Is the Cabibbo Angle a Function of the Weinberg Mixing Parameter?

The (u, c) quarks and (d, s) quarks arerequired to have mass matrices of a certainform. To achieve these mass matrices appropriate Lagrangians are assumed. Theu quark is coupled to the standard Higgs scalar _L. Thec quark has a ₅ couplingwith _L and _R, where _R is the Higgs scalar corresponding to theleft-rightmodel. The u quark has no ₅ coupling. Both u,c quarks have a Yukawa couplingwith a Higgs multiplet. Exactly similar Lagrangians are chosen for thed, s qurks.Using these mass matrices, the Cabibbo angle is found to be 13° 11. The ratiom _c/m _s is shown to be approximately 3.1 with the help of the Weinberg mixingparameter. The mixing angles ₂ and ₁ determine the Cabibbo angle. The ratiotan ₂/ tan ₁ is shown to be a function of the Weinberg mixing parameter.     

Combined Effect of Surface Tension, Gravity and van der Waals Force Induced by a Non-Contact Probe Tip on the Shape of Liquid Surface

Aiming at understanding how a liquid film on a substrate affects the atomic force microscopic image in experiments, we present an analytical representation of the shape of liquid surface under van der Waals interactionin duced by a non-contact probe tip. The analytical expression shows good consistence with the corresponding numerical results. According to the expression, we find that the vertical scale of the liquid dome is mainly gov-rned by a combination of van der Waals force, surface tension and probe tip radius, and is weekly related to gravity. However, its horizontal extension is determined by the capillary length.     

Calculation of the Longitudinal Structure Function from Regge-Like Behaviour of the Gluon Distribution Function in Leading Order Approximation at Low x

We present the calculations of FL longitudinal structure functions from DGLAP evolution equation in leading order （LO） at low-x, assuming the Regge-like behaviour of gluon distribution at this limit. The calculated results are compared with the H1 data and QCD fit. It is shown that the obtained results are very close to the mentioned methods. The proposed simple analytical relation for EL provides a t-evolution equation for the determination of the longitudinal structure function at low-x. All the results can consistently be described within the framework of perturbative QCD, which essentially shows increases as x decreases.     

Inner Surface Modification of a Tube by Magnetic Glow-Arc Plasma Source Ion Implantation

A new method named the magnetic glow-arc plasma source ion implantation （MGA-PSⅡ） is proposed for inner surface modification of tubes. In MGA-PSⅡ, under the control of an axial magnetic field, which is generated by an electric coil around the tube sample, glow arc plasma moves spirally into the tube from its two ends. A negative voltage applied on the tube realized its inner surface implantation. Titanium nitride （TIN） films are prepared on the inner surface of a stainless steel tube in diameter 90mm and length 600mm. Hardness tests show that the hardness at the tube centre is up to 20 GPa. XRD, XPS and AES analyses demonstrate that good quality of TiN films can be achieved.     

Scheme for Direct Measurement of Wigner Characteristic Function for Motion of a Single Trapped Ion

In this paper, a procedure is proposed for measuring Wigner characteristic function for motion of a single trapped ion. In the scheme, the trapped ion is driven by two laser beams with different frequencies tuned to the first lower and upper vibrational sidebands, respectively. Unlike other previous scheme, our scheme does not require the displacement of the external state before the ion-laser interaction and thus our scheme night be more simple and feasible. The scheme can also be used to prepare the motional Schroedinger cat states and entangled coherent states.     

Is the Luttinger Liquid a New State of Matter?

We are demonstrating that the Luttinger model with short range interaction can be treated as a type of Fermi liquid. In line with the main dogma of Landau’s theory one can define a fermion excitation renormalized by interaction and show that in terms of these fermions any excited state of the system is described by free particles. The fermions are a mixture of renormalized right and left electrons. The electric charge and chirality of the Landau quasi-particle is discussed.     

Why the Mittag-Leffler Function Can Be Considered the Queen Function of the Fractional Calculus?

In this survey we stress the importance of the higher transcendental Mittag-Leffler function in the framework of the Fractional Calculus. We first start with the analytical properties of the classical Mittag-Leffler function as derived from being the solution of the simplest fractional differential equation governing relaxation processes. Through the sections of the text we plan to address the reader in this pathway towards the main applications of the Mittag-Leffler function that has induced us in the past to define it as the Queen Function of the Fractional Calculus. These applications concern some noteworthy stochastic processes and the time fractional diffusion-wave equation We expect that in the next future this function will gain more credit in the science of complex systems. Finally, in an appendix we sketch some historical aspects related to the author’s acquaintance with this function.     

Stability of the Distribution in a Money Exchange Model

A nonlinear money exchange model is revised and a correct master equation is derived. The evolution of the distribution is studied from direct numerical and analytical calculations. The stability of the final steady state of the system is investigated. It is argued that the final distribution is valid for a group of conservative money exchange models.     

What Is the State of a Hydrogen Atom Leaving a Stern-Gerlach Interferometer?

We discuss experimental results on Stern-Gerlachinterferometry with atoms. After a theoretical approachsuited for fast atoms, we discuss elementary experimentson the preservation of atomic coherence. Then we examine the action of theinterferometer as producing atoms with new properties,beaded atoms, and their radiative properties.     

