Multifunctional triphenylamine polymers synthesized via direct (hetero) arylation polymerization

The design rules for creating multifunctional organic electronic materials are currently limited. By copolymerizing twisted triphenylamine (TPA) and electron rich dioxythiophene (XDOT) monomers via Direct (Hetero) Arylation Polymerization (DHAP), a set of polymers are obtained that perform as yellow to transmissive electrochromic (EC) films with up to 45% contrast, as well as in electroluminescent (EL) applications, achieving a luminance of ∼450 cd/m² in yellow‐green polymer light‐emitting diodes (PLEDs). In addition, polymerizing TPA with a donor‐acceptor‐donor monomer results in a low‐bandgap polymer that achieves power conversion efficiencies up to 2.5% when blended with PC₇₁BM in conventional organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices. Incorporation of TPA units into the polymer backbone largely breaks any aggregation and ordering in the solid‐state, leading to highly soluble materials that form smooth, reproducible thin films. The TPA unit also serves to break conjugation throughout the polymer backbone, providing precise control over optical and electronic properties through choice of comonomer. These results suggest that TPA copolymers can be useful for achieving multi‐functionality without sacrificing facile solution processability, making them promising candidates for multifunctional devices like dual EC/EL displays. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 147–153     

Electrochemical fluorescence switching properties of conjugated polymers composed of triphenylamine,fluorene, and cyclic urea moieties

The study of the electrochemical fluorescence switching properties of the conjugated copolymers containing fluorene, triphenylamine, and 1,3‐diphenylimidazolidin‐2‐one moieties is reported. The polymers show high fluorescence quantum yields, excellent thermal stability, and good solubility in polar organic solvents. While the polymer emits blue light under UV irradiation, the fluorescence intensity is quenched upon electrochemical oxidation. The fluorescent behavior can be reversibly switched between nonfluorescent (oxidized) state and strong fluorescence (neutral) state with a high contrast ratio (I_f/I_f0) of 16.3. The role of the electrochemical oxidation of the triphenylamine moieties is to generate the corresponding radical cations that lead to fluorescence quenching in the solid matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Highly redox‐stable and electrochromic aramids with morpholinyl‐substituted triphenylamine units

A novel morpholinyl‐substituted, triphenylamine‐based diamine monomer, namely 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐(4‐morpholinyl)triphenylamine, was synthesized and polymerized with various aromatic dicarboxylic acids via the phosphorylation polyamidation reaction leading to a series of electroactive aromatic polyamides (aramids). All aramids were readily soluble in polar organic solvents and could be solution cast into tough and flexible films with high thermal stability. Cyclic voltammograms of the aramid films on the indium‐tin oxide‐coated glass substrate exhibited a pair of reversible oxidation waves with very low onset potentials of 0.36 − 0.41 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) in acetonitrile solution. The polymer films showed reversible electrochemical oxidation accompanied by strong color changes with high coloration efficiency, high contrast ratio, and rapid switching time. The optical transmittance change (Δ%T) at 650 nm between the neutral state and the fully oxidized state is up to 90%. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 1289–1298     

Triphenylamine‐based polyimides with trimethyl substituents for gas separation membrane and electrochromic applications

Two series of polyimides I – II with methyl‐substituted triphenylamine units were prepared from the diamines, 4,4′‐diamino‐2″,4″,6″‐trimethyltriphenylamine (Me₃TPA‐diamine; 1 ) and 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐methyltriphenylamine (MeTPA‐diamine; 2 ), and two commercially available tetracarboxylic dianhydrides via a conventional two‐step chemical imidization. All the polymers were readily soluble in many polar solvents and showed useful levels of thermal stability associated with high glass transition temperatures (266–340 °C) and high char yields (higher than 49% at 800 °C in nitrogen). The polymer films showed reversible electrochemistry/electrochromism accompanied by a color change from neutral pale yellow to green oxidized form with good coloration efficiency, switching time, and stability. The CO₂ permeability coefficients (P_CO2) and permeability selectivity (P_CO2/P_CH4) for these polyimide membranes were in the range of 34.1–229.2 barrer and 21.3–28.9, respectively. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011     

Synthesis and optical properties of hyperbranched polyarylenes and linear polyacetylenes

