气体介质对多间隙气体开关电晕均压与自击穿特性的影响

快脉冲直线变压器型驱动源(FLTD)是近年来快速发展的新型脉冲功率源技术,多采用多间隙气体开关作为开关器件。电晕均压措施有利于提升开关击穿性能,但不同气体中电晕放电有显著区别。本文首先研究了空气中针电极对单间隙电晕放电特性的影响,确定了电晕针电极的尺寸,之后研究了N2,CO2,SF6/N2混合气体、C4F7N/N2混合气体中的电晕放电特性,研究了电晕均压6间隙气体开关击穿电压及其稳定性随气体种类和气压的变化规律。实验结果表明,N2中电晕电流较大且不稳定,空气中电晕电流比N2中低,且电晕放电较为稳定,微量强电负性气体加入会极大降低电晕放电电流。当采用空气和N2作绝缘介质时,气体开关击穿电压随气压升高线性增加,但存在低值击穿,微量强电负性气体混合N2可显著提升击穿电压的稳定性。1%SF6/99%N2混合气体在0.18 MPa时,击穿电压约为197.33 kV,标准偏差占击穿电压比例为1.50%,1%C4F7N/99%N2混合气体在0.15 MPa时,击穿电压约为190.42 kV,标准偏差为0.55%。这表明,微量环保替代气体C4F7N与N2的混合气体对于提升多间隙气体开关击穿电压稳定性有显著作用。     

Modeling and optimization of the multichannel spark discharge

This paper reports a novel analytic model of this multichannel spark discharge, considering the delay time in the breakdown process, the electric transforming of the discharge channel from a capacitor to a resistor induced by the air breakdown, and the varying plasma resistance in the discharge process. The good agreement between the experimental and the simulated results validated the accuracy of this model. Based on this model, the influence of the circuit parameters on the maximum discharge channel number(MDCN) is investigated. Both the input voltage amplitude and the breakdown voltage threshold of each discharge channel play a critical role. With the increase of the input voltage and the decrease of the breakdown voltage, the MCDN increases almost linearly. With the increase of the discharge capacitance, the MDCN first rises and then remains almost constant. With the increase of the circuit inductance, the MDCN increases slowly but decreases quickly when the inductance increases over a certain value. There is an optimal value of the capacitor connected to the discharge channel corresponding to the MDCN. Finally, based on these results, to shorten the discharge time, a modified multichannel discharge circuit is developed and validated by the experiment. With only 6-kV input voltage, 31-channels discharge is achieved. The breakdown voltage of each electrode gap is larger than 3 kV. The modified discharge circuit is certain to be widely used in the PSJA flow control field.     

面向等离子体合成射流应用的微秒脉冲源研制

为了产生高能等离子体合成射流,设计了一台面向等离子体合成射流应用的微秒脉冲源,输出电压为10 kV,重复频率为100 Hz,可承受高达250 A的放电电流。详细介绍了微秒脉冲源的工作原理,比较了不同放电电容对脉冲变压器原边电流及输出电压的影响。进一步将所设计的微秒脉冲源成功应用于等离子体合成射流实验中,研究了不同间距对等离子体合成射流的影响,比较了有无放电电容条件下的能量消耗率。实验结果表明:不同放电电容在相同激励器间距的条件下,击穿电压基本相同;击穿电压随激励器间距增大而增大。有放电电容能产生较大的放电电流,且电流值随电容值的增大而增大。有放电电容条件下的能量消耗率比无放电电容要高,易于产生高能的等离子体合成射流。     

Gas spark switches with increased operating life for Marx generator of lightning test complex

A new design of gas spark switches with an increased operating life and stable dynamic characteristics for the Marx generator of the lightning test complex has been developed. The switches are characterized by the following parameters in the mode of operation: voltage up to 80 kV, discharge current up to 50 kA, flowing charge up to 3.5 C/pulse. An increased operating life is achieved by using torus-shaped electrodes with increased working surface area and a trigger electrode in the form of a thick disk with a hole located between them. Low breakdown delay time and high stability of breakdown voltage under dynamic conditions are provided by gas preionization in the spark gap using UV radiation of an additional corona discharge in the axial region.     

