Determination of decabromodiphenyl ether in water samples by single-drop microextraction and RP-HPLC

This paper describes the development of a new method using single-drop microextraction (SDME) and RP-HPLC for the determination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) in water samples. The effects of SDME parameters such as extraction solvent, microdrop volume, extraction time, stirring speed, salt concentration, and sample pH on the extraction performance are investigated. Under optimal extraction conditions (extraction solvent, toluene; solvent drop volume, 3.0 microL; extraction time, 15 min; stirring speed, 600 rpm; no addition of salt and change of sample pH), the calibration curve was drawn by plotting peak area against a series of BDE-209 concentrations (0.001-1 microg/mL) in aqueous solution; the correlation coefficient (r) was 0.9998. The limit of detection was 0.7 ng/mL. The enrichment factor was 10.6. The precision of this method was obtained by six successive analyses of a 100 ng/mL standard solution of BDE-209, and RSD was 4.8%. This method was successfully applied to the extraction of BDE-209 from tap and East Lake water samples with relative recoveries ranging from 92.5 to 102.8% and from 91.5 to 96.2%, respectively, and the relative standard deviations (n = 3) were 4.4 and 2.2%. The proposed method is acceptable for the analysis of BDE-209 in water samples.     

Photodegradation study of decabromodiphenyl ether by UV spectrophotometry and a hybrid hard- and soft-modelling approach

This work presents an exploratory study of the photochemical degradation process of decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE) and gives an interpretation of the kinetic pathway, species and effects of the key factors involved in the degradation process. Use of lowly brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) has been banned by the EU and there seems to be evidence of the photolytic degradation of highly brominated PBDEs into lowly brominated congeners. Hence, the importance of knowing the photodegradation process of decaBDE.The photodegradation was investigated under UV light by UV-spectrophotometric monitoring. A novel hybrid data analysis approach, based on the combination of hard- and soft-spectrophotometric multivariate curve resolution, was applied to elucidate the mechanism of the degradation process, to resolve kinetic profiles and pure spectra of the photodegradation products and to evaluate the rate constants. The photodegradation process could be described with a kinetic model based on three consecutive first-order reactions and a decrease of the degradation process was observed as solvent polarity increased. Complementary identification of photodegradation products by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry using negative chemical ionization (GC-NCI-MS) is attempted.This work presents a novel attempt of describing in a comprehensive way the photochemical degradation process of decaBDE, with all successive steps and related rate constants. This study proves also the potential of the proposed hybrid data analysis methodology as a general strategy to interpret the evolution of these photochemical reactions.     

Environmental analysis of higher brominated diphenyl ethers and decabromodiphenyl ethane

Methods for environmental analysis of higher brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), in particular decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209), and the recently discovered environmental contaminant decabromodiphenyl ethane (deBDethane) are reviewed. The extensive literature on analysis of BDE209 has identified several critical issues, including contamination of the sample, degradation of the analyte during sample preparation and GC analysis, and the selection of appropriate detection methods and surrogate standards. The limited experience with the analysis of deBDethane suggests that there are many commonalities with BDE209. The experience garnered from the analysis of BDE209 over the last 15 years will greatly facilitate progress in the analysis of deBDethane.     

Synergistic effect of decabromodiphenyl ethane and montmorillonite on flame retardancy of polypropylene

Polypropylene (PP) is melt-compounded in a twin-screw extruder with surface-modified decabromodiphenyl ethane/antimony trioxide (DBDPE/Sb₂O₃) and organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT). The intercalation and dispersion microstructure of OMMT in the nanocomposites are investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thermal stability and char residue are characterized by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis (TGA–DTA). Flame retardant properties are evaluated by limited oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 vertical burning test.The results indicate that better flame retardancy can be achieved for the composite containing a modified mixture DBDPE/Sb₂O₃. The presence of DBDPE/Sb₂O₃ could improve the dispersion of OMMT in polypropylene, leading to higher thermal stability and more char residue. A synergistic effect between OMMT and DBDPE/Sb₂O₃ has been observed and discussed.     

