碳增强效应与内标选择-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定高温合金中痕量碲

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法直接测定镍基高温合金中痕量碲,不需要对基体进行萃取等复杂的分离手段,通过对碳增敏剂与内标选择等因素进行优化,同时降低了多原子离子的干扰。依照质量数和ICP指数的角度选择铑为内标,校正了测定过程中信号的漂移,乙醇作为增敏剂,确定了在线的内标和增敏剂的加入模式。方法提高了痕量碲的检测灵敏度,测定下限达到0.00004% (0.4 ppm)。为了验证该方法的有效性,对高温合金的标准物质(GBW01619-01620)进行了分析,测定值与认定值吻合良好,其中结果精密度试验RSD(n=3)<10%。     

茜素红-H2O2-溴代十六烷基吡啶-丙氨酸体系催化光度法测定痕量锰

研究了在溴代十六烷基吡啶(CPB)增敏剂和丙氨酸活化剂存在下,锰(Ⅱ)对过氧化氢氧化茜素红的褪色反应及其动力学条件,建立了测定痕量锰(Ⅱ)的新方法。讨论了pH值和共存离子对痕量锰(Ⅱ)测定的影响。在最佳实验条件下,本法测定痕量锰(Ⅱ)的线性范围为10~360μg/L,检出限为2.01×10-8g/L。方法用于水样中痕量锰(Ⅱ)的测定,结果满意。     

高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定镍基单晶高温合金中36种痕量元素

基于高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法(HR-ICP-MS)的质谱干扰消除技术,对镍基单晶高温合金中36种痕量元素检测的质谱条件、基体干扰、质谱干扰与同位素选择进行了研究。取样品0.100 0 g,用体积比为3∶1的盐酸-硝酸混合酸10 mL、氢氟酸1 mL溶解,用水定容至250 mL。通过复杂基体质谱干扰计算判定、共存元素干扰消除,确定了待测元素的同位素和分辨模式,将镍基单晶高温合金中痕量元素准确测定的元素种类确定为36种。采用标准加入法进行定量分析,36种痕量元素的检出限(3s)为0.004～6.000μg·L^-1。方法用于分析国际标准物质,得到的测定值与认定值基本一致。方法用于镍基单晶高温合金样品分析,36种痕量元素的检出量为0.000 001 0%～0.018%。     

高流速辉光放电质谱法测定镍基单晶高温合金中43种痕量元素北大核心CSCD

基于高流速辉光放电质谱法(GDMS)的质谱干扰消除技术,对镍基单晶高温合金中43种痕量元素的质谱干扰与同位素选择进行了研究,用于高性能镍基单晶高温合金的纯净化水平评价。固体样品采用直接进样,通过复杂基体质谱干扰计算判定、共存元素干扰消除等方式,确定了待测元素的同位素和分辨率模式,通过相应标准物质对待测元素的相对灵敏度因子进行校正,采用高流速GDMS测定镍基单晶高温合金中43种痕量元素。结果表明,痕量元素的检出限(3s)为1.04×10^(-7)%~6.60×10^(-3)%,大部分元素的检出限达到0.1μg·g^(-1)级别;对内控标准物质DD6-6#测定6次,测定值的相对标准偏差为0.59%~13%。方法分析结果与不同分析方法对照、标准物质比对,结果吻合度高。     

微波消解-碰撞池-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法测定芝麻中痕量的锗

建立了微波消解-碰撞池-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定芝麻中痕量锗元素的测定方法。在线引入内标元素铑(Rh),同时消解液中加入正戊醇(3%)作为增敏剂。结果显示,正戊醇(3%)可使⁷⁴Ge的上机检测信号强度提高2.85倍,⁷⁴Ge校正曲线线性相关系数为1.000,检出限为0.056μg/kg,加标回收率为92.0%~106%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为2.6%~4.3%。采用建立的方法测定7种国家标准物质,检测结果均在认定值范围内,RSD为2.5%~8.8%。方法灵敏度高、准确,可实现批量检测,适用于芝麻中痕量锗的检测。     

共沉淀分离-ICP-MS测定高纯阴极铜中硒和碲

研究了采用共沉淀分离手段在氨性条件下分离大量铜基体并富集痕量硒、碲杂质的实验条件。优化选择了共沉淀剂的种类、浓度、氨水用量和温度等条件,考察了内标元素、铜残留浓度对ICP-MS测定的影响。与直接测定法相比,硒碲被富集了50倍,建立了共沉淀分离-ICP-MS测定高纯阴极铜中硒碲的方法。硒碲测定下限分别为0．08和0．10μg／g,RSD〈10％,加标回收率在90％-115％之间。方法已用于实际样品分析。     

阴离子表面活性剂增敏动力学光度法测定痕量铁(Ⅲ)--Fe3+-孔雀绿-H2O2催化反应体系

基于稀盐酸介质中以阴离子表面活性剂琥珀酸二异辛酯碳酸钠为增敏剂,铁(Ⅲ)对过氧化氢氧化孔雀绿反应的催化作用,建立了一种高灵敏测定痕量铁(Ⅲ)的新催化动力学光度法.方法线性范围为0～68 μg/L、检出限为2.82×10-8 g/L.用于水样和生物试样中痕量铁(Ⅲ)的测定,分析结果满意.     

氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定镍基高温合金中痕量硒和碲

研究了用氢化物发生原子荧光光谱法测定镍基高温合金中痕量硒和碲。试验了氢化物发生的最佳条件、酸度和还原剂加入量以及在断续流动条件下镍、钴的干扰 ,并采用柠檬酸对其干扰进行抑制。提出了一个直接快速和准确测定镍基高温合金中硒和碲的分析方法 ,硒和碲的测量下限可达 5× 1 0 -5%。     

价键理论用于分析高温合金中的痕量元素EI北大核心CSCD

基于电感耦合等离子体串联质谱法(ICP-MS/MS),选择高温合金中关键痕量元素Se作为研究对象。应用价键理论,预测Se^(+)与O_(2)可形成产物离子SeO^(+)。通过优化产物离子SeO^(+)的生成条件,实现了痕量Se的准确测定,检出限达到0.038μg/g。考察了非金属元素与O_(2)的价键结合过程,并扩展验证了该理论在ICP-MS/MS法测定高温合金中痕量S,P和As的应用。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定镍基高温合金中10种元素

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定镍基高温合金中锗、砷、钇、钌、铟、碲、铪、铂、金、汞等10种元素。样品以盐酸-硝酸混合酸溶解,并在完全溶解后滴加过氧化氢防止生成钨酸沉淀。在测定中采用基体匹配法和在线内标法校正基体效应和进样不均匀导致的信号扰动。待测元素的质谱干扰通过选择合适的同位素、加入元素修正方程和在测试中应用动能碰撞模式来进行消除。10种元素的检出限(3s)在0.002~0.65μg·g-1之间。应用此方法分析了3个标准样品(GBW01636,GBW 01638,GBW 01640),测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=10)在0.60%~45%之间。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。