触面作为散热面纳入控制方程的边界条件,把混凝土通过冷却水管壁面耗散的能量叠加到常规泛函中,根据此复合泛函由变分原理建立含冷却水管混凝土的有限元支配方程.编制相应的三维计算程序,在程序中水管网格的拓扑信息由程序自动完成,冷却水管可以从混凝土单元任意位置穿过,因此不增加网格剖分的难度,算例表明该方法能准确模拟混凝土的冷却效应.     

Error Analysis of Surface Temperature Measurement by Infrared Sensor

The general mathematical model for the surface temperature measurement based on infrared radiation is proposed. Measurement error function is derived and analyzed. The results of analyze are presented and conditions of measurement for better measurement accuracy are determined.     

涡轮叶片前缘阵列冲击冷却流动及传热特性数值研究

本文采用SST湍流模型模拟了类前缘通道内蒸汽射流阵列冲击冷却的流动与传热特性,分析了雷诺数(Re=10000～50000)、孔径比(d/H=0.5～0.9)和孔间距比(S/H=2～6)对流动及传热性能的影响规律,得到了相应的传热和摩擦关联式。结果表明:在不同雷诺数下,d/H从0.5到0.9变化时,通道压力损失系数降低了76%～79%,靶面平均努塞尔数降低了45%～49%;S/H从2增至6时,通道压力损失系数增加了1.64～1.92倍,靶面平均努塞尔数增加了54%～64%;增大d/H、减小S/H可有效提高类前缘通道蒸汽冲击冷却的综合热力系数。本文研究结果可为未来先进燃气轮机高温涡轮叶片蒸汽冷却结构的设计提供参考和借鉴。     

Effect of Nozzle Geometry on the Rewetting of Hot Surface During Jet Impingement Cooling

An investigation has been carried out to investigate the effect of nozzle geometry on hot horizontal surface rewetting during water jet impingement cooling. The test surface of 800 ± 10°C initial surface temperature is cooled by water jet of 22 ± 1°C temperature. The water flow is varied to maintain the jet Reynolds number in a range of 5,000 to 24,000. The rewetting phenomena with sharp-edged and tube-type nozzles are compared on the basis of rewetting temperature, wetting delay, rewetting velocity, and maximum surface heat flux. The rewetting performance with tube-type nozzle is better than the sharp-edged nozzle particularly for the downstream spatial locations; however, maximum surface heat flux at the stagnation region is higher with the sharp-edged nozzle.     

气膜孔角度对动叶前缘冲击/气膜复合冷却的影响

本文针对GE-E3第一级动叶前缘的冲击/气膜复合冷却结构进行了热流耦合数值研究.采用标准k-ω湍流模型,分析了前缘气膜孔对称布置时,其角度对透平动叶前缘冲击/气膜复合冷却特性的影响;在五种冷气质量流量比(MFR=0005,0.010, 0.016, 0.020, 0.025)下,研究了气膜孔在不同角度(β=20°,25...     

Simultaneous Strain and Temperature Measurement with Optical Fiber Gratings: Error Analysis

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Simultaneous Strain and Temperature Measurement with Optical Fiber Gratings: Error Analysis

Many schemes designed to simultaneously measure strain and temperature with optical fiber grating sensors have been reported in recent years. In this paper, the influence of systematic errors associated with the measurement process is analyzed and the error formulas are derived. The results are applied to a range of techniques that are of current interest in the literature. The performance of these schemes is contrasted with respect to the influence of wavelength measurement error and sensitivity matrix error.     

Determination of Interior Surface Temperature Using Luminance Measurement of Thermochromic Liquid Crystals

This paper presents a new method to measure interior surface temperature distributions. An image-resolved luminance measurement camera is used to capture light transmitted through thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC). These crystals change their optical properties with temperature. The experiments clearly show a unique relationship between temperature and the luminance value of the TLC. A calibration function is detected to transform the measured luminance distribution into corresponding temperatures. The developed method is applied to a model of an automotive headlamp. The data are compared with results obtained by using standard techniques such as infrared camera and thermocouple measurement. By that, a reasonable accuracy of the developed method of about ± 0.7°C can be determined. Knowing the temperature on both inner and outer surfaces, the heat transfer can be evaluated.     

炸药爆轰瞬态温度的光谱法测定

在双谱线原子发射光谱测温原理的基础上,设计了对炸药爆轰的瞬态温度进行实时测量的光纤光谱测试系统,利用光学纤维将炸药爆轰的光谱信号传入测光系统,用多通道数据采集器处理数据,系统的时间分辨率可高达0.1μs,所选择的两条谱线的波长分别为CuI 510.5和CuI 521.8nm,为炸药爆温的测量提供了一种简单有效的方法。利用该测温系统,通过对炸药爆轰光谱的测量,获得了实时瞬态爆轰温度-时间分布曲线。     

一种实用化实时测温系统的优化设计

基于基尔霍夫定律，利用半导体激光器及钽酸锂热释电探测器设计了一种实用化的实时测温系统。依照测温系统各主要技术指标(温度分辨力、温度的标准偏差及测温范围)与各主要技术参量(激光光源的能量、波长、放大器的带宽及光学系统的相对孔径等)之间的关系，对实时测温系统的各主要参量(激光光源的能量、光学系统的相对孔径及放大器的带宽)进行了优化设计。实验表明，在测温范围673～1473K内，温度测量的不确定度优于0．3％，分辨力优于0．4K，均符合设计要求。     

