Resonant oscillations of a gas in an open tube in the shock-free wave mode

Nonlinear gas oscillations excited in an open tube by a flat piston at one of the tube ends are studied. The sinusoidal piston oscillations in the shock-free wave mode are created by a vibration exciter near the first eigenfrequency. Expressions for gas pressure oscillations are obtained for a tube with a nonrounded end without a flange and secondary flow velocity components. The influence of the piston displacement amplitude on the pressure range and secondary flow velocity of gas is studied. The theoretical calculations of the gas pressure are compared with experimental data. An estimate for the velocity of particle motion along the tube axis is presented with calculated values of the secondary flow velocity.     

Nonlinear gas oscillations in an open tube under anharmonic excitation

Nonlinear gas oscillations excited in a tube with an open end by a piston driven by a crank mechanism are investigated. For the open end of the tube, a nonlinear boundary condition is formulated with allowance for oscillations at the subharmonic resonance frequency. Both first- and second-order approximations to the oscillations at the fundamental frequency and at half this frequency are calculated. The results of theoretical calculations are compared with experimental data.     

Simulation of hydrodynamic phenomena attendant on the flame front propagation in a tube behind a piston

The propagation of a propane-air flame in a model internal combustion chamber, a tube with one or two pistons, is studied experimentally. Situations are simulated in which the flame front moves in a semiopen flat or cylindrical tube between two pistons or between a piston and the closed end of the tube. The time dependence of the flame front position and acceleration is obtained for the case of the variable tube length and combustible mixture volume. Self-oscillation conditions for the flame front and piston are determined. A relation between their amplitude-frequency characteristics is found. It is established that the piston paradox motion effect, i.e., the motion of the piston toward the flame front, depends on the length of the tube. It is demonstrated that the piston effect is related to the formation of a “tulip” flame. An explanation to the observed hydrodynamic phenomena is given.     

Investigation of non-linear acoustic losses at the open end of a tube

At high acoustic level, non-linear losses at the end of a tube are usually interpreted as the consequence of a jet formation at the tube end resulting in annular vortices dissipating part of the acoustic energy. Previous work has shown that two different regimes may occur. The present work, using particle image velocimetry visualization, lattice Boltzmann method simulation in 2D, and an analytical model, shows that the two different regimes correspond to situations for which the annular vortices remain attached to the tube (low acoustic particle velocity) or detached (high acoustic particle velocity).     

Simulation of the two-phase flow in a thermosyphon using an inclined transparent tube with the lower-end closed and the upper-end open

The initial liquid charge of a vertically orientated two-phase closed thermosyphon for adequate thermal performance as determined theoretically by assuming that the condensate is in the form of a relatively thin film underestimates the amount determined by using experimental correlations. Knowing the physical details of the two-phase flow within the thermosyphon could explain this discrepancy. Because, however, of the difficulty of directly observing two-phase flow in an actual metal thermosyphon it was decided to investigate the two-phase flow by using air and water in a transparent tube. The tube that was used is closed at the lower end and open at the top end, was partially charged with water, and air was introduced into the closed end at increasing air flow rates until water droplets were just about to be expelled from the open end. The flow patterns occurring as a function of air flow rate were identified. The average liquid fraction in four sections of the tube was determined for different initial charge fractions and inclinations. It was observed that even at low air flow rates significant quantities of liquid were propelled up into the tube and that the flow is oscillatory. It was concluded that care would have to be taken in assuming a relatively thin and uniform liquid film in theoretically modelling a thermosyphon.     

Mathematical model for non-linear standing waves in a tube

A mathematical model is developed to describe the behavior of one-dimensional, non-linear standing waves in a fluid-filled, rigid-wall tube. The tube is bounded on one end by a piston vibrating with periodic motion and terminated on the other end by an impedance boundary. A numerical procedure for calculations based on this model also is described. Calculations are carried out on a digital computer. The model and computer program are presently restricted to pre-shock conditions. Numerical results obtained for the special case of a rigid reflector and a sinusoidally moving piston are in excellent agreement with the results of Coppens and Sanders (private communication). The general approach is applicable to any one-dimensional system bounded by a velocity condition on one end and an impedance condition on the other end.     

