Asymptotic description of incipient separation bubble bursting

The appearance of short laminar separation bubbles in high Reynolds number (Re) wall bounded flows due to appropriate adverse pressure gradient conditions is usually associated with minor effects on global flow properties (e.g. lift force). However, localized reverse flow regions are known to react very sensitively to perturbations and in further consequence may trigger the laminar-turbulent transition process or even cause global separation. The present investigation of marginally separated boundary layer flows is based on an asymptotic approach Re → ∞. Special emphasis is placed on solutions of the corresponding model equations which blow up within finite time indicating the ejection of a vortical structure and the emergence of shorter spatio-temporal scales reminiscent of the early transition scenario (‘ bubble bursting’ ). Within the framework of marginal separation theory, an alternative adjoint operator method is used to formulate evolution equations governing the viscous-inviscid interaction process in leading and higher order correction required for the study of later stages of the flow development. Their blow up structure specifies the initial condition of and the match to the subsequent triple deck stage. (© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Efficient simulation of gas–liquid pipe flows using a generalized population balance equation coupled with the algebraic slip model

The inhomogeneous generalized population balance equation, which is discretized with the direct quadrature method of moment (DQMOM), is solved to predict the bubble size distribution (BSD) in a vertical pipe flow. The proposed model is compared with a more classical approach where bubbles are characterized with a constant mean size. The turbulent two-phase flow field, which is modeled using a Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes equation approach, is assumed to be in local equilibrium, thus the relative gas and liquid (slip) velocities can be calculated with the algebraic slip model, thereby accounting for the drag, lift, and lubrication forces. The complex relationship between the bubble size distribution and the resulting forces is described accurately by the DQMOM. Each quadrature node and weight represents a class of bubbles with characteristic size and number density, which change dynamically in time and space to preserve the first moments of the BSD. The predictions obtained are validated against previously published experimental data, thereby demonstrating the advantages of this approach for large-scale systems as well as suggesting future extensions to long piping systems and more complex geometries.     

Die Begriffe Auftrieb,Widerstand und Zirkulation bei Schaufeln von Strömungsgittern

Summary The force on a wing of a cascade can be divided in the two components lift and drag like the force on a single wing. The magnitude and direction of the lift component are calculated. The change of the flow direction is caused not only by the lift but also by the drag. Approximately the flow can be calculated as the field of vortices with a circulation corresponding to cascade wings without drag.      

The lift on a small sphere in a linear shear flow near the interface of two immiscible fluids

Analytical expressions have been derived which predict, to lowest order, the inertial lift and the lateral migration velocity of a rigid sphere translating and rotating in a linear shear flow field near the flat interface of two immiscible fluids. This asymptotic analysis is primarily based on the assumption that the two Reynolds numbers defined by the gap width between the interface and the sphere, the shear rate and the translational slip velocity with which the spherical particle moves parallel to the interface are small. Furthermore, the radius of the sphere is assumed to be small compared to the gap width. To leading order in this creeping flow regime, the linear Stokes equations are obtained and a symmetry argument can be used to show that the Stokes solution does not predict any lift force. The transverse force experienced by the sphere and its migration velocity are due to the small but finite inertial terms in the Navier-Stokes equations, which can be studied by perturbation techniques. By applying a Green's function approach and matched asymptotic methods, which also incorporate the effects of the outer Oseen-like flow regime, the three components comprising the lift velocity have been calculated in closed form: the one induced by the shear rate only, the purely slip induced one and the one due to the interaction of the slip velocity with the shear flow field. The thus obtained expressions for the case of two immiscible fluids with arbitrary density and viscosity ratios extend the results that already exist in the literature for other flow configurations, such as an unbounded shear flow field [1] or a wall-bounded one, where the wall lies either within the leading order Stokes region [2] or in the outer Oseen region [3]. (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Helicity conservation in two-phase bubbly flow

Summary The concept of helicity is extended to two-phase flow. It turns out that two helicity conservation theorems may be derived for an isothermal non-dissipative bubbly flow. One of the theorems refers to the flow of the continuous liquid phase, while the other concerns the mean flow of the dispersed gas bubbles. The virtual mass of the bubbles plays a significant role.     

速度-涡量法数值求解具有表面吹吸圆柱的绕流问题

用速度-涡量法数值求解了具有表面吹吸圆柱的绕流问题.所得高阶隐式差分方程,采用以修正的不完全LU分解作预处理器的共轭梯度法(MILU-CG),高效解出.研究了雷诺数Re=100时,各种吹吸位置、吹吸强度对圆柱尾流涡旋结构和阻力、升力系数的影响规律.指出,在圆柱肩部的吸气和在圆柱尾部的吹气,可有效地抑制尾流涡旋结构在垂直来流方向上的非对称性,达到减小升力的目的.对在圆柱肩部吸气的情形,合适选择吸气强度,还可有效减小圆柱在来流方向上所受的阻力.     