低温流量测量

低温流体的许多性质比较特殊 ,其流量测量不同于一般流体。文中对文丘里流量计、涡轮流量计和相关流量计等几种常用低温流量计的原理、基本技术参数和应用范围进行了介绍 ,并且对这几种流量计的性能进行了比较。     

锶原子二级Doppler冷却及温度的测量

为了减小锶原子跃迁谱线的多普勒增宽及频移,需要对锶原子进行激光冷却以降低它的速度,而一级冷却只能将原子温度降低至mK量级,这样的原子其速度过大而无法有效地装载至光晶格中,因此必须进行二级冷却.锶原子存在单重态与三重态(5s2)1S0-(5s5p)3P1间互组跃迁,利用与其跃迁波长在689 nm的窄线宽激光对锶原子进一步冷却,可将锶原子团温度降低至μK量级.利用时序有效、准确地控制磁场和光场与原子相互作用时间,通过飞行时间法对锶冷原子温度进行了测算.实验中应用计算机精确控制磁光阱区域中冷原子团下落时间,EMCCD记录冷原子团初始时刻和下落20 ms后的状态.经过分析计算二级冷却温度为4.39 μK,不确定度仅为0.19 μK,二级冷原子团数目约为1.2×10 7.低温二级冷却锶原子温度及原子数目的获得为锶光钟跃迁信号的信噪比估计提供实验参考,也是实现高精度时间频率标准的前提.     

利用双周期光纤光栅实现应变和温度同时测量

提出了一种新颖双周期光纤光栅传感器。在同一段氢载光纤上先后写入长周期光纤光栅、短周期布拉格光纤光栅 ,利用长周期光栅和布拉格光栅对应变和温度敏感性的差异 ,可实现应变和温度的同时测量。实验中采用这种灵敏结构的双周期光栅 ,在 0～ 170 0 με和 2 0℃～ 12 0℃范围内 ,测量精度可达到± 16 με和± 0 8℃。     

双光束磁光存贮中信号读出的偏振态分析

利用琼斯矩阵分析了双光束磁光存贮中信号读出系统偏振态的传输情况，推导了读出信号的表达式，分析了偏振分束镜与光盘盘基的相位延迟对读出信号的影响。     

热辐射谱的多道采集及最小二乘法温度解析

本文报道一种以CCD光学多道分析器采集热辐射谱，用最小二乘法计算拟合普朗克黑体辐射曲线，从而解析获得辐射温度的新方法。使用上述方法对钨带灯辐射谱进行了采集解析，温度计算结果与计量检定值误差小于1％。讨论了该测试方法的优越性。     

Distributed Temperature Measurement Based on Single-Channel Anti-Stokes Light

In relation to conventional distributed temperature measurements based on Raman scattering, this thesis proposes a new practical solution only requiring single-channel anti-Stokes light. With this solution, relative temperatures are measured, and the temperature differentiating rate of the measuring system is improved to ±1°C by temperature compensations. As a result, the cost and complexity of the system are significantly reduced.     

利用分光计测量光波波长的误差分析

针对大学物理实验中利用分光计测量光波波长的误差进行了分析,得到影响测量精度的主要误差来源包括测量原理理解误区、分光计的调节不到位以及读数的误差;并给出了详细的物理解释。     

基于灰色关联分析的BP神经网络对混流闭式冷却塔出水温度的预测

通过控制变量法对混流闭式冷却塔进行测试, 采用灰色关联分析法对影响出水温度的因素进行筛选, 将关联度较大的5个因子作为输入参数, 进而建立灰色_BP神经网络预测模型, 对混流闭式冷却塔的出水温度进行预测。操作参数包括进水温度、湿球温度、补水温度、循环水流量和风量, 输出值为出水温度。网络采用三层结构, 隐含层神经元数为4个, 迭代次数为30 000次, 使用不涉及训练阶段的实验数据来验证所建立的模型。结果表明, 灰色_BP神经网络模型比传统BP神经网络模型的预测结果更加准确, 其预测值与实际值的相关系数、平均相对误差、均方根误差, 分别为0.998 9、0.293 4%和0.152 9, 因而可认为灰色_BP神经网络是预测混流闭式冷却塔出水温度的有效工具。     

辐射测温中光谱发射率的表征描述

实际物体的光谱发射率表现复杂,给辐射测温的深入研究和实际应用带来了很多困难和不确定性,发射率问题即成为了辐射测温研究中的关键点。文章基于光谱发射率的泰勒多项式展开、波长的无量纲参数、弯曲度指数等分析,描述了谱色测温法中光谱发射率的数学表征,建立了窄波段内的光谱发射率通用函数形式。并通过对不同温度下几种金属的实际光谱发射率进行拟合分析,对此给予了实验上的验证,表明了所提出光谱发射率模型具有应用的适用性,该模型是谱色测温方法应用研究的基础。