Viscosity,density, and speed of sound of methylcyclopentane with primary and secondary alcohols at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K

Viscosities, densities, and speed of sound have been measured over the whole composition range for (methylcyclopentane with ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-propanol, 2-butanol, and 2-pentanol) at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K and atmospheric pressure along with the properties of the pure components. Excess molar volumes, isentropic compressibility, deviations in isentropic compressibility, and viscosity deviations for the binary systems at the above-mentioned temperatures were calculated and fitted to Redlich–Kister equation to determine the fitting parameters and the root-mean square deviations. UNIQUAC equation was used to correlate the experimental data. Dynamic viscosities of the binary mixtures have been predicted using UNIFAC-VISCO and ASOG-VISCO methods.     

Physical properties of the binary systems methylcyclopentane with ketones (acetone,butanone and 2-pentanone) at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K. New UNIFAC-VISCO interaction parameters

In this work, the physical properties, dynamic viscosities, densities, and speed of sound have been measured over the whole composition range and atmospheric pressure for the binary mixtures (methylcyclopentane with acetone, butanone, and 2-pentanone) at several temperatures T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K along with the properties of the pure components. Excess molar volumes, isentropic compressibility, deviations in isentropic compressibility and viscosity deviation for the binary systems at the above-mentioned temperatures were calculated and fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation to determine the fitting parameters and the root-mean-square deviations. The UNIQUAC equation was used to correlate the experimental viscosity data. The UNIFAC-VISCO method and ASOG-VISCO method, based on contribution groups, were used to predict the dynamic viscosities of the binary mixtures. The interaction parameters of cycloalkanes with ketones (CH_cy/CO) have been determined for their application in the predictive UNIFAC-VISCO method.     

Isobaric (vapour + liquid) equilibrium of (1,3-dioxolane,or 1,4-dioxane + 1-butanol,or 2-butanol) at 40.0 kPa and 101.3 kPa

Isobaric (vapour  +  liquid) equilibrium (v.l.e.) of (1,3-dioxolane, or 1,4-dioxane  +  1-butanol, or 2-butanol) at 40.0 kPa and 101.3 kPa have been studied with a dynamic recirculating still. The experimental data for all mixtures were checked for thermodynamic consistency using the method of Van Ness. Activity coefficients calculated from (v.l.e.) data have been correlated with different equations (Wilson, Van Laar, Margulles, NRTL, and UNIQUAC), giving satisfactory results. Predictions with the group contribution methods ASOG and UNIFAC were also obtained.     

Experimental (solid + liquid) or (liquid + liquid) phase equilibria of (amine + nitrile) binary mixtures

(Solid + liquid) phase diagrams have been determined for (hexylamine, or octylamine, or 1,3-diaminopropane + acetonitrile) mixtures. Simple eutectic systems have been observed in these mixtures. (Liquid + liquid) phase diagrams have been determined for (octylamine, or decylamine + propanenitrile, or + butanenitrile) mixtures. Mixtures with propanenitrile and butanenitrile show immiscibility in the liquid phase with an upper critical solution temperature, UCST. (Solid + liquid) phase diagrams have been correlated using NRTL, NRTL 1, Wilson and UNIQUAC equations. (Liquid + liquid) phase diagrams have been correlated using NRTL equation.     

Temperature dependence on mutual solubility of binary (methanol + limonene) mixture and (liquid + liquid) equilibria of ternary (methanol + ethanol + limonene) mixture

Mutual solubility data of the binary (methanol + limonene) mixture at the temperatures ranging from 288.15 K close to upper critical solution temperature, and ternary (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (tie-lines) of the (methanol + ethanol + limonene) mixture at the temperatures (288.15, 298.15, and 308.15) K have been obtained. The experimental results have been represented accurately in terms of the extended and modified UNIQUAC models with binary parameters, compared with the UNIQUAC model. The temperature dependence of binary and ternary (liquid + liquid) equilibrium for the binary (methanol + limonene) and ternary (methanol + ethanol + limonene) mixtures could be calculated successfully using the extended and modified UNIQUAC model.     