稀相气固悬浮体越过沿平面匀速运动激波后的流动结构*

本文给出气固悬浮体中激波感生边界层的渐近数值分析,其中计及了作用于固体粒子的Saf-fman升力.研究结果表明粒子横越边界层的迁移导致了粒子轨道的交叉,因此对目前通用的含灰气体模型应做相应的修正.本文利用匹配渐近展开方法得到了匀速运动激波后方的两相侧壁边界层方程,详细描述了在Lagrange坐标下计算颗粒相流动参数的方法,并给出了粒子浓度很低情况下的数值结果.     

On Transonic Marginal Separation

Laminar boundary‐layer separation near the leading edge of a thin airfoil is one of the principal factors that limits the lift force acting on the airfoil. Marginal separation, in particular, denotes the onset of separation which is accompanied by the formation of a short separation bubble. Using asymptotic analysis this effect is studied in the limit of high Reynolds number and for transonic external flow conditions. It is assumed that the fluid under consideration is a perfect gas and the airfoil surface is taken to be thermally insulated. Results to be presented include the analytical investigation of the emerging three layer structure, the associated transonic far field and the calculation of representative wall shear stress distributions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Numerical Investigation of Particle Focusing Patterns in Laminar Pipe Flow With High Reynolds Numbers北大核心CSCD

The inertial focusing characteristics of particles in laminar flow pipes with high Re numbers were studied based on the “relative motion model”. In order to solve the problem of long pipes with high Re number flow, periodic boundary conditions were imposed on the inlet and outlet of the pipe. The research results show that the use of periodic boundary conditions can effectively reduce the computational, and the mechanical properties of particles in high Re flow can be calculated by using L=4D pipe. The difference from the low Re number is that as the Re number continues to increase,the lift force of the particles in the radial direction is no longer distributed as a parabola. The lift curve has a concave area between r+ =0.5 ~ 0.7, and there is a tendency for a new inertial focus point to appear in this section. By means of particles of a+ =1/17 for Re > 1 000, this new focus point position is solvable. In addition, in the analysis of the flow field, a secondary flow occurs around the particle, and its intensity gradually increases with the Re number and the closeness of the particle to the wall. The generation of the secondary flow affects the spatial distribution of the particle lift. © 2023 Editorial Office of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics. All rights reserved.     

两并列方柱绕流相互干扰的数值研究

用数值方法研究了绕流两并列方柱的气动力及其相互干扰.使用了陈素琴等人提出的对流项用三阶逆风格式的带多重网格的改进的MAC方法,对两并列方柱的流场进行了模拟.结果表明:两并列方柱在不同的间距比时其干扰特征有很大的不同,小间距比时出现双稳态偏流,流动并不对称于双方柱间隙的中心轴线,而是偏向其中的一个方柱.     

Numerical modelling of bubbly flows with and without heat and mass transfer

In this paper, modelling gas–liquid bubbly flows is achieved by the introduction of a population balance equation combined with the three-dimensional two-fluid model. For gas–liquid bubbly flows without heat and mass transfer, an average bubble number density transport equation has been incorporated in the commercial code CFX5.7 to better describe the temporal and spatial evolution of the geometrical structure of the gas bubbles. The coalescence and breakage effects of the gas bubbles are modelled according to the coalescence by the random collisions driven by turbulence and wake entrainment while for bubble breakage by the impact of turbulent eddies. Local radial distributions of the void fraction, interfacial area concentration, bubble Sauter mean diameter, and gas and liquid velocities, are compared against experimental data in a vertical pipe flow. Satisfactory agreements for the local distributions are achieved between the predictions and measurements. For gas–liquid bubbly flows with heat and mass transfer, boiling flows at subcooled conditions are considered. Based on the formulation of the MUSIG (multiple-size-group) boiling model and a model considering the forces acting on departing bubbles at the heated surface implemented in the computer code CFX4.4, comparison of model predictions against local measurements is made for the void fraction, bubble Sauter mean diameter, interfacial area concentration, and gas and liquid velocities covering a range of different mass and heat fluxes and inlet subcooling temperatures. Good agreement is achieved with the local radial void fraction, bubble Sauter mean diameter, interfacial area concentration and liquid velocity profiles against measurements. However, significant weakness of the model is evidenced in the prediction of the vapour velocity. Work is in progress through the consideration of additional momentum equations or developing an algebraic slip model to account for the effects of bubble separation.     

