细长尖头刚性弹对金属靶板的斜侵彻/穿甲分析

给出细长尖头刚性弹（如尖卵、尖锥形）斜侵彻/穿甲金属靶的一个分析模型。在细长尖头弹对中厚度金属靶的斜穿甲中,韧性孔洞扩张为主要的穿甲机理;着靶初期,发生方向角的改变。研究表明,金属靶的斜穿甲仅由4个量纲一参数控制,即冲击函数I、弹体几何函数N、量纲一靶厚和撞击斜角。分析得到显式的侵彻深度、终点弹道极限、剩余速度和撞击方向改变角表达式。该模型可预期跳飞发生的临界条件。理论预期与实验结果吻合较好。     

Revisiting the perforation of ductile plates by sharp-nosed rigid projectiles

The process of ductile plate perforation by sharp-nosed rigid projectiles is further examined in this work through 2D numerical simulations. We highlight various features concerning the effective resisting stress (σ_r) which a finite thickness plate, with a flow stress of Y_t, exerts on the projectile during perforation. In particular, we show that the normalized resisting stress (σ_r/Y_t) can be represented as a unique function of the normalized thickness of the plate (H/D, where H is plate thickness and D is projectile diameter), for a large range of normalized thicknesses. Our simulations for very thin target plates show that the penetration process is achieved through the well-known dishing mechanism, where the target material is pushed forward by the projectile’s nose. An important observation, which emerges from our simulations, is that the transition between the dishing and the hole enlargement mechanisms takes place at a normalized thickness of about H/D = 1/3. We also find that the normalized resistive stress for intermediate plate thicknesses, 1/3 < H/D < 1.0, is relatively constant at a value of σ_r/Y_t = 2.0. This range of thicknesses conforms to a state of quasi plane stress in the plates. For thicker plates (H/D > 1) the σ_r/Y_t ratio increases monotonically to values which represent the resistance to penetration of semi-infinite targets, where the stress state is characterized by plane strain conditions. Using a simple model, which is based on energy conservation, we can predict the values of the ballistic limit velocities for many projectile/target combinations, provided the perforation is done through the ductile hole enlargement mechanism. Good agreement is demonstrated between predictions from our model and experimental data from different sources, strongly enhancing the confidence in both the validity and usefulness of our model.     

A study of the perforation of stiffened plates by rigid projectiles

In the present paper, a four-stage perforation model that accurately predicts the residual velocity is developed by adopting an energy method. The four stages are plug formation, dishing formation, petal formation and projectile exit. In addition, some important experimental results are presented and analyzed to validate the present perforation model. In the experiments, high speed camera system is used to record the perforation process. Observations on target damage and measurements of initial velocities and residual velocities with the aid of the system are presented. Numerical simulations are carried out for projectiles against single and layered plates adopted in the experiments. The perforation process is studied and the deformation and failure modes are obtained. The predictions of numerical simulations and analytical model are found in reasonably good agreement with those of experiments, and can be used to predict the ballistic limit and residual velocity of stiffened plates perforated by rigid projectiles.     

A study of the perforation of stiffened plates by rigid projectiles

In the present paper, a four-stage perforation model that accurately predicts the residual velocity is developed by adopting an energy method. The four stages are plug formation, dishing formation, petal formation and projectile exit. In addition, some important experimental results are presented and analyzed to validate the present perforation model. In the experiments, high speed camera system is used to record the perforation process. Observations on target damage and measurements of initial velocities and residual velocities with the aid of the system are presented. Numerical simulations are carried out for projectiles against single and layered plates adopted in the experiments. The perforation process is studied and the deformation and failure modes are obtained. The predictions of numerical simulations and analytical model are found in reasonably good agreement with those of experiments, and can be used to predict the ballistic limit and residual velocity of stiffened plates perforated by rigid projectiles. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (90305018) The English text was polished by Yunming Chen     

Experimental-theoretical study of the penetration of rigid projectiles and identification of soil properties

The parameters of the Grigoryan soil model are determined using an experimental-computational method previously proposed and the results of reversed experiments on penetration of projectiles with flat and hemispherical heads at impact velocities of 50–450 m/sec in sandy soil. It is shown that the quasistationary dependences of the resistance force on impact velocity obtained in the reversed experiment can be used to solve problems of deep penetration of projectile in soil with an error not exceeding the measurement error.     