Is the collapse a phase transition?

It is shown that the process of the collapse during quantum measurements is a consequence of the quantum symmetry built in the formalism: there exists a nontrivial group of symmetry under which all possible states are invariant after the measurement of the given observable. On the basis of this fact, the postulate of collapse is derived with purely group theoretical considerations. These are analogous to the ones used in Landau's problem of phase transitions. Some further analogies of the processes of the collapse and the phase transitions are discussed.     

Is there a spatial correlation in the distribution of adsorbed atoms in the cages of a zeolite?

Monte Carlo simulations of the cage-to-cage jumps of Xe atoms in a crystalline zeolite using the experimentally observed molecular rate constants for cage-to-cage jumps were carried out to determine if there is a systematic spatial correlation of the distributions of Xe atoms among the cages at equilibrium. The neighbours of cages having an Xe occupancy that is less than the average occupancy are found to have distributions that are skewed toward higher occupancy compared with the overall distribution. On the other hand, the neighbours of cages having an Xe occupancy that is greater than the average occupancy are found to have distributions that are skewed toward lower occupancy than the overall distribution.     

Is There a Hierarchy of the Hadron Low pT Spectra?

A compilation of fits to the low p_T hadron distributions is presented. The universality of the distributions is examined. The p_T distributians of direct pions and resonances in the reaction p p → 2π+2π−π⁰ at 5.7 GeV/c are fitted separately. Indications are found that up to ISR energies there are three types oflow p_T inclusive hadron distributions in hadron-hadron interactions. The inclusive p_T distributions of different particles are divided into these three groups according to the particle mass.     

Is the nucleon a bound state?

In this paper we deal with the question of whether or not the nucleon is a bound state. It is shown that previous work on this problem is not conclusive. We find, however, a simple criterion which allows for an experimental decision of this question. For the nucleon to be a bound state, thep _1/2,1/2 phase has to have a negative sign at the inelastic threshold. A positive phase excludes the bound state picture but allows ap _1/2,1/2 resonance to occur.     

Is the Free Electromagnetic Field a Consequence of Maxwell's Equations or a Postulate?

It is generally accepted that solutions of so called free Maxwell equations for = 0 (null charge density at every point of the whole space) describe a free electromagnetic field for which flux lines neither begin nor end in a charge). In order to avoid ambiguities and unacceptable approximation which have place in the conventional approach in respect to the free field concept, we explicitly consider three possible types of space regions: (i) isolated charge-free region, where a resultant electric field with the flux lines which either begin or end in a charge is zero in every point, for example, inside a hollow conductor of any shape or in a free-charge universe; (ii) non-isolated charge-free region, where this electric [see (i)] field is not zero in every point; and (iii) charge-neutral region, where point charges exist but their algebraic sum is zero. According to these definitions a strict mathematical interpretation of Maxwell's equations gives following conclusions: (1) In isolated charge-free regions electric free field cannot be unconditionally understood neither as a direct consequence of Maxwell's equations nor as a valid approximation: it may be introduced only as a postulate; nevertheless, this case is compatible is the existence of a time-independent background magnetic field. (2) In both charge-neutral and non-isolated charge-free regions, where the condition = function or = 0 respectively holds, Maxwell's equation for the total electric field have non-zero solutions, as in the conventional approach. However, these solution cannot be strictly identified with the electric free field. This analysis gives rise to the reconsideration of the free-electromagnetic field concept and leads to the simplest implications in respect to charge-neutral universe.     

Is the electromagnetic field an invariant superposition of the 42 states of a basic field?

It is shown that an invariant superposition of 42 symmetry-related states of a basic field can account for the experimental value of the fine-structure constant. Such a theory yields the formulac/e ²=N(N–1)/4=137.0324, withN=42 the order of the invariance group.     

Is It Possible to Study the Wave Function of 2S Vector Mesons at HERA?

We present a short review of anomalous properties in diffractive photo- and electroproduction of radially excited V(2S) vector mesons. Using the color dipole generalized Balitsky-Fadin-Kuraev-Lipatov phenomenology we analyze anomalous Q ² and energy dependence of the production cross section, V(2S)/V(1S) production ratio, the diffraction slope and anomalous t-behavior of the differential cross section d/dt. The origin of these anomalies is based on the interplay of the nodal structure of V(2S) radial wave function with the energy and dipole size dependence of the dipole cross section and the diffraction slope. We analyze how a different pattern of anomalous behavior of V(2S) production leads to a different position of the node in the wave function and discuss how that node position can be extracted from the data at HERA.     

Is the onset of high-temperature superconductivity associated with a dimensional crossover?

Angle-resolved ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (ARUPS) from high-T(c) superconductors shows an effective-mass renormalization and intense quasiparticle peaks close to the Fermi energy E(F), which change dramatically with temperature as T(c) is crossed. They are attributed to many-body effects, but their precise nature has been controversial until now. We find very similar spectral fingerprints, even with a similar temperature dependence albeit with much higher critical temperature, in a quasi-one-dimensional Br/Pt surface compound. The striking parallels support an interpretation based on spin-charge separation and are consistent with a dimensional crossover taking place at T(c).