Cl_2 2HI=2HCl I_2反应机理的理论研究

分别在MP2/3-21G!!、CCSD(T)/3-21G!!//MP2/3-21G!!和B3LYP/3-21G!!3种水平上,计算研究了气相反应Cl2 2HI=2HCl I2的机理,求得一系列四中心和三中心的过渡态.通过比较六种反应通道的活化能大小,得到了相同的结论:双分子基元反应Cl2 HI"HCl ICl和ICl HI"I2 HCl的最小活化能小于Cl2、HI和ICl的解离能,从理论上证明了反应Cl2 2HI=2HCl I2将优先以分子与分子作用形式分两步完成.用内禀反应坐标(IRC)验证了MP2/3-21G!!方法计算得到的过渡态.     

Cl2+2HBr=2HCl+Br2反应的机理和应用

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法,取6-311G**基组,细致研究了反应Cl2+2HBr= 2HCl+Br2的机理,求得一系列四中心和三中心过渡态.双分子基元反应Cl₂+HBr®HCl+ BrCl和BrCl+HBr®Br₂+HCl的活化能(138.96和147.24 kJ· mol-1)小于Cl₂,HBr和BrCl的解离能,从理论上证明了标题反应将优先以分子与分子作用形式完成.将其应用于从HBr中回收溴,以Cl₂直接与HBr气体反应,生成的含溴混合气体,经冷凝并以四氯化碳吸收分离得到液溴和盐酸;溴的回收率大于96%,其含氯量小于3.0%.提供了运用基础理论解决生产中难题的成功例证.     

气相中Sc+和Ti+与CS2反应的计算研究

以Sc⁺和Ti⁺与CS₂反应作为第一前过渡金属离子与CS₂反应的范例体系. 采用密度泛函(UB3LYP/6-311+G*)方法计算研究了Sc⁺和Ti⁺在基态和激发态与CS₂反应的反应机理. 全参数优化了反应势能面上各驻点的几何构型, 用频率分析方法和内禀反应坐标(IRC)方法对过渡态进行了验证. 计算了不同多重度下的反应交叉势能面. 确定了Sc⁺和Ti⁺与CS₂的反应为插入-消去反应, 找到了基态和激发态金属离子与CS₂反应的主要通道.     

Br2+2HI=2HBr＋I2应机理的密度泛函理论

用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法，取3-21G**基组研究了气相反应Br2＋2HI=2HBr＋I2的机理，求得一系列四中心和三中心的过渡态.双分子基元反应Br2＋HI→HBr＋IBr和IBr＋HI→I2＋HBr的活化能(81.02和121.08 kJ•mol－1)小于Br2、HI和IBr的解离能(249.21、320.16和232.42 kJ•mol－1)，故从理论上证明了标题反应将优先以分子与分子作用形式分两步完成.同时发现I原子与Br2分子反应生成较稳定的IBr2是一个无能垒过程，IBr2分解为IBr和Br原子的能垒为70.88 kJ•mol－1.     

SiH2自由基与HNCO反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了SiH₂自由基与HNCO的反应机理, 并在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G**水平上对反应物、中间体、过渡态进行了全几何参数优化, 通过频率分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)确定了中间体和过渡态. 为了得到更精确的能量值, 又用QCISD(T)/6-311＋＋G**方法计算了在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G**水平优化后的各个驻点的相对能量. 计算结果表明SiH₂自由基与HNCO的反应有五条反应通道, 其中顺式反应通道SiH₂＋HNCO→IM3→ TS4→IM5→TS5→IM6→SiH₂NH＋CO反应能垒最低, 为主反应通道.     

SiH2自由基与HNCO反应机理的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法研究了SiH₂自由基与HNCO的反应机理, 并在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G**水平上对反应物、中间体、过渡态进行了全几何参数优化, 通过频率分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)确定了中间体和过渡态. 为了得到更精确的能量值, 又用QCISD(T)/6-311＋＋G**方法计算了在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G**水平优化后的各个驻点的相对能量. 计算结果表明SiH₂自由基与HNCO的反应有五条反应通道, 其中顺式反应通道SiH₂＋HNCO→IM3→ TS4→IM5→TS5→IM6→SiH₂NH＋CO反应能垒最低, 为主反应通道.     