异型头部弹体增强侵彻性能机理研究

为了了解理想刚性弹丸的高速/超高速动能侵彻中弹体头部形状对侵彻能力的影响,在空腔膨胀理论基础上,基于双卵形异型头部设计,分析了头部形状系数与双卵形特征参数的依赖关系,得到了不同异型头部弹体对侵彻性能的影响规律,提出了具有较小侵彻阻力的异型头部侵彻体设计方案。与不同头部侵彻实验结果对比表明,本文的分析方法合理可行,可为高速侵彻体头部形状设计提供参考。

     

刚性弹侵彻深度和阻力的比较分析

根据刚性弹侵彻动力学的量纲一侵彻深度公式,分析了刚性弹侵彻过程中弹丸所受的靶板阻力,并从冲量角度讨论了常阻力假设适用的撞击速度阈值vc,得出统一的表达式,求出了针对不同弹靶系统的相应vc值。根据相关数值模拟结果,进一步验证了所求vc值的正确性,同时也检验了不同侵彻深度公式的适用范围。     

弹体对钢筋混凝土板-钢板的贯穿计算问题

主要讨论了钢筋混凝土板-钢板中箍筋、纵向钢筋和钢板对弹体贯穿过程的影响。根据钢筋混凝土板-钢板多阶段变形与破坏和能量在时间、空间上的分配差异,提出了钢筋混凝土板-钢板的变形与破坏模型,确定了箍筋和钢板对弹体的阻力公式,并将纵向钢筋网等价为薄钢板厚度,从而给出了弹体和贯穿块的运动方程。并通过与弹体贯穿混凝土板过程中弹体的加速度、速度、位移的对比,说明了钢筋混凝土板-钢板中各联系件对弹体在介质贯穿过程中位移场的影响。     

球形弹对金属靶板侵彻问题的数值模拟

基于球形空穴膨胀模型(SCE),采用ABAQUS有限元商业软件并结合自主开发的ABAQUS用户子程序对球形弹侵彻金属靶进行了有限元3D数值模拟。根据空穴膨胀理论,靶体对侵彻弹体的影响可以用一个作用在弹体表面的力函数代替,这样在进行数值模拟时就无需划分靶体网格,也避免了复杂的接触问题,从而使模拟大大简化。模拟过程中考虑到弹体的可变形性和入射时的微小偏航角,并且考虑了弹体在运动过程中和靶体的接触分离效应。模拟结果与文献中的实验结果进行了比较,模拟结果与实验结果吻合得很好。     

弹体侵彻与贯穿有限厚度混凝土靶体的力学特性

为了便于研究弹体贯穿混凝土靶体的力学本质,首先假设钻地弹是刚性弹体。在水动力侵彻模型的基础上,认为在弹体的冲击下,靶体裂缝扩展到靶体背面时就开始不稳定增长。将此时刻作为贯穿的发生时刻,据此利用裂缝增长的耗能机制求得了发生贯穿时,裂缝距靶体背面的临界距离。在求解贯穿发生后的侵彻阻抗力时考虑了由于靶体背面贯穿块的运动而造成的弹体相对速度的降低。计算表明,弹体端部侵入靶体与贯穿发生后2阶段弹体的减加速度变化剧烈,而弹体端部完全进入靶体后至发生贯穿阶段,弹体的减加速度变化相对较小。将计算结果与前人实验做了对比,验证了结果的可信性。 更多还原     

An investigation of oblique perforation of metallic plates by projectiles

An experimental and analytical study was performed on the mechanics of oblique perforation of metallic plates by projectiles. The purpose was to determine the dependence of the velocity drop on the angle of impact for prescribed mechanical and physical properties of the projectile and the target plate. The ballistic experiments were carried out with 0.22-in.-caliber lead bullets on target plates of commercially pure aluminum and an aluminum alloy which ranged from 2.0 to 6.0 mm in thickness. Transient measurements were taken which included high-speed photographs of the perforation process. The theoretical model that had been developed previously by the authors for the case of normal perforation was modified to include the effects of the angle of impact. The experimental observations for the present test conditions indicate that the main modification to the analysis is the use of the total projectile path as the effective target-plate thickness. Reasonably good agreement between the experimental and theoretical results was obtained.     

On the deep penetration of deforming long rods

A series of 2D numerical simulations was performed in order to follow various features in the penetration mechanics of deforming long rods. In particular, we were interested in the threshold velocity which marks the transition from rigid to deforming rod and the resulting depths of penetration around this transition velocity. We simulated various cases in which we varied the yield strengths of the rod and the target, as well as their densities and the nose shape of the rod. With the results of these simulations we constructed a rather simple model which accounts for the threshold velocity from rigid to deforming rod behavior. This model’s predictions are in good agreement with both our simulations and with experimental data for various rods and targets.     

