线性扫描伏安法研究(Ⅲ)——超微盘电极上同时受扩散和电极反应速率控制的准稳态电流理论

本文提出了超微盘电极上受扩散和电极反应速率控制的线性扫描伏安法准稳态电流理论,对电流、电位曲线的性质进行了探讨,利用铂超微盘电极及Fe(Ⅱ)-1mol/LH₂SO₄体系进行了验证,并测定了标准电极反应速率常数(k_s)及转移系数(α)。用恒电位和线性扫描伏安法得到的实验结果与理论相符。     

降解水中有机毒物的新型反应体系研究

利用空气中的氧电化学合成H₂O₂,制备具有较高电流效率的空气电极.将空气电极用于构成降解有机毒物的新型反应体系电化学氧化体系、光激发氧化剂氧化体系和光电-Fenton氧化体系.实验测量了H₂O₂在不同体系不同条件下的分解速率,并与相应的传统式体系作了比较.实验测量了苯胺在新型体系中的矿化反应速率,发现H₂O₂的分解速率与苯胺的矿化速率有良好的平行关系,其中H₂O₂分解速率最快的光电-Fenton体系是氧化降解有机分子的最佳体系.通过光电-Fenton体系和光-Fenton体系的比较,揭示了空气电极/溶液界面在光电-Fenton体系中所起的重要作用.初步讨论了苯胺分子在光电-Fenton体系中矿化反应的机制.     

气体再燃低NOx燃烧中NO与NHi的反应机理研究

采用量子化学密度泛函理论(DFT)对NO与NH_i自由基的反应机理进行了研究,并结合经典过渡态理论对各反应速率常数进行了计算。结果表明,NO与NH₂自由基的反应体系可通过六个反应通道形成N₂+H₂O、N₂O+H₂和N₂H+OH。从能量变化和反应速率两方面考虑,产物N₂+H₂O最容易生成,其最佳反应通道为NO+NH₂→→N₂+H₂O;NO与NH自由基的反应体系可通过七个反应通道形成N₂+OH、N₂O+H和N₂H+O;其中,N₂+OH最容易生成,最佳反应通道为NO+NH→→N₂+OH。比较发现, NH比NH₂自由基更易与NO发生反应生成N₂。因此,在实际运行中改变操作条件,实现NH₂等向NH方向转化,有利于NO_x的还原。     

阿魏酸聚合修饰玻碳电极的制备及其对NADH的催化氧化

研究了阿魏酸修饰电极的制备、性质及对NADH的电催化作用.该电极在0.1mol/L磷酸缓冲溶液(pH=6.60)中,于-0.1～+0.50V(vs.Ag/AgCl)电位范围内呈现一对氧化还原峰,其式量电位E₀为+0.188V(vs.Ag/AgCl),且E₀随pH增加而负向移动.电子转移系数为0.496,表观电极反应速率常数(ks)为6.6s^-1.电极反应的电子数为1且有1个质子参与.该修饰电极对NADH氧化具有很好的催化作用.在NADH存在下,电极过程由扩散控制,扩散系数为1.76×10^-6cm²/s.NADH浓度在0.01～5.0mmol/L范围内与峰电流呈现良好的线性关系.通过计时安培法测得催化速率常数为6.82×10³mol^-1·L·s^-1.     

甲基磺酰氟Simons电化学氟化过程特性和机理研究

选择CH₃SO₂F电化氟化制备CF₃SO₂F过程为研究系统,研究了电化氟化过程操作电压和反应时间的关系、操作条件对氟化产物组成的影响规律以及Ni电极在电化氟化过程的变化情况. 实验结果表明,Simons电化学氟化过程主要由三个步骤组成：F-在阳极发生电化学氧化反应生成F,该步骤是Simons电化学氟化过程的控制步骤;在Ni电极上生成的F与Ni或NiF₂反应生成高价NiF_n (n≥3),NiFn为Simons电化学氟化过程的氟化剂;NiF_n可以在电极/电解液界面与有机物发生氟化反应生成氟化产物,也可以发生分解反应生成游离F²,NiF_n与有机物发生氟化反应的机理与用CoF₃等为氟化剂氟化有机物的机理相同. 但NiF_n的反应活性比CoF₃高,且在实验条件下极不稳定.     