气相中CrO2+和H2反应的理论研究

用密度泛函UB3LYP/6-311++G(3df, 3pdpd)//6-311G(2dd, p)方法计算研究了在二重态和四重态两个势能面上的气相反应：CrO₂⁺ + H₂→CrO⁺+ H₂O. 对影响反应机理和反应速率的势能面交叉进行了讨论, 并运用Hammond 假设和Yoshizawa 等的内禀反应坐标(IRC)单点垂直激发计算的方法找出了势能面交叉点(crossing point (CP)). 运用碎片分子轨道(fragment molecular orbital(FMO))理论, 对初始复合物2IM1和4IM1的轨道相关进行了分析, 解释了CrO₂⁺活化H—H σ键及H₂迁移的机理.     

Cl原子与CH2SH自由基反应机理及电子密度拓扑研究

采用MP2(Full)/6-311G(d,p)和B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)找到了反应Cl＋CH₂SH→HCl＋CH₂S的两个可能的反应通道, 得到了各反应通道的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的优化构型、谐振频率. 对反应进程中若干关键点进行了电子密度拓扑分析, 讨论了反应进程中键的断裂、生成和化学键的变化规律, 找到了该反应的结构过渡区(结构过渡态)和能量过渡态, 发现了反应热与结构过渡区之间的关系.     

Cl原子与CH2SH自由基反应机理及电子密度拓扑研究

采用MP2(Full)/6-311G(d,p)和B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)找到了反应Cl＋CH₂SH→HCl＋CH₂S的两个可能的反应通道, 得到了各反应通道的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的优化构型、谐振频率. 对反应进程中若干关键点进行了电子密度拓扑分析, 讨论了反应进程中键的断裂、生成和化学键的变化规律, 找到了该反应的结构过渡区(结构过渡态)和能量过渡态, 发现了反应热与结构过渡区之间的关系.     

煤炭燃烧过程中N2O消除反应机理的密度泛函理论研究

用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法对煤炭燃烧过程中N₂O的消除反应进行研究。选用6-311++G**和aug-cc-pVTZ基组,优化了反应通道上反应物、过渡态和产物的几何构型。预测了它们的热力学性质(总能量、焓、熵和吉布斯自由能)及其随温度的变化。预测N₂O+CO反应的活化能为200 kJ·mol^-1,与实验值193±8 kJ·mol^-1较一致。计算了500~1 800 K 温度范围的反应速率常数。在N₂O的分解中,N₂O与H和CN自由基的反应为动力学优先进行的反应,其活化能为50~55 kJ·mol^-1。在B3LYP/aug-cc-pVTZ level水平下,N₂O+CN反应是热力学最有利的自发反应,其吉布斯自由能变化为-407 kJ·mol^-1。     

F2＋2HI=2HF＋I2反应机理的研究

根据氯离子型层状复合氢氧化物(LDH-Cl)制备过程中溶液浓度变化的监测结果和不同反应进程时产物的EDS、IR、XRD、TEM、TG-DTA表征结果,研究了合成LDH-Cl的共沉淀反应动力学特征及机理.实验结果表明, LDH-Cl的生成符合多核层表面反应动力学模型;反应过程中LDH的晶胞参数c从2.421 nm变为2.399 nm,通道高度h由0.3321 nm减小为0.3228 nm,粒子直径Da由6.40 nm增大为15.16 nm, Dc由7.43 nm增大到10.93 nm,纵横比由0.86增大为1.39; IR和TG-DTA特征变化表明了层板对阴离子作用的强度和层板的结构稳定性随反应进程而提高.     

Thermochemistry of the higher chlorine oxides ClOx (x=3, 4) and Cl2Ox (x=3–7)†

Heats of formation for ClO₃, ClO₄, Cl₂O₃, Cl₂O₄, Cl₂O₅, Cl₂O₆ and Cl₂O₇ molecules are determined at the B3LYP, B3PW91, mPW1PW91 and B1LYP levels of the density functional theory employing a series of extended basis sets, and using Gaussian-3 model chemistries. Modified Gaussian-3 calculations, which employ accurate B3LYP/6-311+G(3d2f) molecular geometries and vibrational frequencies, were also performed. Heats of formation were calculated from both total atomization energies and isodesmic reaction schemes. The latter method in conjunction with Gaussian-3 models leads to the most reliable results. The best values at 298 K for ClO₃, ClO₄, Cl₂O₃ and Cl₂O₄ as derived from an average of G3//B3LYP and G3//B3LYP/6-311+G(3d2f) calculations are 43.1, 54.8, 31.7 and 37.4 kcal mol⁻¹. From calculations carried out at the G3(MP2)//B3LYP and G3(MP2)//B3LYP/6-311+G(3d2f) levels, heats of formation for Cl₂O₅, Cl₂O₆ and Cl₂O₇ are predicted to be 53.2, 52.2 and 61.5 kcal mol⁻¹. All best values are reproduced within 1 kcal mol⁻¹ by using mPW1PW91/6-311+G(3d2f) isodesmic energies. Enthalpy changes for relevant Cl–O bond fission reactions are reported. Comparisons with previous thermodynamics data are made.     