Kinetics of thermal degradation in non-isothermal conditions of some phosphorus-containing polyesters and polyesterimides

The thermal decomposition behavior of some phosphorus-containing polyesters and a polyesterimide was studied using thermogravimetric analysis in air at several heating rates between 5 °C/min and 20 °C/min. The results of this study, realized for polymers with phosphorus linkage as pendant group, were compared with the behavior of some polymers having the same backbone structure, with phosphorus in the main chain, respectively, without phosphorus. The kinetic processing of data was carried out using the Coats-Redfern, Reich-Levi, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Kissinger methods.     

Studies of silicon-containing maleimide polymers: 1. Synthesis and characteristics of model compounds

A series of the (N-maleimido phenoxy)silane monomers were synthesized by a two-step reaction for using as the application of flame retardant, functional modifier, or a photoresist material in deep-UV region. All of the monomers with maleimide ring were polymerized by radical polymerization in toluene solution using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as initiator so as to prepare homopolymers. The structures of the maleimide monomers were identified by ¹H, ¹³C, ²⁹Si NMR and element analysis. The chemical structures of polymers were identified by Fourier transform infrared reflection (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The molecular weight distributions of polymers were measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) equipment. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to analyze the thermal properties of the polymers. The degree of polymerization in silicon-containing maleimide polymers should be affected by side chains. The introduction of alkylsilane into a side chain of maleimide polymer may reduce the glass transition temperature (T_g) and thermal stability, but increase char yield of solid residue as an excellent flame retardant.     

原位聚合法制备厌氧胶固化引发剂微胶囊

采用原位聚合法制备了以脲醛树脂为壁材、过氧化苯甲酰为芯材的厌氧胶固化引发剂微胶囊。研究了乳化剂聚丙烯酸钠、十二烷基苯磺酸钠、阿拉伯树胶、苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物的单独使用及阿拉伯树胶与苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物的复配组合和其它工艺条件对微胶囊制备的影响;运用FT-IR、TG和SEM等测试技术对微胶囊进行了表征。结果表明,以苯乙烯-马来酸酐共聚物和阿拉伯树胶作为复合乳化剂,反应终点pH值为1.5左右,反应温度70℃,反应时间4 h,搅拌速率1 000 r/m in,可制得分散适中、形貌较好、粒径约为100μm的微胶囊。以实验制备的微胶囊配制成可预涂厌氧胶胶液,性能可以达到国外公司同类产品的技术指标。     

Synthesis,characterization, and polymerization of propenyl ether analogues

A series of aromatic monomers bearing cationically polymerizable propenyl groups were prepared and characterized using the readily available starting materials: isoeugenol and o-allyl phenol. Monomers with both propenyl and vinyl ether functional groups were also synthesized by the reaction of these starting materials with chloroethyl vinyl ether. The reactivity of the resulting monomers in photoinitiated cationic polymerization was studied using differential scanning photocalorimetry and photogel point measurements. Their thermal properties were determined using thermogravimetric analysis. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

阻燃PVA-g-AN的制备、表征及性能

以K₂S₂O₈-NaHSO₃氧化还原体系为引发剂, 将丙烯腈(AN)接枝到聚乙烯醇(PVA)上, 得到聚乙烯醇接枝丙烯腈聚合物(PVA-g-AN), 将其与磷酸-尿素反应制备阻燃聚乙烯醇接枝丙烯腈聚合物(FR-PVA-g-AN). 利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 X射线能谱(XPS)和X射线衍射(XRD)对其结构进行表征, 并用热重分析(TGA)对其热性能进行研究. 结果表明, 当引发剂用量占反应物总质量的1%, n(K₂S₂O₈):n(NaHSO₃)=5:1, m(丙烯腈):m(聚乙烯醇)=3.5:1, 70 ℃反应4 h时, 接枝率可达190%; 在m(磷酸):m(尿素)=5:1, 85 ℃条件下处理接枝产物PVA-g-AN 4 h时, 获得阻燃性能良好的FR-PVA-g-AN, 700 ℃马弗炉热处理后, 残炭量达到63%. TGA结果显示, FR-PVA-g-AN的热降解过程较PVA减慢, 且800 ℃后残炭量由PVA的3.12%增加到54.3%, 说明FR-PVA-g-AN具有优异的热稳定性和成炭性.     