自由活塞激波风洞压缩管非等熵流动分析

在自由活塞驱动的高超声速地面试验设备中,自由活塞压缩器的运行状态对于试验气流状态参数、试验时间及设备安全性起到决定性的作用.研究基于FD?21自由活塞激波风洞结构参数,针对典型的活塞压缩器运行状态展开数值模拟和等熵理论预测,分析压缩管中的波系结构和非等熵效应引起的流动参数变化.进一步地,将压缩管中的总熵变来源分解为激波...     

微通道脉冲管中He气交替振荡的分子动力学模拟

使用非平衡分子动力学模拟方法分析了微通道脉冲管(MPT)中由正弦速度活塞提供驱动力时He气交替振荡的微观动力学过程,并对MPT的冷却机制进行了分析.结果表明,MPT的压缩和膨胀过程之间存在一个交替的振荡过程,两个过程具有不对称的属性分布,膨胀过程具有比压缩过程更大的轴向压力梯度.当充气压力较低时,循环时间对冷端温度的影响很小,但是当充气压力高于20 bar时,冷端温度对时间较为敏感,随着时间的减少,冷端温度进一步降低,而冷端瞬时平均温度随着充气压力的增加而增加.另外,压比随着时间的减少而增加,并且明显不受充气压力的影响,但它会在MPT的轴向上产生较大的温度梯度.综上所述,在热端使用不同形式的换热器和调相元件会释放或回收额外的声功率.固定工作模式和尺寸参数的MPT具有最佳频率,可以在冷端获得最低的空载温度.仿真结果增进了对脉冲管制冷机的认识,并为微通道脉冲管制冷机的优化设计提供理论支持.     

Flow characteristics of a single stage EHD gas pump in circular tube

Characteristics of flow induced by electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pumps in circular pipe have been experimentally evaluated. Two tube diameters (61.8 mm and 127.8 mm) and two electrode gap distances (25 mm and 50 mm) have been considered. The gas pumps use eight evenly spaced emitting electrodes which are flush mounted on the tube wall. As such, flows induced by the pumps have a profile with a higher velocity near the wall and a lower velocity at the tube center. Experiments are conducted using positive corona discharge with voltage varying from 17.5 kV to 30 kV. The results show that the volume flow rate increases with the applied voltage but approaches an asymptotic value before sparkover takes place. From the present results, several important implications for the practical engineering applications are presented.     

Double-diaphragm shock tube at the Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute

Results of numerical calculations of the flow in a double-diaphragm shock tube with a tailored contact surface are reported. The calculations were carried out using a model of an ideal shock tube allowing for the real properties of the driver gas at high pressures and equilibrium thermodynamics of the processes behind the shock waves at Mach numbers M _s1 of the shock wave in the working gas varying in the range 5–25. Flow regimes with a tailored contact surface were obtained for Mach numbers M _s1=6.3, 11, and 15 using the double-diaphragm shock tube at the Ioffe Physicotechnical Institute. Under these conditions, the parameters of the working gas were kept constant for more than 1 ms. The calculated data were compared with the experimental results and it was shown that the calculated data may be used to determine the section lengths in a double-diaphragm shock tube and to estimate its operating time. The calculated values of the initial pressure in the sections of the tube were substantially lower than those achieved experimentally. Measurements were made of the static pressure along the axis of a conical nozzle during the expansion of hydrogen (initial temperature T ₀=293 K) and shock-heated nitrogen (T ₀=4000 K). It is found that the expansion of hydrogen is accompanied by deactivation of the rotational degrees of freedom, and that partial freezing of the vibrational degrees of freedom takes place in the nitrogen stream. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 88–95 (November 1997)     

Electrohydrodynamic gas pump in a vertical tube

The characteristics of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) gas pumps have been experimentally evaluated. Two tubes of different size were used to house the EHD gas pumps. Experiments were conducted using positive direct current with voltage varying from 13 kV to 30 kV. The applied voltage at which flow was induced correlates well with the electrode spacing. Air flows with a uniform velocity profile were induced in the smaller tube and an inverted parabolic profile in the larger tube. The results also show that the ionic wind velocity increases to a maximum value and then decreases to an asymptotic value.     