New hyperbranched polyarylenes (HPAs) and linear polyacetylenes (LPAs) containing chromophoric moieties were synthesized in high yields (up to 97%) by coablt- and tantalum-catalyzed polycyclotrimerizations and tungsten-catalyzed metathesis polymerizations, respectively. The polymers possessed high molecular weights (M_w up to 113 000 Da) and were completely soluble in common organic solvents. The HPAs emitted strong UV light of 400 nm in high quantum yields (Φ_F up to 0.98) and limited intense laser pulses, whose limiting threshold and signal suppress power were better than those of C₆₀, a well-known optical limiter. The electroluminescence (EL) devices of the LPAs emitted blue light of ∼460 nm and exhibited maximun brightness, current efficiency, and external quantum efficiency of 1118 cd/m², 1.53 cd/A, and 0.85%, respectively.     

Synthesis and electrochromism of novel organosoluble polyarylates bearing triphenylamine moieties

A series of novel aromatic polyarylates with triphenylamine units in the main chain and as the pendent group were prepared from the dicarboxylic acid monomer, N,N‐bis(4‐carboxyphenyl)‐N′, N′‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine (1), and various bisphenols. These polyarylates were amorphous and readily soluble in common organic solvents. They had excellent levels of thermal stability associated with moderately high T_g values (182–263 °C). These polymers exhibited strong UV–vis absorption bands at 357–360 nm in toluene solution and the photoluminescence spectra showed maximum bands around 493–503 nm in the green region. The hole‐transporting and electrochromic properties were examined by electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods. Cyclic voltammograms of the polyarylates exhibited two reversible oxidation redox couples in acetonitrile solution at E_onset 0.77–0.79 V and 1.12–1.14 V, respectively. The typical polymer 3b film revealed good stability of electrochromic characteristics, with color change from colorless to green and blue at applied potentials ranging from 0.00 to 1.24 V. These anodically polymeric electrochromic materials not only showed excellent reversible electrochromic stability with good green coloration efficiency (CE = 159 cm²/C) and blue coloration efficiency (CE = 154 cm²/C) but also exhibited high contrast of optical transmittance change (ΔT%), 54% in 895 nm for green color and up to 84% in 595 nm for blue color. After over 100 cyclic switches, the polymer films still exhibited excellent stability of electrochromic characteristics. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2004–2014, 2007     

Conjugated Polymers for Optoelectronic Applications

Novel conjugated polymers containing carbazole, phenothiazine or triphenylamine units in the main chain were designed and synthesized via Wittig, Knovenagel or Heck condensations respectively. A majority of them have good solubility in common organic solvents, high thermal stability and good hole-injection ability. Their diluted solutions in THF showed strong absorption with the absorption maximum in the range of 294∼470 nm and the optic band gaps located in the range of 1.90∼2.75 eV. When irradiated by ultraviolet or visible light, the diluted solutions in THF of the polymers emitted light from purple to yellow color with the emission maximum in the range of 347∼597 nm and the full width at half maximum located in the range of 59∼119 nm. Several polymeric light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) devices were fabricated using these polymers as light-emitting materials, and a double-layer device composed of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PQTN/Mg:Ag showed a good performance, in which the maximum brightness was measured as 2434.0 cd/m² under a 11.0 V forward bias voltage. Photovoltaic devices were also investigated using these polymers as an active layer, and a device composed of ITO/PNB/PTCDI-C₁₃/Al showed a good performance, which was estimated to have external quantum efficiency at around 1% at 330 nm. From these preliminary experimental results, we may infer that these polymers are good light-emitting materials for PLEDs; while for photovoltaic applications, their absorption spectra need to be further improved to match the solar illumination.     