Dynamic viscosities of binary mixtures of cycloalkanes with primary alcohols at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K: New UNIFAC-VISCO interaction parameters

In this work, dynamic viscosities, densities, and speed of sound have been measured over the whole composition range and 0.1 MPa for the binary mixtures (cyclopentane and cyclohexane with ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol) at several temperatures (293.15, 298.15, 303.15) K along with the properties of the pure components. Excess molar volumes, molar isentropic compression, excess molar isentropic compression, and excess free energy of activation for the binary systems at the above mentioned temperatures, were calculated and fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation to determine the fitting parameters and the root-mean-square deviations. The UNIQUAC equation was used to correlate the experimental viscosity data. The UNIFAC-VISCO method and ASOG-VISCO method, based on contribution groups, were used to predict the dynamic viscosities of the binary mixtures. The interaction parameters of cycloalkanes with primary alcohol (CH_cy/-OH) have been determined for their application in the predictive UNIFAC-VISCO method.     

Separation of aromatic hydrocarbons (toluene or benzene) from aliphatic hydrocarbon (n-heptane) by extraction with ethylene carbonate

Selectivity factors and partition coefficients of ethylene carbonate and the (ethylene carbonate + sulfolane) solvent mixture for the separation of benzene or toluene from (benzene or toluene + n-heptane) are obtained from the experimental (liquid + liquid) equilibrium data for ternary mixtures of (ethylene carbonate + benzene or toluene + n-heptane) at temperatures of (303.15 and 313.15) K and quaternary mixture of (ethylene carbonate + sulfolane + benzene + n-heptane) at 303.15 K. The composition of liquid phases at equilibrium was determined by gas–liquid chromatography and the results were correlated with the UNIQUAC and NRTL activity coefficient models. The parameters of the models were evaluated and reported. The phase diagrams for the mixtures studied are presented and the correlated tie line results have been compared with the experimental results. The comparisons indicate the applicability of the UNIQUAC and NRTL activity coefficients model for (liquid + liquid) equilibrium calculations of the mixtures studied.     

Phase equilibria for liquid mixtures of (benzonitrile + a carboxylic acid + water) atT = 298.15 K

(Liquid  +  liquid) equilibrium data are presented for mixtures of {benzonitrile(1)  +  acetic acid or propanoic acid or butanoic acid or 2-methylpropanoic acid or pentanoic acid or 3-methylbutanoic acid(2)  +  water(3)} atT =  298.15 K. The relative mutual solubility of each of the carboxylic acids is higher in the benzonitrile layer than in the aqueous layer. The influence of 3-methylbutanoic acid, pentanoic acid, 2-methylpropanoic acid, and butanoic acid on the solubility of the hydrocarbons in benzonitrile is greater than that of the acetic and propanoic acids. Three three-parameter equations have been fitted to the binodal curve data. These equations are compared and discussed in terms of statistical consistency. The NRTL and UNIQUAC models were used to correlate the experimental tie lines and to calculate the phase compositions of the ternary systems. The NRTL equation fitted the experimental data far better than the UNIQUAC equation. Selectivity values for solvent separation efficiency were derived from the tie line data.     

Isobaric (vapour + liquid) equilibria for the (1-propanol + 1-butanol) binary mixture at (53.3 and 91.3) kPa

In this work, isobaric (vapour + liquid) equilibrium data have been determined at (53.3 and 91.3) kPa for the binary mixtures of (1-propanol + 1-butanol). The thermodynamic consistency of the experimental values was checked by means the traditional area test and the direct test methods. According to the criteria for the test methods, the (vapour + liquid) equilibrium results were found to be thermodynamically consistent. The experimental values obtained were correlated by using the van Laar, Margules, Wilson, NRTL, and UNIQUAC activity-coefficient models. The binary interaction parameters of the activity-coefficient models have been determined and reported. They have been compared with those calculated by the activity-coefficient models. The average absolute deviation in boiling point and vapour-phase composition were determined. The calculated maximum average absolute deviations were 0.86 K and 0.0151 for the boiling point and vapour-phase composition, respectively. Therefore, it was shown that the activity-coefficient models used satisfactorily correlate the (vapour + liquid) equilibrium results of the mixture studied. However, the performance of the UNIQUAC model was superior to all other models mentioned.     

Measurement and modeling of osmotic coefficients of binary mixtures (alcohol + 1,3-dimethylpyridinium methylsulfate) at T = 323.15 K

Measurement of osmotic coefficients of binary mixtures containing several primary and secondary alcohols (1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 1-pentanol) and the pyridinium-based ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylpyridinium methylsulfate were performed at T = 323.15 K using the vapor pressure osmometry technique, and from experimental data, vapor pressure, and activity coefficients were determined. The extended Pitzer model modified by Archer, and the NRTL model modified by Jaretun and Aly (MNRTL) were used to correlate the experimental osmotic coefficients, obtaining standard deviations lower than 0.017 and 0.054, respectively. From the parameters obtained with the extended Pitzer model modified by Archer, the mean molal activity coefficients and the excess Gibbs free energy for the studied binary mixtures were calculated. The effect of the cation is studied comparing the experimental results with those obtained for the ionic liquid 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate.     