Effect of pressure on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator

The effects of the ambient air pressure level on the performance of plasma synthetic jet actuator have been investigated through electrical and optical diagnostics.Pressures from 1 atm down to 0.1 atm were tested with a 10 Hz excitation.The discharge measurement demonstrates that there is a voltage range to make the actuator work reliably.Higher pressure level needs a higher breakdown voltage,and a higher discharge current and energy deposition are produced.But when the actuator works with the maximum breakdown voltage,the fraction of the initial capacitor energy delivered to the arc is almost invariable.This preliminary study also confirms the effectiveness of the plasma synthetic jet at low pressure.Indeed,the maximum velocities of the precursor shock and the plasma jet induced by the actuator with maximum breakdown voltage are independent of the ambient pressure level;reach about 530 and 460 m/s respectively.The mass flux of the plasma jet increases with ambient pressure increasing,but the strength of the precursor shock presents a local maximum at 0.6 atm.     

Electrostatic analysis for designing of efficient discharge cell structures in AC plasma displays

The high luminous efficacy of plasma display demands high luminance at reduced discharge power. The discharge power can be reduced by several steps, one of them being reduction of gas breakdown voltage. In this paper, improved discharge cell structures are introduced that favor reduction of the gas breakdown voltage. The simulated electric field profiles for these structures indicate the low voltage requirement with increased electric field concentration in the discharge gap. The experimental measurements of breakdown voltage and discharge delay time in the test panels also support the simulation results. The important features of these discharge cell structures are discussed.     

一种用于触发引燃管的脉冲电源

设计了一种单电源的变压器型高电压、大电流脉冲源。该电源只有一套放电电容,以晶闸管作为放电开关,单原边双副边的脉冲变压器作为传输线。利用二极管的单向导通特性,使变压器根据负载不同的工况运行在不同的状态,分时输出高电压、大电流脉冲。该设计利用变压器在空间上将高压输出回路和低压控制回路隔离,与一般的双电源设计方式相比,降低了驱动电路的成本,减少了装置的体积,有利于设备的小型化和紧凑化。试验结果表明:当原边18 μF的储能电容充电电压为700 V时,通过晶闸管开关控制电容向2 ∶2 ∶20的单原边双副边脉冲变压器放电,副边开路时输出幅值7.6 kV、上升沿432 ns的开路电压,副边短路时输出幅值690 A、半高宽15.6 μs、前沿7.0 μs的短路电流,满足NL37248引燃管的触发要求。     

气体触发开关击穿过程的光学测量实验研究

文章首先介绍了气体触发开关的三电极结构, HSFC-PRO超高速相机的主要性能参数和使用HSFC-PRO超高速相机进行气体触发开关的击穿过程的光学测量实验的实验设计, 并利用ANSYS软件对触发开关三电极导通过程进行静电场模拟. 初步实验结果表明, 气体触发开关击穿过程可分为两个阶段, 即触发极与正电极击穿后再与负电极击穿, 实验结果与静电场模拟结论一致. 该气体触发开关在24ns时正负电极已完全击穿导通, 击穿过程迅速, 并且击穿导通过程在10.5μs以上, 0至4.5μs时间内正负电极之间放电火花依次明显增强, 而6至10.5μs内放电火花依次减弱, 到10.5μs时放电火花最弱, 气体触发开关击穿导通过程基本结束. 实验证明, 超高速相机是研究开关快速击穿放电导通过程的有效手段, 本实验为进一步研究高压开关击穿导通过程并提高开关耐压性能提供了参考.     

Theory of gas breakdown in an inhomogeneous field

Consideration is given to an independent electrical gas discharge in an inhomogeneous field, with photoionization of the gas as secondary mechanism. The condition for an independent discharge to exist is derived; this condition enables the breakdown voltage to be calculated, and also explains the short times required to form the discharge and the fact that the breakdown voltage is independent of the cathode material. The same condition may be considered as a criterion for the ignition of a self-sustaining corona in a long spark gap with nonuniform geometry.     