关于弹体冲击和贯穿混凝土的三维数值模拟

利用FEM和SPH算法相结合给出弹体冲击和贯穿混凝土的三维数值模拟。将弹体划分为四面体有限元网格,混凝土划分为光滑粒子。为形成单元方便,将弹体划分成三个独立的模块并且这三个独立的模块具有拼凑功能。给出光滑粒子-有限元界面的滑移面算法。为了提高计算效率,在程序的前处理中预设界面的从属点和每个光滑粒子的关联点。计算结果与实验结果对比表明,FEM和SPH算法相结合及编制的程序能有效模拟弹体对混凝土的三维冲击和贯穿过程。同时给出在垂直冲击中二维计算与三维计算的差别。     

考虑刚性弹弹头形状的混凝土(岩石)靶体侵彻深度半理论分析

基于动力球型空腔膨胀理论和冲击成坑+钻孔区两阶段侵彻模型,以截卵形弹头弹体为例,运 用曲面积分,引入表征弹头形状和弹靶摩擦效应的量纲一系数、质量比和冲击因子,提出了综合考虑弹头形状 变化、成坑区深度、弹靶摩擦阻力的混凝土和岩石靶体的刚性弹垂直侵彻深度的计算公式。该公式在相关参 数取特殊值时,可退化为经典的侵彻深度计算公式。通过与8组不同弹头形状弹体冲击混凝土和岩石靶体的 侵彻实验数据、已有10个(半)经验公式计算结果对比,验证了本文公式的适用性。并结合实验和参数影响分 析,给出了混凝土和岩石靶体的弹靶摩擦系数和与冲击因子相关的不同弹头形状弹体成坑系数的建议值。     

Dynamical calculation and analysis on penetration of target plates by truncated conical projectiles

In this paper, dynamical calculation and analysis are made on penetration of thin plates by truncated conical projectiles in terms of the needs of fuze designing. The impact velocity ranges from 200w/s ts to 1000m/s (including both low and high velocities). The target plates include the thin aluminium plate (metal) and the plywood (non-metal).Because a strength effect of target plates is considered in the establishment of dynamical models, we solved the problem that some previous models were not suitable to lowvelocity impact, for example, M. Zaid and B. Paul’s models [1][2][3] Bv comparison of menial effect with strength effect, we theoretically proved Zaid and Paul’s experimental conclusion131: "Only when the impact velocity is more that 500m/s can the strength effect be neglected. Otherwise this effect can not be neglected".     

椭圆截面侵彻弹体结构优化设计与结构响应

针对异型截面侵彻弹体的工程应用需求,围绕椭圆截面侵彻弹体结构响应及优化设计问题开展研究。引入无量纲壁厚系数,改进了椭圆截面弹体参数化表达式;以提高短轴惯性矩和静矩、降低短轴方向结构响应为目标,开展了椭圆截面弹体抗弯优化设计。基于152 mm口径轻气炮开展了椭圆截面弹体反弹道侵彻试验研究,获得了软回收试验弹体的弯曲挠度结果;开展了试验工况的数值模拟研究,提取了数值模拟中弹体的变形结果;建立了椭圆截面侵彻弹体弯曲结构响应计算模型,利用此模型对试验弹体变形情况进行了计算。与原椭圆截面弹体相比,优化后截面短轴惯性矩、静矩提高比例约为16%,试验弹体弯曲挠度降低比例约为25.3%,数值模拟及理论模型计算结果与试验结果较为相符,验证了本文优化设计方法的有效性,可为工程设计提供参考。     

Analysis of the mechanics of perforation of projectiles in metallic plates

A mathematical model has been developed to describe the mechanism of normal perforation of projectiles in metallic targets. The perforation process is considered to be divided into three interconnected stages. The analysis accounts for an effective mass of the bullet due to part of the target material moving with the bullet, the deformation of the bullet during penetration, and the increased strength of the target material at high rates of loading. The analysis enables the residual velocity to be calculated as a function of the target thickness and its mechanical and physical properties, and of the mass, geometry and impact velocity of the projectile. The geometry of the cavity, i.e. entrance and exit diameters and plug thicknesses, are factors in the analysis and are empirical quantities. The present theory can also predict the force-time curve and the contact time for the perforation process.