(Liquid + liquid) phase equilibria of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate with alcohols,or ethers,or ketones

Solubilities of binary mixtures that contain a room-temperature ionic liquid and an organic solvent – namely, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate, [mmim][CH₃SO₄], or 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, [bmim][CH₃SO₄] with an alcohol (hexan-1-ol, or octan-1-ol, or nonan-1-ol, or decan-1-ol), or an ether (dipropyl ether, or dibutyl ether, or methyl-1,1-dimethylethyl ether, or methyl-1,1-dimethylpropyl ether), or a ketone (pentan-2-one, or pentan-3-one, or hexan-2-one, or heptan-4-one, or cyclopentanone) – have been measured by a visual method from T = 270 K to the boiling temperature of the solvent. The (liquid + liquid) equilibria curves were predicted by the COSMO-RS method. For [bmim][CH₃SO₄], the COSMO-RS predictions correspond better with experimental results than do the predictions for [mmim][CH₃SO₄].Complete miscibility has been observed in the systems of [mmim][CH₃SO₄] with water and with alcohols ranging from methanol to octan-1-ol and that of [bmim][CH₃SO₄] with water and with alcohols ranging from methanol to decan-1-ol at the temperature T = 310 K.     

Solubility of ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethylammonium bromide in alcohols (C2–C12)

The solubilities of a novel third generation of the precursor of ionic liquids, named ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethylammonium bromide, C₂Br, in alcohols {ethanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-octanol, 1-decanol, 1-dodecanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol (tert-butyl alcohol)} have been measured by a dynamic method from 240 to 440 K.The solubility of ethyl-(2-hydroxyethyl)-dimethylammonium bromide in primary alcohols decreases with an increase of the molecular weight of the alcohol from C₂ to C₁₂. The differences in solubilities between the primary and secondary alcohols are not significant. The solubility of C₂Br in tert-butyl alcohol is much lower than in 1-butanol and 2-butanol.The data were correlated by means of the UNIQUAC ASM, NRTL1 and NRTL2 equations, utilizing parameters derived from the (solid + liquid) equilibrium (SLE) data. The root-mean-square deviations of the solubility temperatures for all calculated data are from 2.36 to 7.17 K and depend on the particular equation used. In the calculations, the existence of a solid–solid first-order phase transition in pure C₂Br has also been taken into account.     

Ternary and quaternary (liquid + liquid) equilibria for (water + ethanol + α-pinene, +β-pinene,or +limonene) and (water + ethanol + α-pinene + limonene) at the temperature 298.15 K

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria and tie-lines for the ternary (water + ethanol + α-pinene, or β-pinene or limonene) and quaternary (water + ethanol + α-pinene + limonene) mixtures have been measured at T = 298.15 K. The experimental multicomponent (liquid + liquid) equilibrium data have been successfully represented in terms of the modified UNIQUAC model with binary parameters.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria for (water + 1-propanol or acetone + β-citronellol) at different temperatures

On this paper, experimental (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) results are presented for systems composed of β-citronellol and aqueous 1-propanol or acetone. To evaluate the phase separation properties of β-citronellol in aqueous mixtures, LLE values for the ternary systems (water + 1-propanol + β-citronellol) and (water + acetone + β-citronellol) were determined with a tie-line method at T = (283.15, 298.15, and 313.15 ± 0.02) K and atmospheric pressure. The reliability of the experimental tie-lines was verified by the Hand and Bachman equations. Ternary phase diagrams, distribution ratios of 1-propanol and acetone in the mixtures are shown. The effect of the temperature on the ternary (liquid + liquid) equilibria was examined and discussed. The experimental LLE values were satisfactorily correlated by extended UNIQUAC and modified UNIQUAC models.     