Experimental study of corona jet produced from a circular tube fitted with a nozzle

The flow characteristics of a corona jet, which is produced from a single needle electrode positioned at the centerline of a circular tube fitted with a grounded stainless-steel nozzle at one end of the tube, is experimentally evaluated. Six nozzles with two diameter ratios and three taper angles are evaluated for their effectiveness in accelerating the jet produced by corona discharge with positive polarity. To determine the maximum jet velocity and volume flow rate, experiments have been conducted at a voltage ranging from corona onset (5 kV) to sparkover (approximately 12.5 kV) at an increment of 2.5 kV. The results show that the jet velocity increases with the applied voltage. The maximum velocity occurs at the center line but its value decreases as the jet expands downstream. In addition, the results show that a nozzle with a smaller diameter ratio does not always perform the best in accelerating the flow or producing the maximum volume flow rate. The nozzle's taper angle further accentuates the result produced by the diameter ratio. The implications from the present results for actual applications are provided.     

一种新型冷头结构的微型同轴脉管制冷机的实验研究

许多现代电子器件的正常运行都需要一种紧凑型、高可靠性,低耗能的微型机械制冷机进行低温冷却。针对这种需求,文中提出了一种新型整体式冷头结构,该冷头结构大大增强了工作气体与冷头换热器的换热能力。详细描述了一种由7.0 cc扫气容积对置式双活塞线性压缩机驱动的具有这种新型冷头结构的微型同轴脉管制冷机的性能实验研究。     

The velocity of gas bubble rise in a tube

The solutions of the Laplace equation involving the diverging infinite series are used in the classical works at the analysis of the problem of the gravitational rise of a gas bubble in a tube filled with ideal fluid (the Taylor bubble). In the present work, an approximate method is proposed for a correct analysis of the above problem. The ideal fluid flow around a body of revolution in a tube is constructed by the method of the superposition of elementary solutions. The satisfaction of the free surface condition in the critical point neighborhood and the passage of the main parameter to the limit lead to the sought expression for the dimensionless velocity of the gas bubble — Froude number.     

Supersonic velocimetry in a shock tube using laser enhanced ionisation and planar laser induced fluorescence

 A novel flow-tagging technique is presented which was employed to measure gas velocities in the free stream of a shock tube. This method is based on the laser spectroscopic techniques of Laser-Enhanced Ionisation (LEI) and Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF). The flow in the shock tube is seeded with small amounts of sodium, and LEI is used to produce a substantial depletion of neutral sodium atom concentration in a well-defined region of the flow, by using two wavelength-resonance excitation and subsequent collisional ionisation. At a specific time delay, single-laser-pulse planar LIF is utilised to produce a two-dimensional (2-D) inverse image of the depleted tagged region downstream of the flow. By measuring the displacement of the tagged region, free stream velocities in a shock tube were determined. Large variations in the concentration of sodium seeded into the flow were observed and even in the presence of these large variations accurate free-stream velocity measurements were obtained. The experimentally determined value for velocity compares very well with the predicted velocity. Received: 25 March 1996/Revised version: 8 July 1996     

Pressing to the extremes

In the last decade the study of ion-neutral reactions has been dramatically advanced by the development and energetic exploitation of the steady-state flowing afterglow method by Eldon Ferguson and his colleagues at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, Colorado. This new technique has provided a very large number of ion–molecule rate coefficients for reactions at thermal energy.