On the performance of an ArF and a KrF laser as a function of the preionisation timing and the excitation mode

An X-ray preionised ArF and KrF excimer laser has been studied with three different spiker-sustainer excitation circuits. We observed large differences in the laser performance, when the preionisation delay timing was varied on a nanosecond timescale. The behaviour of both lasers was found to be equivalent. The observations can be understood by considering the effect of the discharge excitation technique on the preionisation process. An excitation mode with a prepulse well above the steady-state voltage V_SS with a subsequent reversed overshoot voltage for initiating the discharge, in combination with a well-timed preionisation pulse is found to give the best results. Optimum output energies of 50 mJ with ArF and 175 mJ with KrF were obtained from an active volume of 60×1.5×1.2 cm in the so-called swing mode, with the preionisation applied 60 ns before the discharge breakdown. Received: 23 February 1999 / Revised version: 4 June 1999 / Published online: 16 September 1999     

On the formation of a barrier discharge in excilamps

The dynamics of discharge formation in a two-barrier XeBr excilamp is studied. It is found that the maximal voltage drop across the lamp and the breakdown voltage of the discharge gap vary with time nonmonotonically upon switching on. This indicates that the discharge goes through several stages before it reaches the steady state. An increase in the lamp capacitance prior to secondary breakdown at the contracted stage of the discharge suggests the formation of a region with a high residual conductivity in the gas-discharge space after primary discharge. It is shown that the use of a keep-alive discharge prevents the arc stage when the excilamp is switched on.     

沿面放电中的辉光和赝辉光放电

利用沿面放电发生器装置，在流动氩气中实现了大气压辉光放电。放电电流波形表现为外加电压每半周期只有一个电流脉冲。驱动电压频率是60kHz时，放电电流脉冲持续时间大于1微秒。氩气中的辉光放电，功率消耗随着外加电压增加或者是气压减小而增大，这种关系可以用汤生击穿理论定性解释。与此对比，大气压空气中的放电电流波形为外加电压每半周期放电为许多脉冲，每个电流脉冲为高频阻尼振荡，这就是赝辉光放电。大气压空气中的赝辉光放电可能是由于气体的流光击穿造成的。     

Breakdown mechanism of an atmospheric-pressure radio-frequency capacitive argon discharge in parallel-plate bare metal electrodes

The breakdown behavior of an atmospheric-pressure radio-frequency capacitively coupled argon plasma discharge at 13.56 MHz is investigated in order to produce a stable and homogeneous atmospheric-pressure argon glow discharge. It is found that the electrode separation distance plays a pivotal role in exciting argon discharge whether in mobility-controlled electric breakdown or in diffusion-controlled breakdown and the discharge mode (arc discharge, α-mode glow discharge, or γ-mode glow discharge) immediately following breakdown is closely related to the breakdown mechanism.     

Over recovery in low pressure spark gaps-confirmation of pressurereduction in over recovery

The over recovery in sparkgaps (Nagesh, 1997, Nagesh et al., 1999) operating along the left-hand side of Paschens' characteristics is due to pressure reduction in the gap after the first pulse discharge. This pressure reduction leading to over recovery in low pressure spark gaps has been verified using a low pressure spark gap with two spark gaps placed one above the other in the same chamber. The breakdown voltage strength characteristics of the second gap has been determined for gap spacings of 3.5 mm to 10 mm, diffusion of plasma in the direction of vacuum pumping and opposite, at a pressure of 2.1 Pa for hydrogen gas. The vacuum pumping direction has a great influence on the breakdown strength characteristics of second gap after the first gap discharge. The breakdown voltage of the second gap can exceed its self breakdown voltage only 1) when the diffusion of plasma and vacuum pumping direction are same and 2) when the second gap spacing is greater than or equal to first gap spacing. Shorter gaps can always have breakdown voltage lower than or equal to their self breakdown voltage. The experimental setups, behavior of self breakdown voltages of second gap due to breakdown in the first gap, over recovery characteristics of spark gaps, the results, and discussions are presented here     

低气压氙气介质阻挡放电的一维仿真研究

通过建立一个自洽耦合的一维流体模型来描述低气压氙气介质阻挡放电(DBD),并采用有限元法对模型进行数值仿真研究,得到了不同外加电压幅值和频率下的气体间隙压降、放电电流、介质表面电荷随时间的变化关系以及电子、离子、中性粒子和空间电场的时域分布.仿真结果表明:介质表面电荷对放电的点燃与熄灭起着关键的作用;在一个放电周期内,根据气体间隙压降的变化情况,介质表面电荷可按六个阶段进行分析;随着外施电压幅值的增加,间隙击穿逐渐提前至外施电压过零点之前发生,放电更为剧烈;随着外施电压频率的提高,气体间隙压降减小,间隙容易击穿,放电也更加均匀.粒子及空间电场的时域分布表明氙气DBD为典型的辉光放电.     