血红蛋白在二氧化铈修饰电极上的直接电化学

将二氧化铈(CeO₂)与酶复合修饰电极, 采用循环伏安法研究了血红蛋白(Hb)在CeO₂修饰的玻碳电极上的电化学行为. 实验表明, 固定在CeO₂材料上的Hb, 不仅能有效地与电极表面进行直接电子转移, 而且能够保持其生物催化活性. 制得的Nafion/CeO₂/Hb/GC修饰电极的电子传递速率k_s为(0.68±0.09) s^－1, 对H₂O₂的检测限为1.013 μmol•L^－1, 重现性和稳定性较好. CeO₂在实验中体现出一定的生物相容性, 起到了促进Hb与电极之间进行直接电子传递的作用. CeO₂修饰电极进行蛋白质直接电化学测定以及酶生物电催化的成功实践, 为稀土氧化物材料在电化学传感领域中的应用开辟了思路.     

CO2气氛下生物焦气化反应动力学参数的实验研究：Ⅰ.活化能

利用热重分析仪在750~1 000 ℃对四种生物质进行了CO₂等温气化实验。结果表明,各生物质焦的气化反应性随气化温度的升高而增加。用碳转化率为20%时的瞬时气化反应速率r_0.2对反应速率r进行无量纲化,发现在实验温度范围内,各焦炭的无量纲气化反应速率-碳转化率曲线均存在两种变化趋势。利用等转化率法求取了四种生物焦在碳转化率达到20%后的气化反应活化能,发现同一种焦炭的气化反应活化能受碳转化率的影响较小,而不同种类焦炭的活化能主要受到焦中无机矿物成分的影响。各焦炭的活化能与焦中碱金属含量与固定碳含量的比值W_C/W_FC存在近似的线性关系：E=233.9-1 005.7×（W_C/W_FC）。若忽略催化效应的影响,焦炭本征气化反应的活化能趋于某一定值,约为234 kJ/mol。     

多环芳烃与不饱和自由基氢提取反应类的动力学研究

对2~6个环的多环芳烃的氢提取反应类进行了系统研究, 提取氢原子的不饱和自由基包括丙炔基自由基（C₃H₃）、 烯丙基自由基（C₃H₅）、 丁二烯基自由基（nC₄H₅, iC₄H₅）、 环戊二烯基自由基（C₅H₅）以及苯基自由基（C₆H₅）. 采用M06-2X/cc-pVTZ方法得到了多环芳烃的电子结构信息, 利用过渡态理论并结合Eckart隧道校正, 计算了所有反应在500~2500 K范围内的反应速率常数.考察了多环芳烃的大小、 结构对反应速率常数的影响, 对比了不同氢提取自由基及不同氢提取反应类型的速率常数. 结果表明, 多环芳烃的大小对反应速率常数影响不大, 但是多环芳烃的环结构对反应速率常数影响较大. 将不同的氢提取反应类简化为发生在五元环上的C₅类和发生在六元环上的C₆类两类, 结果表明, C₆类的反应活性高于C₅类. 研究了nC₄H₅, iC₄H₅以及C₆H₅自由基与多环芳烃的氢提取反应, 它们的氢提取反应活性大小顺序为C₆H₅>nC₄H₅>iC₄H₅. 通过对每类典型反应的速率常数取平均值, 总结出相应类型的速率规则, 可用于构建多环芳烃和碳烟机理.     

宏观均相多孔电极电化学阻抗谱基础

电化学阻抗谱可用于诊断多孔电极内电荷转移反应,即界面电荷集聚和电荷传导,以及反应物质输运。本文采用复相量方法,在同态假设条件下,重新推演多孔电极阻抗谱模型,厘清传统多孔电极阻抗谱模型中的模糊性表述。(1) 定义多孔电极表征输入参数,包括电极基体电子电导率σ₁ 、电解质离子电导率σ₂、界面电荷传递电导率g_ct、单位面积界面电容C、固相扩散系数D、速度常数k、电极厚度d、特征孔深L_p 和单位体积表面积S_c;(2) 解析阻抗谱特征输出参数,包括场扩散常数K,特征频率ω₀、ω₁、ω₂、ω₃和 ω_max,它们分别相关于界面传导反应、有限场扩散、氧化还原反应、孔内扩散和最小特征孔尺寸,以及分别对应于从传导到扩散和从扩散到饱和的转折频率f_k1 和f_k2;(3) 当参数X和Z同时变化时(X = σ₁和Z = d,S_c,L_p,C,g_ct,D,k),通过阻抗谱特征参数的演变规律,分析了电荷转移反应中X和Ζ参数耦合竞争;(4)为深入分析电荷转移反应中参数X和Z的耦合竞争,引入了分叉频率f_XZ和f_ZX 。f_XZ和f_ZX所处位置可以用于表征参数X和Z影响电荷转移反应的深度和广度。当分叉频率f_XZ和f_ZX不存在时,表明电荷转移反应中参数X和Z在全频率范围内存在耦合竞争。总之,借助于特征频率和分叉频率,本文一方面研究了动力学参数和微观结构参数对多孔电极中电荷转移反应的影响,另一方面分析谱图的变化及其背后的阻抗谱特征演化规律。本文研究结果可为阻抗谱的系统仿真和辨识提供理论基础,可为多孔电极内电荷转移反应的竞争分析提供技术支撑,还可为电化学储能系统的优化设计提供诊断工具。     