In this method a fast flow of carrier gas (usually helium) is established in a long flow tube, the reactant ions (A⁺) are generated near the gas input end of the tube (the excitation region) and these ions are carried along the tube in the carrier gas flow. The neutral reactant (B) is introduced into the flowing gas stream near the mid-point of the flow tube so that the reaction A⁺+ B →products, takes place along the remainder of the tube length (the reaction region). The reactant ion A⁺ and any ions produced in the reaction are monitored by a mass spectrometer located at the gas exit end of the tube. The variation of the A⁺ mass spectrometer signal as a function of neutral reactant injection rate B yields the rate coefficient k for the reaction if gas flow rates and tube dimensions are known.

The great advantage and versatility of the steady-state flowing afterglow system lies primarily in the separate control that can be exercised over the ions and the neutrals prior to the reaction and also to the fact that the atomic processes occurring in the afterglow are susceptible to many diverse forms of investigation such as emission and absorption spectroscopy, laser spectroscopy, microwave interferometry and Langmuir probes, as well as mass spectrometry. Furthermore, chemically unstable neutral particles can be readily studied in these systems.     

直流对室温排出器调相两级脉管制冷机的影响

脉管制冷机是小型低温制冷机中的研究热点, 调相机构对其制冷性能有重要影响. 室温排出器型调相机构既可以回收声功, 又能够增强调相能力, 逐渐受到了重视, 然而由于排出器活塞间隙的存在, 系统中形成了闭合气流环路, 带来Gedeon 声直流的影响. 本文基于阶梯室温排出器调相的液氢温区两级脉管制冷机, 考察直流量对于系统性能的影响. 模拟结果表明: 一定量的正向直流可提升20 K 制冷量高达80%以上; 然而排出器活塞间隙引入了负向直流, 增加活塞长度、减小活塞间隙, 可以一定程度抑制直流.     

On the mechanism of flow evolution in shock-tube experiments

The paper studies numerically the flow development behind the shock wave propagating inside the tube. The detailed analysis of the flow patterns behind the shock wave allows determination of the gas-dynamical origins of the temperature non-uniformities responsible for the subsequent localized start of chemical reactions in the test mixture. In particular, it is shown that the temperature field structure is determined mainly by the mechanisms of boundary layer instability development. The kinetic energy dissipation related to the flow deceleration inside boundary layer results in local heating of the test gas. At the same time, the heat losses to the tube wall lead to the cooling of the gas. Therefore the temperature stratification takes place on the scales of the boundary layer. As soon as the shock wave reflected from the end-wall of the tube interacts with the developed boundary layer the localized hot regions arise at a certain distance from the end wall. The position of these hot regions is associated with the zones of shock wave interaction with roller vortices at the margin between the boundary layer and the bulk flow. Formulated mechanism of the temperature field evolution can be used to explain the peculiarities of non-steady shock-induced ignition of combustible mixtures with moderate ignition delay times, where the ignition starts inside localized kernels at distance from the end wall.     

Hydrodynamics of resonance oscillations of columns of inelastic particles

We study oscillations of a one-dimensional (1D) column of N slightly inelastic particles, produced by a piston vibrating at one end of a closed tube. It is found that for large enough vibrational amplitudes of the piston, the column oscillates periodically with the period equal to the vibrational period. The oscillation patterns are governed by the shock waves propagating across the column. The averaged kinetic energy per particle is shown to be proportional to the square of the vibrational frequency, omega. This energy also strongly depends on the vibrational amplitude. The maximal value of this kinetic energy achievable by these external vibrations is found to be of order omega(2)L(2), where L is the total volume (length) of the tube free of particles. The above results on the column resonance oscillations are also predicted by a 3D hydrodynamic model of an inelastic granular gas.     

The problems of the upward monodispersed microbubble flow in a vertical tube

The paper presents the first experimental results concerning the wall shear stress in an upward monodispersed microbubble flow in vertical tube. A bubble generator using a microfluid focusing technique was designed to produce monodispersed submillimeter bubbles. The experimental results allow to think that there is an optimal size of the bubbles and the optimal gas fraction in the bubble sublayer that provide the maximal mass transfer coefficient beween the flow and the tube wall.