Synthesis,photoluminescence, and electrochromism of polyamides containing (3,6‐di‐tert‐butylcarbazol‐9‐yl)triphenylamine units

A new carbazole‐derived, triphenylamine (TPA)‐containing aromatic dicarboxylic acid monomer, 4,4′‐dicarboxy‐4″‐(3,6‐di‐tert‐butylcarbazol‐9‐yl)TPA, was synthesized, and it led to a series of electroactive aromatic polyamides with main‐chain TPA and pendent 3,6‐bis(tert‐butyl)carbazole units by reacting it with various aromatic diamines via the phosphorylation polyamidation technique. The polyamides were amorphous with good solubility in many organic solvents and could be solution‐cast into flexible and strong films. They showed high glass‐transition temperatures (282–335 °C) and high thermal stability (10% weight loss temperatures >480 °C). The electroactive polymer films had well‐defined and reversible redox couples with good cycle stability in acetonitrile solutions. The polymer films also exhibited fluorescent and multielectrochromic behaviors. The anodically electrochromic polyamide films had moderate coloration efficiency (～100 cm²/C) and high optical contrast ratio of transmittance change (Δ%T) up to 47% at 813 nm and 48% at 414 nm for the green coloring. After hundreds of cyclic switches, the polymer films still retained good redox and electrochromic activity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010     

溶剂手性转移法制备超支化共轭聚合物手性荧光纳米粒子

通过Suzuki缩合反应制备了一系列新型不同超支化结构的9,9-二辛基芴-联二噻吩交替共聚物(HF8T2s).以手性溶剂(R)-(+)-/(S)-(-)-柠檬烯为手性源,在三氯甲烷/((R)-(+)-或(S)-(-)-)柠檬烯/甲醇混合溶剂体系里,通过溶剂手性转移技术,制备了分别以三苯胺、三苯基苯和螺二芴为支化单元的超支化聚(9,9-二辛基芴-联二噻吩)手性荧光纳米粒子.在混合溶剂中形成的荧光纳米粒子的手性来源于手性溶剂(R)-(+)-/(S)-(-)-柠檬烯.以三苯胺为支化单元时,支化单元的含量为4.56%时聚合物的手性信号最强,支化单元的含量为6.76%时聚合物的手性信号消失.以三苯基苯和螺二芴为支化单元时,支化单元的含量分别为1.85%(三苯基苯)和1.78%(螺二芴)时聚合物的手性信号最强,支化单元的含量较高(三苯基苯:4.68%和6.56%,螺二芴:4.54%和6.54%)时聚合物的手性信号消失.以超支化聚合物HF8T2-TRA2(三苯胺为支化单元,支化单元含量为1.90%)为例,考察了超支化聚合物重复单元浓度、弱溶剂的种类、弱溶剂与手性溶剂比例和(R)-(+)-柠檬烯与(S)-(-)-柠檬烯比例对超支化聚合物圆二色谱光谱强度的影响.当超支化聚合物重复单元浓度为5.0×10-5mol/L,使用甲醇为弱溶剂,三氯甲烷/((R)-(+)-或(S)-(-)-)柠檬烯/甲醇之间的配比为0.3∶1.8∶0.9(V/V/V)时,超支化聚合物圆二色谱光谱强度最强.在三氯甲烷/((R)-(+)-或(S)-(-)-)柠檬烯/甲醇(0.3∶1.8∶0.9(V/V/V))混合溶剂中,聚合物重复单元浓度为5.0×10-5mol/L,超支化聚合物在350～550 nm有较强的紫外吸收,在450～700 nm有较强的荧光发射,组装成的荧光纳米粒子尺寸约为500～2000 nm.     

Synthesis and properties of polythiophene derivatives containing triphenylamine moiety and their photovoltaic applications

A series of novel soluble polythiophene derivatives containing triphenylamine moiety were synthesized by Grignard metathesis (GRIM) method. The structures of the polymers were characterized and their physical properties were investigated. High molecular weight (M_n up to 25,800 g/mol) and thermostable polymers were obtained. The absorption spectra demonstrated that the absorption wavelength of the polymers could be tuned dramatically by introducing thiophene units in the main chain of the polymers. Photoluminescence spectra indicated that there was intramolecular energy transfer from the side chain to the main chain, and the maximum emission was red‐shifted gradually with the increase of thiophene units in the main chain. Cyclic voltammetry displayed that the polymers possessed relatively high oxidation potential, which promised good air stability and high open circuit voltage for photovoltaic cells application. Finally, bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices were fabricated by using the polymers as donors and (6,6)‐phenyl C₆₁‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as acceptor. The maximal open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic cells reached 0.71–0.87 V and the power conversion efficiencies of the devices were measured between 0.014% and 0.45% under white light at 100 mW/cm². © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 3970–3984, 2008     

Synthesis and properties of polyethylene with side‐chain triphenylamines as hole‐transporting materials

