Effect of MeV electron irradiation on the free volume of polyimide

The free volume of the microvoids in the polyimide samples, irradiated with 6 MeV electrons, was measured by the positron annihilation technique. The free volume initially decreased the virgin value from ～13.70 to ～10.98 Å³ and then increased to ～18.11 Å³ with increasing the electron fluence, over the range of 5?×?10¹⁴ – 5?×?10¹⁵ e/cm². The evolution of gaseous species from the polyimide during electron irradiation was confirmed by the residual gas analysis technique. The polyimide samples irradiated with 6 MeV electrons in AgNO₃ solution were studied with the Rutherford back scattering technique. The diffusion of silver in these polyimide samples was observed for fluences >2?×?10¹⁵ e/cm², at which microvoids of size ≥3 Å are produced. Silver atoms did not diffuse in the polyimide samples, which were first irradiated with electrons and then immersed in AgNO₃ solution. These results indicate that during electron irradiation, the microvoids with size ≥3 Å were retained in the surface region through which silver atoms of size ～2.88 Å could diffuse into the polyimide. The average depth of diffusion of silver atoms in the polyimide was ～2.5 μm.     

Formation of silver thin films and nanoparticles inside and on the surface of silver-containing glasses by electron irradiation

It is shown experimentally that irradiation of silver-ion-containing glasses by 5–7-keV electrons with doses of 20–50 mC/cm² results in the formation of a silver thin film and nanoparticles on the surface. If the concentration of silver ions in the glass is high, a subsurface film arises as well. These effects are due to a negative space charge region forming under the surface. As a result, silver ions migrate in the resulting field from the volume of the glass toward the negative space charge region and the surface and thermalized electrons reduce the ions to neutral atoms.     

电子辐照聚酰亚胺薄膜力学性能演化机理研究北大核心CSCD

利用空间综合辐照试验系统和X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、热重等分析测试对空间电子辐射环境下聚酰亚胺薄膜力学性能演化及机理进行了研究。研究发现,聚酰亚胺薄膜的拉力、抗拉强度和断裂伸长率随着电子辐照注量的增加先增加而后指数减小。由热重分析可知,电子辐照可引起聚酰亚胺薄膜的失重温度显著降低,在以失重10%作为判据的条件下,其失重温度由595℃下降为583℃。由XPS分析可知,电子辐照诱发聚酰亚胺薄膜化学价键的断裂和交联,在电子辐照初期,C—N键的断裂及引发的交联是导致力学性能增加的主要原因,而随着辐照注量的增加,C=O双键、—N(CO)键的断裂、新的C—N键的形成以及N元素的析出是导致聚酰亚胺薄膜力学性能降低的主要原因。     

电子辐照聚酰亚胺薄膜力学性能演化机理研究

利用空间综合辐照试验系统和X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、热重等分析测试对空间电子辐射环境下聚酰亚胺薄膜力学性能演化及机理进行了研究。研究发现, 聚酰亚胺薄膜的拉力、抗拉强度和断裂伸长率随着电子辐照注量的增加先增加而后指数减小。由热重分析可知, 电子辐照可引起聚酰亚胺薄膜的失重温度显著降低, 在以失重10%作为判据的条件下, 其失重温度由595 ℃下降为583 ℃。由XPS分析可知, 电子辐照诱发聚酰亚胺薄膜化学价键的断裂和交联, 在电子辐照初期, CN键的断裂及引发的交联是导致力学性能增加的主要原因, 而随着辐照注量的增加, C=O双键、N（CO）键的断裂、新的CN键的形成以及N元素的析出是导致聚酰亚胺薄膜力学性能降低的主要原因。     

Effect of nano-SiO2 films on the electron radiation induced conductivity of polyimide

The radiation induced conductivity (RIC) behaviors in nano-SiO2 deposited polyimide (PI) were investigated using the in situ measurement technique. The results indicate that, by comparison with the case of virgin polyimide, the RIC in nano-SiO2/polyimide shows low steady state values. Moreover, the steady state RIC is a power function of the dose rate with a power index of 0.659, lower than that of 0.76 in the virgin polyimide. The interfacial barrier and trapping effects are the main reasons for the change. Meanwhile, both of the interfacial effects also result in a unipolar carrier transportation mechanism in nano-SiO2 deposited PI from the dipolar one in the virgin PI. The mechanisms of the RIC behaviors are discussed in the paper.     

High energy electron irradiation effects on polystyrene films

The effect of an 8 MeV electron-beam on the structural, optical and dielectric properties of polystyrene films has been investigated respectively by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectroscopy and electrical impedance (LCR) analysis over a radiation dose in the range of 50–250 kGy using a Microtron accelerator. The FTIR spectral analysis shows no change in the overall structure of the irradiated polystyrene films, except a minor change in the intensity of a few peaks in the FTIR spectrum, indicating that polystyrene is resistant to electron-beam irradiation over the range of radiation doses investigated. The optical band gap analysis using the UV–VIS absorption spectra of the polystyrene shows a small decrease in the optical band gap (E _g) and the activation energy with an increase in electron doses. Further, the dielectric measurements over a frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz for the electron-beam-irradiated polystyrene films show that both the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss increase with an increase in electron radiation dose, which may be ascribed to the formation of defect sites in the band gap of polystyrene as a consequence of molecular chain scission in the polymer films upon irradiation.     