Computational modelling of bubbles,droplets and particles in metals reduction and refining

A multi-phase framework is typically required for the CFD modelling of metals reduction processes. Such processes typically involve the interaction of liquid metals, a gas (often air) top space, liquid droplets in the top space and injection of both solid particles and gaseous bubbles into the bath. The exchange of mass, momentum and energy between the phases is fundamental to these processes. Multi-phase algorithms are complex and can be unreliable in terms of either or both convergence behaviour or in the extent to which the physics is captured. In this contribution, we discuss these multi-phase flow issues and describe an example of each of the main “single phase” approaches to modelling this class of problems (i.e., Eulerian–Lagrangian and Eulerian–Eulerian). Their utility is illustrated in the context of two problems – one involving the injection of sparging gases into a steel continuous slab caster and the other based on the development of a novel process for aluminium electrolysis. In the steel caster, the coupling of the Lagrangian tracking of the gas phase with the continuum enables the simulation of the transient motion of the metal–flux interface. The model of the electrolysis process employs a novel method for the calculation of slip velocities of oxygen bubbles, resulting from the dissolution of alumina, which allows the efficiency of the process to be predicted.     

On the linearized theory op flow around bodies. Method of force sources

The method of force sources is proposed for solving linear problems related to the interaction between rigid bodies, and fluids, or gases. Method is based on the introduction of perturbation force sources into equation of motion of fluid media. Boundary conditions at the rigid body surface make it possible to reduce the problem of hydrodynamic reactions to an integral equation defining the function of force sources. Method is illustrated by the solution of three simple problems in the field of acoustics, and of viscous, and compressible media flow around bodies.

In the linearized theory of flow around rigid bodies, as well as in acoustics, an important part of the sound wave generation analysis concerns the determination of hydrodynamic reactions of the medium on moving, pulsating, or oscillating bodies. Such reactions make themselves felt as constant, or variable mechanical forces, such as drag and lift, or in the case of sound wave emitters, as the wave resistance. Various methods had been proposed for the computation of such forces, as for example, in the monographs [1 to 6].

Here, a different approach to the problem of determination of surface forces exerted by liquids and gases on the rigid body is proposed. By resorting to the formalism of the generalized functions it is possible to introduce into the equations of motion of fluid media a perturbation source in the form volume density of forces exercised by the body on the gas. The distribution of surface tension entering into the expression of this force is selected in such a manner as to satisfy boundary conditions at the body surface. It becomes possible with the use of this device to reduce the problem of determination of forces acting on the body surface to the solution of certain Integral equations. The proposed method is in all respects completely analogous to the well-known method of sources and sinks [1 to 1]. Both methods reduce the problem of interaction between body and gas to the solution of Integral equations. The method of sources and sinks, however, leads to an integral equation which describes the distribution of fictitious sources and sinks in the volume of the body having the density of the medium, while the method of force sources yields an integral equation which directly defines the distribution of mechanical forces over the surface of the body (*).

We may note that the method of force sources had to a certain extent been already used in papers [6 and 7] for the determination of sound radiation by means of point-force sources.     

The optimal conical twist of a delta wing

The problem of reducing the drag of a wing at a specified lift in a supersonic flow is investigated. A solution for a delta wing is obtained in a simplified formulation of the optimization problem and a theoretical analysis. It is shown that the optimal conical wing is formed by elements of elliptical cones and planes. Numerical modelling of the flow of a non-viscous non-heat-conducting gas past the wing is performed, and the results of the theoretical analysis and direct optimization are compared. ©2012     

On the effective viscosity of a dilute emulsion of gas bubbles

The problem of the motion of a rigid spherical body in a homogeneous emulsion of gas bubbles is considered in the Stokes approximation, using the self-consistent field method. An expression is obtained for the correction factor in the Stokes formula for the drag of the body in the first approximation with respect to the volume concentration of the dispersed phase. An analytical relation between the correction factor and the ratio of the sizes of the bubbles and the body is found. It is shown that, in the limit when this ratio tends to zero, the correction factor obtained is identical to Taylor's result for the effective viscosity of an emulsion of gas bubbles. In the case of non-point bubbles, the coefficient on the volume concentration in the expression for the effective viscosity of the emulsion can be considerably different from Taylor's result. A similar conclusion was also obtained in the case of the problem of the motion of a spherical bubble of arbitrary size in an emulsion of gas bubbles.     