The copolymerization of ethylene with triphenylamine (TPA)‐containing α‐olefin monomer 1 using a rac‐Et(Ind)₂ZrCl₂ ( EBIZr )/MAO catalytic system was investigated to prepare polyethylene with pendent TPA groups. Despite the presence of a large excess of TPA moieties, the polymerization reactions efficiently produce copolymers of high‐molecular‐weight with the comonomer incorporation up to 6.1 mol % upon varying the comonomer concentration in the feed. Inspection of the aliphatic region of the ¹³C‐NMR spectrum and the estimated copolymerization parameters (r ₁ ≈ 0 for 1 and r_E ≈ 43 for ethylene) reveal the presence of isolated comonomer units in the polymer chain. While UV–vis absorption measurements of the copolymers show an invariant absorption feature, PL spectra exhibit a slightly red‐shifted emission with increasing content of 1 in the polymer chain. All the copolymers show high thermal stability (T_d5 > 436 °C), and the electrochemical stability toward oxidation is also observed. Particularly, the copolymer displays hole‐transporting ability for the stable green emission of Alq₃ when incorporated into the hole‐transporting layer of an electroluminescence device. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 5816–5825, 2008     

Design,synthesis, photophysical,and electrochemical properties of DCM‐based conjugated polymers for light‐emitting devices

A series of conjugated hyperbranched polymers, hyperbranched copolymers, and linear polymers containing 2‐pyran‐4‐ylidenemalononitrile (acceptor) and triphenylamine/fluorene (donor) units were synthesized and characterized by FTIR, ¹H NMR, thermogravimetric analyses, differential scanning calorimetry, gel permeation chromatography, UV–visible, photoluminescence, and cyclic voltammetry measurements. All the polymers show red‐light emission in the range of 566–656 nm both in solution and in solid state. The quantum efficiency of the polymers was in the range of 56–82%. Among the six polymers synthesized, only polymers containing fluorene units show T_g and polymers based on triphenylamine not exhibit T_g. The band gap of these polymers were found to be reasonably low; hyperbranched copolymer containing fluorene unit shows lowest band gap of 2.18 eV due to the stabilization of LUMO energy level by the electron withdrawing ? CN groups. The thermal and solubility behavior of the polymers were found to be good. All the EL spectra of the devices (indium‐tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)/polymer/2,9‐dimethyl‐4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline/tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline)aluminum)/LiF/Al) show red‐light emission, and the device fabricated with P3 and P4 shows maximum luminance and luminous efficiency of 4104 cd m^?2 and 0.55 cd Å^?1 and 3696 cd m^?2 and 0.47 cd Å^?1, respectively, indicates that they had the best carrier balance. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Efficient Intramolecular Charge Transfer in Oligoyne‐Linked Donor–π–Acceptor Molecules

Studies are reported on a series of triphenylamine–(C?C)_n–2,5‐diphenyl‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole dyad molecules (n=1–4, 1 , 2 , 3 and 4 , respectively) and the related triphenylamine‐C₆H₄–(C?C)₃–oxadiazole dyad 5 . The oligoyne‐linked D–π–A (D=electron donor, A=electron acceptor) dyad systems have been synthesised by palladium‐catalysed cross‐coupling of terminal alkynyl and butadiynyl synthons with the corresponding bromoalkynyl moieties. Cyclic voltammetric studies reveal a reduction in the HOMO–LUMO gap in the series of compounds 1 – 4 as the oligoyne chain length increases, which is consistent with extended conjugation through the elongated bridges. Photophysical studies provide new insights into conjugative effects in oligoyne molecular wires. In non‐polar solvents the emission from these dyad systems has two different origins: a locally excited (LE) state, which is responsible for a π*→π fluorescence, and an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state, which produces charge‐transfer emission. In polar solvents the LE state emission vanishes and only ICT emission is observed. This emission displays strong solvatochromism and analysis according to the Lippert–Mataga–Oshika formalism shows significant ICT for all the luminescent compounds with high efficiency even for the longer more conjugated systems. The excited‐state properties of the dyads in non‐polar solvents vary with the extent of conjugation. For more conjugated systems a fast non‐radiative route dominates the excited‐state decay and follows the Engelman–Jortner energy gap law. The data suggest that the non‐radiative decay is driven by the weak coupling limit.     