对苯二胺在血红蛋白/聚L-谷氨酸/玻碳修饰电极上的可逆氧化

采用电聚合法在玻碳电极(GCE)表面得到导电性能良好的聚L-谷氨酸(PGA)薄膜,通过共价键合法将血红蛋白(Hb)固定于电极表面得到稳定且具有催化活性的Hb/PGA/GCE修饰电极,将其用于对苯二胺(PPD)的可逆氧化。 修饰电极交流阻抗及血红蛋白直接电化学实验表明,血红蛋白成功地固定于电极表面,保持良好的电催化活性,能有效催化H₂O₂的还原。 PPD在电极上表现为受吸附控制的准可逆氧化还原反应,I_p,a/I_p,c约为1.02,电极没有明显的钝化现象。 氧化还原峰电流与PPD的浓度均呈良好的线性关系,I_p,a(μA)=3.124+0.705c_PPD(mmol/L)(r=0.9973)。 H₂O₂的存在使PPD氧化还原峰型更对称,可逆性更好,表明体系中PPD氧化与过氧化酶催化途径一致。     

聚苯胺膜电极上计时电流法和计时库仑法理论及其验证

本文推导了聚苯胺膜电极上计时电流法和计时库仑法理论公式，并成功地进行了验证，理论和实验结果相符合，还测定了扩散系数，结果与文献报道相一致。     

Theoretical study of local structure for Ni2+ ions at tetragonal sites in K2ZnF4:Ni2+ system

A theoretical method for studying the local lattice structure of Ni2+ ions in (NiF6)(4-) coordination complex is presented. Using the ligand-field model, the formulas relating the microscopic spin Hamiltonian parameters with the crystal structure parameters are derived. Based on the theoretical formulas, the 45 x 45 complete energy matrices for d8 (d2) configuration ions in a tetragonal ligand-field are constructed. By diagonalizing the complete energy matrices, the local distortion structure parameters (R perpendicular and R || ) of Ni2+ ions in K2ZnF4:Ni2+ system have been investigated. The theoretical results are accorded well with the experimental values. Moreover, to understand the detailed physical and chemical properties of the fluoroperovskite crystals, the theoretical values of the g factor of K2ZnF4:Ni2+ system at 78 and 290 K are reported first.     

Transport coefficients of air,argon-air,nitrogen-air,and oxygen-air plasmas

Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity of air and mixtures of air and argon, air and nitrogen, and air and oxygen at high temperatures are presented. In addition, combined ordinary, pressure, and thermal diffusion coefficients are given for the gas mixtures. The calculations, which assione local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed for atmospheric pressure plasmas in the temperature range from 300 to 30,000 K. The results for air plasmas are compared with those of published theoretical and experimental studies. Significant discrepancies are found with the other theoretical studies; these are attributed to differences in the collision integrals used in calculating the transport coefficients. A number of the collision integrals used here are significantly more accurate than values used previously, resulting in more reliable values of the transport coefficients.     

Estimation of the ground state correlation energy for isoelectronic series of 2 to 20 electrons

Correlation energies for all isoelectronic sequences of 2 to 20 electrons andZ=2 to 25 are obtained by taking differences between theoretical total energies of Dirac-Fock calculations and experimental total energies. These are pure relativistic correlation energies because relativistic and QED effects are already taken care of. The theoretical as well as the experimental values are analysed critically in order to get values as accurate as possible. The correlation energies obtained show an essentially consistent behaviour fromZ=2 to 17. ForZ>17 inconsistencies occur indicating errors in the experimental values which become very large forZ>25.     