A further note on the force discrepancy for wing theory in Euler flow

Uniform steady potential flow past a wing aligned at a small angle to the flow direction is considered. The standard approach is to model this by a vortex sheet, approximated by a finite distribution of horseshoe vortices. In the limit as the span of the horseshoe vortices tends to zero, an integral distribution of infinitesimal horseshoe vortices over the vortex sheet is obtained. The contribution to the force on the wing due to the presence of one of the infinitesimal horseshoe vortices in the distribution is focused upon. Most of the algebra in the force calculation is evaluated using Maple software and is given in the appendices. As in the two previous papers by the authors on wing theory in Euler flow [E Chadwick, A slender-wing theory in potential flow, Proc. R. Soc. A461 (2005) 415–432, and E Chadwick and A Hatam, The physical interpretation of the lift discrepancy in Lanchester-Prandtl lifting wing theory for Euler flow, leading to the proposal of an alternative model in Oseen flow, Proc. R. Soc. A463 (2007) 2257–2275], it is shown that the normal force is half that expected. In this further note, in addition it is demonstrated that the axial force is infinite. The implications and reasons for these results are discussed.     

MILU-CG方法和绕旋转圆柱流动的数值研究

本文采用以修正的不完全LU分解作预处理器的共轭梯度法(MILU-CG),结合高阶隐式差分格式,改进了作者(1992)提出的基于区域分解、有限差分法与涡法杂交的数值方法(HDV).系统地研究了雷诺数Re=1000,200,旋转速度比α∈(0.5,3.25)范围内,绕旋转圆柱从突然起动到充分发展,长时间内尾流旋涡结构和阻力、升力系数的变化规律.计算所得流线与实验流场显示相比,完全吻合.首次揭示了临界状态时的旋涡结构特性,并指出最佳升阻比就在该状态附近得到.     

Free molecular flow past a flat plate in the presence of a nontrivial gas-surface interaction

Aerodynamic forces acting on a flat plate, placed in a uniform free molecular flow, are investigated by means of a non trivial gas-surface interaction model proposed by the authors. Drag and lift coefficients and lift to drag ratio are calculated for a large number of values of some meaningful parameters, such as the speed ratio, the gas-wall temperature ratio, the attack angle and two coefficients contained in the reemission model. Simple analytical expressions, different from the classical ones, are obtained for very high or very low speed ratio values.

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Riassunto Le forze aerodinamiche agenti su una lastra piana, posta in una corrente uniforme di gas in regime di molecole libere, sono studiate per mezzo di un modello non banale di interazione gas-superficie solida, già proposta dagli autori. I coefficienti di resistenza e di portanza e il rapporto tra queste due quantità sono calcolati per un notevole numero di valori assegnati ad alcuni parametri significativi, come il rapporto di velocità, il rapporto tra temperatura del gas e della parete, l'angolo di attacco e due coefficienti propri del modello di riemissione. Per velocità molto alte o molto piccole si forniscono delle espressioni analitiche esplicite, differenti da quelle ricavabili dalla teoria classica dei coefficienti di accomodamento.

     

VLES turbulence model for an Eulerian–Lagrangian modeling concept for bubble plumes

Traditional Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approaches to turbulence modeling, such as the k-ϵ model, have some well-known shortcomings when modeling transient flow phenomena. To mitigate this, a filtered URANS model has been derived where turbulent structures larger than a given filter size (typically grid size) is captured by the flow equations and smaller structures are modeled according to a modified k-ϵ model. This modeling approach is also known as a VLES model (Very Large Eddy Scale model), and provides more details of the transient turbulence than the k-ϵ model at little extra computational cost.In this study a two-phase extension to the VLES model is described. A modeling concept for bubble plumes has been developed in which the bubbles are tracked as particles and the flow of liquid is solved by the Navier–Stokes equations in a traditional mesh based approach. The flow of bubbles and liquid is coupled in an Eulerian–Lagrangian model. Turbulent dispersion of the bubbles is treated by a random walk model. The random walk model depends on an estimation of the eddy life time. The eddy life time for the VLES model differs from a k-ϵ model, and its mathematical expression is derived.The model is applied to ocean plumes emanating from discharge of gas at the ocean floor. Validation with experiments and comparison with k-ϵ model are shown.     

Optimum maneuvers of a skip vehicle with bounded lift constraints

This paper presents the analytical solutions of the problem of optimum maneuvering of a glide vehicle flying in the hypervelocity regime. The investigation is based on the approximation of Allen and Eggers; namely, that along the fundamental part of a reentry or ascent trajectory, the aerodynamic forces greatly exceed the components of the gravitational force in the directions tangent and normal to the flight path.The problem consists of finding an optimal control law for the lift such that the final velocity or the final altitude is maximized. This problem can be viewed as bringing the vehicle to the best condition for interception, penetration, or making an evasive maneuver.If the range is free, the optimal lift control is obtained in closed form. If the lift control is bounded, then bounded control is optimal whenever it is reached. The switching sequences for different cases are discussed, and it is shown that there are at most two switchings. Bounded lift control is always at the ends of the optimal trajectory; for the case of two switchings, the optimal trajectory has an inflection point.The authors wish to thank the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for the Grant No. NGR-06-003-033 under which this work was carried out.