Liquid Crystalline Orientation of Semiconducting Nanorods in a Semiconducting Matrix

This paper describes the synthesis of narrowly distributed block copolymers consisting of a hole conducting triarylamine block and an anchor block via RAFT polymerization. The anchor block is thereby introduced via a reactive ester approach. Block copolymers with dopamine anchor groups bind to oxidic semiconductors like TiO₂, SnO₂, and ZnO. Thus, it becomes possible to cover inorganic electron conducting (acceptor) nanomaterials with a corona of an organic hole conducting (donor) polymer like poly(triphenylamine), giving new hybrid materials. The poly(triphenylamine) grafted to inorganic nanorods allows the preparation of stable nanorod dispersions in appropriate solvents. At higher concentration the nanorods form liquid crystalline phases in various solvents and in a low T_g oligotriphenylamine matrix. This offers the potential to orient semiconducting inorganic nanorods in a hole conducting polymer matrix by self‐assembly.

     

Large Nonlinear Optical Activity of a Near-infrared-absorbing Bithiophene-based Polymer with a Head-to-head Linkage

Although the production of near-infrared (NIR)-absorbing organic polymers with an excellent nonlinear optical (NLO) response is vital for various optoelectronic devices and photodynamic therapy, the molecular design and relevant photophysical investigation still remain challenging. In this work, large NLO activity is observed for an NIR-absorbing bithiophene-based polymer with a unique head-to-head linkage in the NIR region. The saturable absorption coefficient and modulation depth of the polymer are determined as ∼−3.5×10⁵ cm GW⁻¹ and ∼32.43%, respectively. Notably, the polymer exhibits an intrinsic nonlinear refraction index up to ∼−9.36 cm² GW⁻¹, which is six orders of magnitude larger than that of CS₂. The maximum molar-mass normalized two-photon absorption cross-section (σ₂/M) of this polymer can be up to ∼14 GM at 1200 nm. Femtosecond transient absorption measurements reveal significant spectral overlap between the 2PA and excited state absorption in the 1000–1400 nm wavelength range and an efficient triplet quantum yield of ∼36.7%. The results of this study imply that this NIR-absorbing polymer is promising for relevant applications.     

Blue light‐emitting hyperbranched polymers using fluorene‐co‐dibenzothiophene‐S,S‐dioxide as branches

A series of blue light‐emitting hyperbranched polymers comprising poly(fluorene‐co‐dibenzothiophene‐S,S‐dioxide) as the branch and benzene, triphenylamine, or triphenyltriazine as the core were synthesized by an “A₂ + A₂' + B₃” approach of Suzuki polymerization, respectively. All resulted copolymers exhibited quite comparable thermal properties with the glass transition temperatures in the range of 59–68 °C and relatively high decomposition temperatures over 420 °C. Photoluminescent spectra exhibited slight variation with the molar ratio of the dibenzothiophene‐S,S‐dioxide unit and the size of the core units. Polymer light‐emitting devices demonstrated blue emission with excellent stability of electroluminescence. Copolymers based on smaller core units of benzene and triphenylamine exhibited enhanced device performances regarding to that of triphenyltriazine. With the device configuration of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/polymer/CsF/Al, a maximum luminous efficiency of 4.5 cd A^?1 was obtained with Commission Internationale de L'.Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.16, 0.19) for the copolymer PFSO15B. These results indicated that hyperbranched structure can be a promising strategy to attain spectrally stable blue‐light‐emitting polymers with high efficiency. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1043–1051     

Photoinduced Electron Transfer in an Amine–Corrole–Perylene Bisimide Assembly: Charge Separation over Terminal Components Favoured by Solvent Polarity