气相色谱-质谱法测定橡胶和塑料制品中十溴二苯乙烷

建立了气相色谱-质谱联用仪测定橡胶和塑料制品中十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)的方法。以甲苯为提取溶剂,分离净化,采用气相色谱-质谱法(GC/MS)检测。结果表明:DBDPE的线性关系、检出限、回收率和精密度都较好,回收率在75.7%～102.2%之间,相对标准偏差小于10%,方法检出限为1 mg/kg。本方法适用于塑料和橡胶制品中DBDPE的测定。     

Development of a DOPO-containing benzoxazine and its high-performance flame retardant copolybenzoxazines

A DOPO-containing benzoxazine, which could not be prepared by the traditional approaches, was successfully prepared from phenol, aniline and DOPO by a three-step procedure. The first step is the condensation of 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde with aniline, forming an intermediate imine. The second step is the addition of DOPO to the imine resulting a secondary amine. The third step is the ring closure condensation leading to DOPO-containing benzoxazine. All these structures were confirmed by 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The curing of mixtures of DOPO-containing benzoxazine and benzoxazine of bisphenol A has been studied. In the samples the molar ratio of benzoxazine monomers was varied to achieve different phosphorus content. The phosphorus-containing polybenzoxazines have been characterized by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Limiting oxygen index values indicates good flame retardant properties.     

Preparation and characterization of nanofiltration membranes by coating polyethersulfone hollow fibers with sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK)

A new type of nanofiltration membrane is reported based on coating a sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (SPEEK) layer on top of a polyethersulfone support. The membranes were characterized by dextran mixtures, salt solutions as well as negatively charged dyes. The SPEEK coated nanofiltration membranes showed molecular weight cutoff for dextran in the range of ultrafiltration, however, rather high rejection for sodium sulfate; retention for salts in the order of RNa₂SO₄>RNaCl>RMgCl₂$R_{\text{N}{\text{a}}_2\text{S}{\text{O}}_4}>R_{\text{NaCl}}>R_{\text{MgC}{\text{l}}_2}$; in addition, the membranes showed a 97–100% retention to the organic dyes. The rejection rates were improved by an increase in the coating thickness and the polymer concentration in the coating solution at the penalty of permeability decrease. Furthermore, it was found that pore penetration of SPEEK into the support membrane effectively constrained the swelling rate of SPEEK and increased the retention. The Donnan–Steric Pore Model was used to describe the transport properties of the membrane. Modeling identified a very tortuous passage within the active separation layer.     

Solubilities,thermostabilities and flame retardance behaviour of phosphorus-containing flame retardants and copolymers

Thirteen phosphorus-containing flame retardants were synthesized in this work. The solubilities of flame retardant [(6-oxide-6H-dibenz[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphorin-6-yl)-methyl]-butanedioic acid (DDP) in selected solvents are measured. TGA measurements of the 13 phosphorus-containing flame retardants were carried out and thermal stabilities of three flame-resistant PET (FRPET) resins were investigated. A FRPET incorporated by DDP with terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol reported in literature was also discussed and compared. The thermal stability of the FRPET is improved by the incorporation of phosphorus-containing flame retardants. The LOI values of all phosphorus-containing polyesters are higher than 27%. The improvement of the flame-resistant ability is due to the formation of the char that is not only caused by the existence of phosphorus elements in the resin but also by the relative large number of carbon atoms of the phenyl group in the flame retardants.     

Preparation and thermal properties of a novel flame retardant copolymer

A monomer, acryloxyethyl phenoxy phosphorodiethyl amidate (AEPPA), was synthesized and characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR) and ³¹P NMR. The copolymer with various amounts of styrene (St) was obtained by the free radical bulk polymerization between AEPPA and St, and characterized using ¹H NMR. The thermal properties of the copolymers were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in air and nitrogen atmosphere, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The TGA results in air indicated the copolymers with AEPPA show higher thermal stability than those without AEPPA. However, the TGA results in nitrogen showed that the decomposition temperature decreased and the char residue increased with the increase of AEPPA. The glass transition temperature (T_g) of the copolymers from DSC indicated that a inverse proportion was observed between T_g and the amount of AEPPA incorporated. The flammability of the copolymers was evaluated by microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC). The MCC results showed that AEPPA can decrease the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the heat release capacity (HRC), and the sample CP10 shows the lowest PHRR and HRC.     