Theoretical Study on the Reaction Mechanism of F2 ＋ 2HBr = 2HF ＋ Br2

1 INTRODUCTION The replacement reactions between halide and hy- drogen halide, or halide and halide are basic reac- tions in chemistry. Goldfinger et al. have speculated by experiment that the gas reaction between chlorine and hydrogen bromide might be a two-step intermo- lecular reaction[1, 2]. But gas reactions between other halides and hydrogen halides haven’t been reported experimentally so far. About theoretical investiga- tion, colinearity quantum mechanics, vibrational tran- sitio…     

Investigation on the mechanism and applications of the reaction Cl_2+2HBr=2HCl+Br_2

The mechanism of reaction CI2+2HBr=2HCI+Br2 has been carefully investigated with density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6-311G** level. A series of three-centred and four-centred transition states have been obtained. The activation energy (138.96 and 147.24 kJ/mol, respectively) of two bimolecular elementary reactions CI2+HBr→HCI+BrCI and BrCI+HBr→HCI+Br2 is smaller than the dissociation energy of CI2, HBr and BrCI, indicating that it is favorable for the title reaction occurring in the bimolecular form. The reaction has been applied to the chemical engineering process of recycling Br2 from HBr. Gaseous CI2 directly reacts with HBr gas, which produces gaseous mixtures containing Br2, and liquid Br2 and HCI are obtained by cooling the mixtures and further separated by absorption with CCI4. The recovery percentage of Br2 is more than 96%, and the CI2 remaining in liquid Br2 is less than 3.0%. The paper provides a good example of solving the difficult problem in chemical engineering with basic theory.     

Ab initio and density function theory computational studies of the CH4 + H → CH3 + H2 reaction

The activation barrier for the CH₄ + H → CH₃ + H₂ reaction was evaluated with traditional ab initio and Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. None of the applied ab initio and DFT methods was able to reproduce the experimental activation barrier of 11.0-12.0 kcal/mol. All ab initio methods (HF, MP2, MP3, MP4, QCISD, QCISD(T), G1, G2, and G2MP2) overestimated the activation energy. The best results were obtained with the G2 and G2MP2 ab initio computational approaches. The zero-point corrected energy was 14.4 kcal mol⁻¹. Some of the exchange DFT methods (HFB) computed energies which were similar to the highly accurate ab initio methods, while the B3LYP hybrid DFT methods underestimated the activation barrier by 3 kcal mol⁻¹. Gradient-corrected DFT methods underestimated the barrier even more. The gradient-corrected DFT method that incorporated the PW91 correlational functional even generated a negative reaction barrier. The suitability of some computational methods for accurately predicting the potential energy surface for this hydrogen radical abstraction reaction was discussed.     

ClONO2与Cl(2P3/2)的反应机理

在密度泛函理论B3LYP/6-31G^*水平上,研究了ClONO₂+Cl(²P_3/2)Cl₂+NO₃和ClONO₂+Cl(²P_3/2)ClO+ClONO(cis)及ClONO₂+Cl(²P_3/2)ClOCl+NO₂的反应机理.计算得到各可能反应途径的过渡态,并经过内禀反应坐标(IRC)分析加以证实.反应ClONO₂+Cl(²P_3/2)Cl₂+NO₃反应活化能垒最低,为4.5kJ/mol,是反应主通道.     

Three-dimensional trajectory study of the I + HI → IH + I, H + I2 reactions

The quasiclassical trajectory calculation of the I + HI collision is performed in order to study the exchange and endothermic reaction channels. The rate constant of the exchange reaction I′ + HI → HI′ + I is found to be equal to 7.7 × 10¹¹ cm³/mol s at room temperature of 300 K. The study of the endothermic reaction I + HI → H + I₂ shows that it takes place only in configurations with large bend angles. Due to the non-collinear character of this reaction its threshold (2 eV) exceeds significantly the threshold of the minimal energy (collinear) reaction path (1.55 eV).