An assembly has been synthesised that consists of four units: a meso‐substituted corrole (C3), perylene bisimide (PI), and two electron‐rich triphenylamine (DPA) units. PI is connected through a 1,4‐phenylene bridge to C3, whereas the two DPA units are linked to C3 through a diphenyl ether linkage, which is used for the first time to connect the various moieties. Various synthetic strategies were elaborated, and the chosen one afforded the final system in six steps in an overall yield of 6 %. The resulting assembly, made of three different units, was named a “triad”. Excitation of the corrole (C3) or perylene bisimide (PI) units led to the charge‐separated state DPA‐C3⁺‐PI^? with a rate k>10¹¹ s^?1 in benzonitrile and dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂) or with k of the order of 10¹⁰ s^?1 in toluene. The latter charge‐separated state decayed to the ground state with a rate k=1.8×10⁹ s^?1 in toluene. In the polar solvents benzonitrile and dichloromethane, recombination to the ground state competes with a charge shift to form the distal charge‐separated state, DPA⁺‐C3‐PI^?, the formation of which occurs with a yield of 50 %. Recombination to the ground state of DPA⁺‐C3‐PI^? occurs with a rate k=5×10⁷ s^?1 in CH₂Cl₂ and k=2×10⁷ s^?1 in benzonitrile.     

Synthesis and unexpected electrochemical behavior of the triphenylamine‐based aramids with ortho‐ and para‐trimethyl‐protective substituents

Two series of new organosoluble polyamides with methyl‐substituted triphenylamine (MeTPA) units showing anodically electrochromic characteristic were prepared from the phosphorylation polyamidation reaction of two diamine monomers, 4,4′‐diamino‐2″,4″,6″‐trimethyltriphenylamine (Me₃TPA‐diamine; 2 ) and 4,4′‐diamino‐4″‐methyltriphenylamine (MeTPA‐diamine; 2 ′), with various dicarboxylic acids, respectively. These polymers were readily soluble in many polar solvents and showed useful levels of thermal stability associated with relatively high glass‐transition temperatures (T_g) (314–329 °C) and high char yields (higher than 62% at 800 °C in nitrogen). In addition, the polymer films showed reversible electrochemical oxidation, high coloration efficiency (CE), low switching time, and anodic green electrochromic behavior. The unexpected electrochemical behavior of higher oxidation potential and lower electrochemical stability of Me₃TPA‐polyamides I than MeTPA corresponding polymers could be attributed to the higher steric hindrance of ortho‐substituents in Me₃TPA moieties, thus made the resonance stabilization of cation radical much more difficult for the Me₃‐substituted phenyl ring. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010     

A Novel Transparent Polyacetylene Bearing a Triphenylamine Moiety Prepared with a [Rh(norbornadiene)Cl]2 Catalyst

Novel soluble polyacetylenes having a triphenylamine moiety were synthesized by a [Rh(norbornadiene)Cl]₂ catalyst under quite mild conditions in fairly high yields. The obtained polymer showed to have trans-transoid sequence as the major main-chain structure which was generated through the so-called cis-to-trans isomerization was already induced even during the polymerization. The HCl doping of the polymer was resulted in the formation of the oxidized polymer where the so-called polaron or bipolaron was produced. In addition, we found that in the case of the pristine polymer unpaired electrons mainly localized on the triphenylamine moiety as the side chain. On the other hand, after the doping the unpaired electron delocalized on the main chain of the polymer.     

New electroactive and electrochromic aromatic polyamides with ether‐linked bis(triphenylamine) units

A new class of electroactive polyamides with ether‐linked bis(triphenylamine) [O(TPA)₂] units were prepared through the direct phosphorylation polycondensation from N,N‐di(4‐aminophenyl)‐N′,N′‐diphenyl‐4,4′‐oxydianiline and aromatic dicarboxylic acids. These polyamides were amorphous with good solubility in many organic solvents, such as NMP and DMAc, and could be solution‐cast into strong and flexible polymer films. Their decomposition temperatures (T_d) at a 10% weight‐loss in nitrogen and air were recorded at 556–568 °C and 537–555 °C, respectively. The glass‐transition temperatures (T_g) of all the polyamides were observed in the range of 218?253 °C by DSC. Cyclic voltammograms of the polyamide films cast onto an indium‐tin oxide (ITO)‐coated glass substrate exhibited two reversible oxidation redox couples at 0.80–0.82 V and 0.96–0.98 V versus Ag/AgCl in an electrolyte containing acetonitrile solution. The polyamide films showed excellent electrochemical and electrochromic stability, with a color change from a colorless or pale yellowish neutral form to green and purple oxidized forms at applied potentials ranging from 0 to 1.2 V. These polymers can also be used to fabricate electrochromic devices, and they showed high coloration efficiency, high redox stability, and fast response time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 496–510