Different responses of several kinds of copolymerized polyimide films to ultraviolet irradiation

The surfaces of three kinds of copolymerized polyimide films were irradiated by ultraviolet (UV) light. The chemical composition changes of the films after irradiation were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), while their topographical changes were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Besides, the surface topographical variation induced changes in friction behavior were recorded on a DF·PM unidirectional friction and wear test rig in a ball on block contact configuration. It was found that photodegradation took place, which induced the chain scission of the polyimide molecules and formation of low molecular weight oxidized material (LMWOM). Due to different photostability of the three kinds of polyimide, different chemical composition changes and forms of “LMWOM” were observed. Also, different friction behavior variations of the three kinds of polyimide films were recorded. It is thought that the polyimide film of PI (PPA + PMDA) with rod-like structures might have stronger photo-resistance, whose form of “LMWOM” was “nodules” and whose friction coefficient increased at 2 h of irradiation possibly due to cross-linking. In the case of PI (OPA + PMDA) and PI (MPA + PMDA) films, they mainly underwent photodegradation, which might soften the surfaces and increased the friction coefficients with increasing irradiation time.     

Effect of concurrent electron irradiation on the structure of deposited carbon films

Carbon films 110–180 nm thick are fabricated on nickel substrates by the ion sputtering of graphite with simultaneous electron irradiation and subsequent ion irradiation. Irradiation leads to the formation of bonds in the films in various proportions due to the sp and sp ³ hybridization of orbitals (sp-and sp ³-bonds). Ion irradiation induces, to a greater extent, the formation of sp bonds, while concurrent electron irradiation increases the portion of sp ³ bonds. Electron and ion irradiation increases the film microhardness which reaches a value of 12 GPa. A model of the kinetics of creating carbon allotropes in a deposited film is proposed, which is based on the competition between the formation and breakage of carbon bonds during hybridization of different types. Electron and ion irradiation influence the probabilities of the formation and breakage of carbon bonds in the deposited film. The model provides a qualitative interpretation of the observed content ratios of carbon phases in the deposited film.     

Secondary electron emission from thin self-supporting films of silver

The paper deals with the measurement of secondary electron emission and the scattering of primary electrons on thin self-supporting films of Ag. The measured values of the practical range agree with the older results obtained by Kanter. New results are those concerning the maximum depth from which the primaries are scattered back to the front surface and the maximum range of secondaries, which has been found to be about 300 å.     

Formation of silver nanoparticles in photothermorefractive glasses during electron irradiation

The formation of silver nanoparticles in photothermorefractive glasses during electron irradiation and subsequent heat treatment is experimentally studied. The optical density spectra of samples at various stages of heat treatment are compared. The formation of metallic nanoparticles is shown to occur during both electron irradiation and subsequent heat treatment. Nanoparticles are localized in layers parallel to the surface. At the initial stage of nanoparticle formation, the key role is played by the appearance of a negative bulk charge in the near-surface layer in glass, which results in the field-assisted migration of positive metal ions and a characteristic layered distribution of metallic nanoparticles in the glass volume.     

Effect of electron irradiation on the crystalline structure of hgte and hgl-xcdxte thin films

The influence of 8 MeV electrons on the crystalline structure of HgTe and Hg1-xCdxTe thin films was studied. HgTe and Hg1-xCdxTe layers were obtained by thermal evaporation and condensation in vacuum on optically flat silica glass substrates heated at different temperatures.

One finds that the results of irradiation of HgTe and Hg_1-xCd_xTe thin films with 8 MeV electrons depend on the preparation conditions of the samples, and therefore on the level of perfection of the crystalline structure and the quantity of nonstoichiometric atoms.     

Mechanooptical investigations of polyimide films exposed to electrons,mechanical loads,and temperatures