Thermally stable and flame-retardant poly(vinyl alcohol)/montmorillonite aerogel via a facile heat treatment

The PVA/MMT aerogels prepared by a simple freeze-drying and heat treatment process exhibited a significant improvement of thermal stability and flame retardant property.     

Preparation of poly(methyl methacrylate) microcapsules by in situ polymerization on the surface of calcium carbonate particles

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microcapsules were prepared by the in situ polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide on the surface of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) particles, followed by the dissolution of the CaCO₃ core in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid solution. The microcapsules were characterized using fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The average sizes of the CaCO₃ particles and PMMA capsules were 3.8 ± 0.6 and 4.0 ± 0.6 μm, respectively. A copolymer consisting of MMA and rhodamine B-bearing MMA was also used to prepare microcapsules for fluorescent microscopy observations. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin was enclosed in the PMMA microcapsules and its release properties were studied.     

Novel pyridine-based ether ester diamine and resulting thermally stable poly (ether ester amide)s

A novel pyridine-based ether ester diamine was prepared in three steps. Reaction of 1,5-dihydroxy naphthalene with 4-nitrobenzoyl chloride afforded 5-hydroxy-1-naphthyl-4-nitrobenzoate (HNNB). Reduction of nitro group resulted in preparation of an amino compound named 5-hydroxyl-1-naphthyl-4-aminobenzoate (HNAB). The diamine was synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of 5-hydroxyl-1-naphthyl-4-aminobenzoate with 2,6-dichloropyridine in the presence of K₂CO₃. The obtained diamine was fully characterized and used to prepare novel thermally stable poly (ether ester amide)s via polycondensation reaction with different aromatic and aliphatic diacid chlorides. All the polymers were characterized and their physical and thermal properties were studied.     

本质阻燃聚苯乙烯/蒙脱土纳米复合物的制备及性能

通过原位聚合法制备了本质阻燃聚苯乙烯[P(St-co-AEPPA)]/有机改性蒙脱土(OMMT)纳米复合物[P(St-co-AEPPA)/OMMT], 并用普通聚苯乙烯/有机改性蒙脱土(PS/OMMT)复合物作为对比实验, 研究了含磷、氮单体丙烯酸羟乙基-苯氧基-二乙基磷酰胺(AEPPA)和OMMT等添加物对本质阻燃聚苯乙烯性能的影响.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)分析了复合材料的结构与形貌, 并对OMMT在基体中的分散机理进行了讨论.用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热重分析(TGA)和微型量热仪(MCC)研究了材料的热性能和燃烧性能.结果表明, AEPPA和OMMT能够显著提高基体的热稳定性和阻燃性.     

Synthesis and Property of Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins Modified with 2-（Diphenylphosphinyl）-l,4-benzenediol

2-（Diphenylphosphinyl）-1,4-benzenediol（DPO-HQ） was synthesized by the reaction of diphenylphos- phine oxide（DPO） with 1,4-benzoquinone（BQ）, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared（FTIR）, and nuclear magnetic resonance（1H NMR, 13C NMR, 31p NMR） spectrometries. The thermal stability of DPO-HQ was investi- gated by thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）. Flame retardant epoxy resin was synthesized based on DPO-HQ. The thermal properties and burning performance of cured epoxy resins were measured by differential scanning calorime- try（DSC）, thermogravimetric analysis（TGA）, limited oxygen index（LOI） and vertical burning test（UL-94V）. The morphologies of cured epoxy resins after combustion were investigated by scanning electron microscopy（SEM） and electron probe microanalysis（EPMA）. Moreover, the thermal stability（both in air and in N2） of DPO-HQ and its cured epoxy resin was compared with that of 10-（2,5-dihydroxyphenyl）-9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10- oxide（DOPO-HQ） and its cured epoxy resin. The thermal stability of DPO-HQ is comparable with that of DOPO-HQ, while the thermal stability of cured epoxy resin based on DPO-HQ is better than that based on DOPO-HQ.