含能材料的密度、爆速、爆压和静电感度的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT) B3LYP方法, 在6-31G*基组水平下, 全优化计算了系列硝胺类和硝基芳烃类爆炸物的几何构型, 用Monte-Carlo方法和自编程序, 基于0.001 e•bohr^－3等电子密度面所包围的体积空间求得分子平均摩尔体积(V)和理论密度(ρ). 用Kamlet-Jacobs方程基于理论密度(ρ)和PM3计算生成焓(ΔH_f)估算标题物的爆速(D)和爆压(p), 发现多环硝胺类化合物的爆轰性能优于芳烃硝基类化合物, 故此, 在寻求高能量密度材料(HEDM)时, 我们应特别关注多环硝胺化合物. 与ρ和D文献值比较, 表明本理论计算方法和结果是适用可靠的. 将爆速(D)和爆压(p)计算值与静电感度实验值(E_ES)进行比较和关联, 发现: 若对化合物进行细致分类讨论, 则它们之间存在较好的线性关系. 据此建议, 在含能材料分子设计中, 可通过理论计算爆轰性质(D或p)去预估难以定量求得或尚未合成的含能材料的静电火花感度值(E_ES). 此外, 我们还讨论了取代基对ρ, D和p的影响, 也有助于分子设计.     

Correlation of Cooperatively Localized Rearrangement on the “Fluidized Domain”of Polymers to Their Nonexponentially Viscoelastic Behavior and Lifetime at Double Aging Processes II: Estimation of Long-term Mechanical Behavior and Lifetime of Polymeric Mate

Three kinds of polymeric materials are taken as example for the verification of linear ex-trapolation method from unified master lines with reduced universal equations on creep and stress relaxation tests. The theoretical values of long-term mechanical behavior and lifetime for a cured epoxide, polypropylene, poly(methyl-methacrylate), and SBR rubber are directly evaluated with the universal equations on reduced creep compliance and reduced stress relax-ation modulus and are compared with their predicted values by the linear extrapolation from the unified master lines of creep and stress relaxation. The results show that the theoretical values of dimensional stability, bearing ability and lifetime are in an excellent agreement with the predicted values, it shows that the linear extrapolation method is more simple and reliable. The dependences of long-term mechanical behaviors and lifetime on the different aging times are discussed.     

三元杂质砷锑钴对锌电沉积阴极过程的影响

采用电化学研究方法探讨了在锌电积过程中砷、锑、钴杂质对阴极极化过程的单一和共同影响,得出了单一杂质和三元杂质对锌电积过程影响的动力学方程及参数,并对其极化机理进行了研究.结果表明,含一元杂质的ZnSO4/H2SO4溶液的动力学参数与理论值基本一致,而含三元的ZnSO4/H2SO4溶液的传递系数α要比理论值小,说明杂质的存在及其含量的大小、品种的多少对锌电积影响程度不同.     

Transport coefficients of argon,nitrogen, oxygen,argon-nitrogen,and argon-oxygen plasmas

Calculated values of the viscosity, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity of argon, nitrogen, and oxygen plasmas, and mixtures of argon anti nitrogen and of argon anti oxygen, are presented. In addition, combined ordinary, pressure, and thermal diffusion coefficients are given for the gas mixtures. These three combined diffusion coefficients fully describe di fusion of the two gases, irrespective of their degree of dissociation or ionizati on. The calculations, which assume local thermodynamic equilibrium, are performed! for atmospheric-pressure plasmas in the temperature range /torn 300 to 30,000 K. A number of the collision integrals used in calculating the transport coefficients are significantly more accurate than values used in previous theoretical studies, resulting in more reliable values of the transport coefficients. The results are compared with those of published theoretical and experimental studies.     

Tracer diffusion of Co2+ ions in agar gel containing multi-electrolyte systems

Tracer diffusion coefficients of cobalt ions have been measured in the supporting medium containing multi-electrolyte systems of alkali bromides. The electrolyte concentration was varied between 10^–6-0.1M at 25°C and the diffusion coefficients were determined by zone-diffusion technique using agar gel medium. The trend in the theoretical values of diffusion coefficients is accounted for by considering the relative contribution of mobility function, ionic strength as well as ion size parameter to the theoretical value in different systems. While the deviations between theoretical and experimental values of diffusion coefficients are explained on the basis of various co-occurring effects in ion-gel-water system.     

Turbidity determination of the critical exponent eta in the liquid-liquid mixture methanol and cyclohexane

The turbidity of the liquid-liquid mixture methanol-cyclohexane has been measured very near its critical point and used to test competing theoretical predictions and to determine the critical correlation-correction exponent eta. By measuring the ratio of the transmitted to incident light intensities over five decades in reduced temperature, we are able to determine that Ferrell's theoretical prediction for the turbidity explains the data with the correlation length amplitude xi0=0.330+/-0.003 nm and critical exponents eta=0.041+/-0.005 and nu=0.632+/-0.002. These values are consistent with the values measured before for xi0 in this system and with the exponents predicted by theory. The data allow five different theoretical expressions to be tested and to select two as being equivalent when very close to the critical point.