横向表面放电光泵浦源特性研究

 介绍了一种用以泵浦XeF(C-A)激光的横向表面放电辐射源,比较详细地研究了这种泵浦源的放电击穿特性、放电电流与充电电压及不同气体介质的关系、表面放电均匀性以及不同气体成分对表面放电辐射特性的影响。得到了放电击穿时间、放电峰值电流随充电电压、不同气体介质变化的曲线;分析了提高放电均匀性的途径,在电极长50cm、间距6cm、充电电压25kV条件下获得了均匀放电。获得了各种实验条件下放电辐射的光谱曲线;通过对辐射光谱的分析,研究了有利于光解离XeF₂的最佳实验条件,当p_Ar:p_N2=1:1时,放电在远紫外波段产生的辐射最强。     

用激光点火辅助火花诱导击穿光谱技术实现铝合金的高灵敏元素分析

报道了采用激光点火辅助火花诱导击穿光谱技术分析铝合金中痕量元素时的分析行为。用低能量激光脉冲聚焦于样品表面并在放电电极之间产生等离子体来触发高压火花放电以改善火花诱导击穿光谱技术的分析行为。在当前空间几何配置下,研究得到了最佳的放电电压和储能电容等参数并在最佳实验条件下分析了样品中的铜元素,其检出限达到0.7 ppm。激光点火的辅助手段改善了火花诱导击穿光谱技术在元素分析时信号的稳定性、提高了分析精度。同时它还能够有效地降低放电电压,改善其空间分辨本领。研究表明激光点火辅助火花诱导击穿光谱技术具有灵敏度高、稳定性好以及具有较好的空间分辨本领的特点,非常适合于各种合金中的痕量元素分析。     

The Studies of a Vacuum Gap Breakdown after High-Current Arc Interruption with Increasing the Voltage

Vacuum-gap breakdown has been studied after high-current arc interruption with a subsequent increase in the transient recovery voltage across a gap. The effects of factors, such as the rate of the rise in the transient voltage, the potential of the shield that surrounds a discharge gap, and the arc burning time, have been determined. It has been revealed that opening the contacts earlier leads to the formation of an anode spot, which is the source of electrode material vapors into the discharge gap after current zero moment. Under the conditions of increasing voltage, this fact results in the breakdown. Too late opening leads to the breakdown of a short gap due to the high electric fields.     

Exploration of the Townsend regime by discharge light emission in a gas discharge device

The Townsend discharge mechanism has been explored in a planar microelectronic gas discharge device(MGDD) with different applied voltages U and interelectrode distance d under various pressures in air. The anode and the cathode of the MGDD are formed by a transparent SnO2 covered glass and a GaAs semiconductor, respectively. In the experiments, the discharge is found to be unstable just below the breakdown voltage Ub, whereas the discharge passes through a homogeneous stable Townsend mode beyond the breakdown voltage. The measurements are made by an electrical circuit and a CCD camera by recording the currents and light emission(LE) intensities. The intensity profiles, which are converted from the 3D light emission images along the semiconductor diameter, have been analysed for different system parameters. Different instantaneous conductivity σtregimes are found below and beyond the Townsend region. These regimes govern the current and spatio-temporal LE stabilities in the plasma system. It has been proven that the stable LE region increases up to 550 Torr as a function of pressure for small d. If the active area of the semiconductor becomes larger and the interlectrode distance d becomes smaller, the stable LE region stays nearly constant with pressure.     

He-Ne激光器放电点火电压的实验研究

寻找能降低He—Ne激光器点火电压的外加催离剂．实验对He—Ne激光器的点火电压在阴、阳极被可见光照射、低放射源作用于放电管和阴极附近加强电场的条件下进行了测量．对不同外加条件作用下He—Ne激光器点火电压实验数据的误差进行了分析．实验结果指出，用可见光照射阴极或阳极不能降低He—Ne激光器的点火电压；能明显降低点火电压的因素可以是低放射源或外加强电场．