(Solid + liquid) phase equilibria of binary mixtures containing N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone and ethers at atmospheric pressure

Solid–liquid equilibria (SLE), have been measured from 270 K to the boiling temperature of the solvent for 10 binary mixtures of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, with ethers (dipropyl ether, dibutyl ether, dipentyl ether, methyl 1,1-dimethylethyl ether, methyl 1,1-dimethylpropyl ether, ethyl 1,1-dimethylpropyl ether, 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 18-crown-6) using a dynamic method. The solubility of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone in ethers is lower than in alcohols and generally decreases with an increase of the number of carbon atoms of ether chain. The highest intermolecular solute–solvent interaction is observed for the cyclic ethers and for methyl 1,1-dimethylethyl ether.Experimental solubility results are compared with values calculated by means of the Wilson, UNIQUAC ASM and two NRTL equations utilizing parameters derived from SLE results. The existence of a solid–solid first-order phase transition in 18-crown-6 ether has been taken into consideration in the calculations. The correlation of the solubility data has been obtained with the average root-mean-square deviation of temperature σ_T = 0.9 K with UNIQUAC ASM and two NRTL equations and 0.6 K with the Wilson equation.     

Osmotic coefficients of binary mixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate and 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate with alcohols at T = 323.15 K

Measurements of osmotic coefficients of BMimMSO₄ (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate) and MMimMSO₄ (1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate) with ethanol, 1-propanol, and 2-propanol at T = 323.15 K are reported in this work. Vapour pressure and activity values for the binary systems studied are obtained from experimental results. The osmotic coefficients are correlated using the extended Pitzer model modified by Archer and the modified NRTL (MNRTL) model. The standard deviations obtained with both models are lower than 0.013 and 0.060, respectively. The parameters obtained with the extended Pitzer model of Archer are used to calculate the mean molal activity coefficients and the excess Gibbs free energy of the binary mixtures.     

Isothermal and isobaric (vapour + liquid) equilibria of (N,N- dimethylformamide + 2-propanol + 1-butanol)

The isothermal and isobaric (vapour  +  liquid) equilibria (v.l.e.) for (N, N - dimethylformamide  +  2-propanol  +  1-butanol) and the binary constituent mixtures were measured with an inclined ebulliometer. The experimental results are analyzed using the UNIQUAC equation with temperature-dependent binary parameters. The comparison between the experimental and literature results for binary systems is given. The ternary v.l.e. values are predicted from the binary results.     

Quaternary (liquid + liquid) equilibria for (methanol + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane + toluene + 1,1-dimethylpropyl methyl ether or 1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether) at T = 298.15 K

The experimental equilibrium tie-lines of two quaternary mixtures for (methanol + 1,1-dimethylpropyl methyl ether + toluene + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and (methanol + 1,1-dimethylethyl methyl ether + toluene + 2,2,4-trimethylpentane) were measured at the temperature 298.15 K and ambient pressure. The quaternary experimental results and their constituent ternaries have been satisfactorily predicted using binary parameters alone obtained by an associated-solution model that takes into account association of methanol molecules and solvation between (methanol + polar molecules) with allowance for a non-polar interaction given by an extended form of the UNIQUAC model. The results are further compared with those correlated by modified and extended forms of the UNIQUAC models that include multi-body interaction parameters in addition to binary ones.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria of (heptane,or hexane,or cyclohexane + toluene + 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone) ternary systems at T = 298.15 K

Experimental (liquid + liquid) equilibrium data for the mixtures of (heptane, or hexane, or cyclohexane + toluene + 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone) were determined at T = 298.15 K and P = 101.3 kPa. The solubility (binodal) curves and tie-line end compositions are reported for the related mixtures and presented as complete phase diagrams. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region. The reliability of the experimental tie-line results was verified by using the Othmer–Tobias correlation. The experimental tie-line data were correlated by UNIQUAC model, which gave satisfactory representation for the systems. It was observed that the separation of toluene from cyclohexane is easier to achieve than from heptane and hexane.     

(Liquid + liquid) equilibria for mixtures of dodecane and ethanol with alkylsulfate-based ionic liquids

The ternary (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for mixtures of dodecane (C₁₂H₂₆) and ethanol with ionic liquids 1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylsulfate [Mmim][MeSO₄], 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, [Emim][MeSO₄] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, [Bmim][MeSO₄], were studied at T = 298.15 K and 0.101 MPa. The selectivity and solute distribution coefficient ratios determined from the data were used to examine the possibility of using these ionic liquids for extraction of ethanol from dodecane. The temperature dependency was investigated by measuring the LLE data for {dodecane + ethanol + [Mmim][MeSO₄]} at T = 313.15 K and 0.101 MPa. The Othmer–Tobias and Hand equations were used to test the consistency of the tie-line data. The tie-line data were correlated with the Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL) equation which provided a good model and representation for the experimental results.