Joint effect of high-energy electrons, mechanical loads, and temperature on polyimide films of thicknesses in the range 30–130 μm is investigated. The films were preliminary irradiated by electrons in air using an éLU-6 linear accelerator with energy of 2 MeV and doses D = 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 100 MGy and then subjected to uniaxial mechanical tension at temperatures (T) from 293 to 593 K. It is established that at T = 293–450 K and D = 20–40 MGy, the mechanical load causes almost the same deformations (ε_{l max}) of nonirradiated and irradiated samples; at T = 450–550 K, deformations of films sharply increase, and the character of their dependence changes. The ε_{l max} value of the initial sample increases almost linearly with temperature by a factor of 10, whereas the character of changing ε_{l max}(T) of the irradiated films is more complex, and its value increases approximately by a factor of 4. For T > 500 K, the deformation reaches limiting values. Irradiation increases the intensity of IR-spectra by 2–6 times and essentially increases the widths of absorption bands at 720, 1380, and 1775 cm⁻¹, which is caused by the formation of hydrogen bonds and cycles with nitrogen as well as by the formation of nitrogen oxides. External loading applied to film rupture causes an increase in the EPR signal amplitude from 3·10³ to 5·10³, which is connected with an increased concentration of radicals =N-H and-NH ₂. The electron irradiation of the polyimide films with their subsequent mechanical loading causes the spectrum lines to displace from 3475.0 to 3512.5 cm⁻¹ with simultaneous reduction of the signal amplitude from 6·10³ to 4·10³. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 2, pp. 52–58, February, 2007.     

Effects of proton and electron irradiation on the structural and tribological properties of MoS2/polyimide

To study the structural and tribological properties of MoS₂/polyimide (MoS₂/PI) composite under the irradiation environment of proton and electron, the MoS₂/PI composites were investigated in a ground-based simulation facility, in which the energy of proton and electron was 25 keV and the flux was 2.5 × 10¹⁴ cm⁻² s⁻¹. The experimental results revealed that the simplex and combined irradiation of proton and electron induced bond break and cross-link, proton irradiation can break the PI bond easier than electron irradiation and then formed the graphite-like structure at surface area of the samples. Irradiation decreased the friction coefficient and wear rate remarkably of the composites comparing with the pristine one. The wear rate increased with the increasing of the proton and combined radiation time, and decreased with the electron radiation conditions.     

The influence of crystal orientation on the electron energy loss spectrum of monocrystalline silver films

In electron energy loss measurements (50 keV) on monocrystalline silver films in transmission the intensity of the 3.8 eV volume plasma loss is found to be dependent on the crystal orientation. If the crystal is tilted relatively to the electron beam by an angle α the elastic intensity I_el in the primary direction oscillates by 10%, the intensity of the volume plasmon however varies much stronger similar to I_el; it can become even zero at certain angles α. The intensity of the surface loss is nearly proportional to the elastic intensity. An explanation of this phenomenon is missing. Presumably it must lie in the dynamic theory of electron diffraction.     

A novel approach for preparing silver nanoparticles under electron beam irradiation

Silver (Ag) nanoparticles were obtained when Ag microparticles were exposed to an electron beam in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results from TEM characterization indicated that the morphologies of the prepared Ag nanoparticles were quasi-circular, and the sizes were mainly in the range of 5–60 nm. The effect of irradiation time (t) on size and distribution of Ag nanoparticles was investigated. It was found that the sizes of Ag nanoparticles increased with the increase of t. The bigger Ag nanoparticles were near the Ag microparticle and the smaller ones were far from it. In addition, these Ag nanoparticles were monodisperse. This approach offered a new route for preparing Ag nanoparticles under electron beam irradiation, and the forming process of Ag nanoparticles was explained by the nucleation-growth mechanism.     

电子入射角度对聚酰亚胺二次电子发射系数的影响

采用具有负偏压收集极的二次电子发射系数测试系统, 对聚酰亚胺样品的二次电子发射系数与入射电子角度和入射电子能量的关系进行了测量. 测量结果表明, 在电子小角度入射样品的情况下, 随着入射角度的增加, 二次电子发射系数单调增加, 并符合传统的规律, 但是在电子大角度入射时, 却与此不符合. 测量显示, 出现偏差时对应的临界电子入射角度随着入射电子能量的降低而减小. 采用简化的电子弹性散射过程和卢瑟福弹性散射截面公式对这种偏差的出现进行了分析, 并推导出修正后的二次电子发射系数的计算公式. 修正后的二次电子发射系数的计算结果更加符合实验结果.     

Selective metallization of polyimide by laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation (LIPAA)

We report micromachining of polyimide (PI) by laser-induced plasma-assisted ablation (LIPAA) using a fundamental wavelength of a commercial Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm). It is found that an Au film on a glass target is effective for the LIPAA process of PI. The ablation rate reaches several tens of nanometers per pulse. After the LIPAA process, selective metallization of PI with excellent electrical properties is performed by successive electroless Cu plating. The Cu line width of 40 m, which agrees with the line width of regions ablated by the LIPAA process, is achieved using an encapsulated film. PACS 42.62.-b; 52.38.-r; 85.40.Ls     

Comparison of the formation kinetics of silver nanoparticles of photo-thermo-refractive glass after ultraviolet and electron irradiation

We present experimental results on the formation of silver nanocrystals in photo-thermo-refractive glasses during heat treatment after ultraviolet and fast-electron irradiation. We compare the optical density spectrum of samples at different stages of heat treatment. We show that the difference in the formation kinetics of silver nanoparticles is determined by the spatial redistribution of silver ions during electron irradiation and the change in the chemical composition of near-surface layers of glass.