Construction and qualification of the pre-series MQM superconducting quadrupoles for the LHC insertions

The LHC insertions will be equipped with individually powered MQM superconducting quadrupoles, produced in three versions with magnetic lengths of 2.4 m, 3.4 m, and 4.8 m. The quadrupoles feature a 56 mm aperture coil, designed on the basis of an 8.8 mm wide Rutherford-type NbTi cable for a nominal gradient of 200 T/m at 1.9 K and 5390 A. A total of 96 quadrupoles are in production in Tesla Engineering, UK. In this report we describe the construction of the pre-series MQM quadrupoles and present the results of the qualification tests.     

Design and assembly of the pre-series quadrupoles for the LHC insertions

The LHC insertions are equipped with several different types of individually powered superconducting quadrupoles. These units comprise several quadrupole magnets and orbit correctors, and range in length from 5.3 m to 11.3 m. In spite of the variety of types and interface requirements, the design of the quadrupoles is based on the same principle where two welded half-shells provide the rigidity and alignment of the magnets and serve as a helium pressure vessel. In this paper we present the mechanical design of the LHC insertion quadrupoles, describe the initial experience in the assembly of the pre-series units, and report on the alignment measurements.     

Construction and measurement of the pre-series twin aperture resistive quadrupole magnet for the LHC beam cleaning insertions

CERN's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) requires 48 twin aperture resistive quadrupoles in the beam cleaning insertions. Canada is contributing these magnets to CERN in the framework of the TRIUMF-LHC collaboration contracts. A pre-series magnet was produced by Canadian industry and delivered in March 2001. This magnet incorporates important design changes that resulted from experience with a prototype magnet. The construction of this pre-series magnet and the measurements made at ALSTOM and at CERN are reported. A comparison is made between high precision pole distance measurements and the magnetic measurements performed with a rotating coil mole. Conclusions for series production and possibilities for multipole corrections are outlined.     

Shape analysis of the LHC pre-series dipoles

This paper presents the results of a comprehensive analysis, from the geometric point of view, of the pre-series LHC dipoles. The progressive change of the imposed magnet shape has been monitored from the first assembly stage until after the cold test. Data concerning the error on sagitta, extremity positions and sextupolar corrector positions are provided for the pre-series magnets. Implications of aligning out-of-tolerance dipoles by the extremities are also discussed.     

Superconducting magnets for LHC insertions

The LHC comprises eight insertions, four of which are dedicated to the experiments while the others are used for major collider systems. The various functions of the insertions are fulfilled by a variety of magnet systems, most of them based on the technology of NbTi superconductors cooled by superfluid helium at 1.9 K. In this paper, we review the concepts underlying the design of the LHC insertions, and describe the corresponding design of the various specialized magnet systems. A status of the procurement of the magnets is given, and plans for their installation and commissioning reviewed.     

Quench protection studies of LHC interaction region quadrupoles atFermilab

High gradient quadrupoles are being developed by the US-LHC Accelerator Project for the LHC interaction region inner triplets. Protection strip heaters are the primary means of protecting these magnets against excessively high coil temperatures and coil voltage to ground as a result of a spontaneous quench. The main objective of the quench protection R&D program is to optimize the heater performance within the constraints of the LHC heater power supply and quench detection system. The results of these studies on several two meter long model magnets are presented     

Design and fabrication of a 1 m model of the 70 mm bore twinaperture superconducting quadrupole for the LHC insertions

For reasons of geometrical acceptance, 70 mm bore twin aperture quadrupoles are required in the LHC insertions. For an operating gradient of 160 T/m at 4.5 K, a design based on a four layer coil wound from two graded 8.2 mm NbTi conductors has been developed. Three 1 m single aperture quadrupoles of this design have been built and successfully tested. Thereafter, the magnets have been disassembled and the coils re-collared using self-supporting collars. In this paper, we describe the design features of the twin aperture quadrupole, and report on the initial collaring tests and procedures for collaring and final assembly of the 1 m magnet     

Status of the production of the LHC superconducting corrector magnets

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will be equipped with a large number (6400) of superconducting corrector magnets. These magnets are powerful, with typical peak fields of 3-4 T on the coils, but at the same time compact and of low cost. There are many types: sextupoles, octupoles and decapoles to correct the main dipole field, dipoles, quadrupoles, sextupoles and octupoles to condition the proton beams and several nested correctors from dipole to dodecapole in the inner triplets. The sizes vary from 6 kg, 110 mm long, nested decapole-octupole spool pieces to 1800 kg, 1.4 m long, trim quadrupoles. The fabrication of the 11 different types of magnets is assured by 10 contracts placed at 6 firms, two of which are in India. A number of magnets are now in series production, others in their pre-series production. The paper describes the present state of the fabrication and the testing of these magnets.     

Development of superconducting tuning quadrupole corrector (MQT) prototypes for the LHC

The main quadrupoles of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are connected in families of focusing and defocusing magnets. In order to make tuning corrections in the machine a number of quadrupole corrector magnets (designated MQT) are necessary. These 56 mm diameter aperture magnets have to be compact, with a maximum length of 395 mm and a coil radial thickness of 5 to 7.5 mm, while generating a minimum field gradient of 110 T/m. Two design options have been explored, both using the "counter-winding" system developed at CERN for the fabrication of low cost corrector coils. The first design, with the poles composed of two double-pancake coils, each counter-wound using a single wire, superposed to create 4-layer coils, was developed and built by ACCEL Instruments GmbH. A second design where single coils were counter-wound using a 3-wire ribbon to obtain 6-layer coils was developed at CERN. This paper describes the two designs and reports on the performance of the prototypes during testing.     

A wide aperture sampling linear array for direction finding

A method of direction finding by sampling and storing the relative phase and amplitude of the signal received at the elements of an array of many wavelengths aperture is described. If the wave interference field set up by sky waves moves slowly relative to the time of acquiring the samples through a single receiving channel, then the interfering modes may be resolved, as in a beamed array, by combining the samples in a computer. The direction of only the dominant mode can be determined when wave interference fading is relatively rapid. By correlating the outputs of the scanning receiver and a reference receiver, the effective bandwidth of the system can be determined in the latter by the desired carrier spectrum rather than by the scanning rate. An analysis is made of the error in a randomly fading field.     

Quench performance and field quality of the LHC preseries superconducting dipoles

The preseries production of the LHC main superconducting dipoles is presently being tested at CERN. The foremost features of these magnets are: twin structure, six block two layer coils wound from 15.1 mm wide graded NbTi cables, 56 mm aperture, polyimide insulation and stainless steel collars. The paper reviews the main test results of magnets tested to day in both normal and superfluid helium. The results of training performance, magnet protection, electrical integrity and the field quality are presented in terms of the specifications and expected performance of these magnets in the future accelerator.     

Principles developed for the construction of the high performance, low-cost superconducting LHC corrector magnets

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) needs more than 6000 superconducting corrector magnets. These must be sufficiently powerful, have enough margin, be compact and of low cost. The development of the 11 types of magnets was spread over several years and included the magnetic and mechanical design as well as prototype building and testing. It gradually led to the systematic application of a number of interesting construction principles that allow to realize the above mentioned goals. The paper describes the techniques developed and presently used in practically all the LHC corrector magnets ranging from dipoles to dodecapoles.     

Statistical analysis of conductor motion in LHC superconducting dipole magnets

Premature training quenches are usually caused by the transient energy release within the magnet coil as it is energized. The dominant disturbances originate in cable motion and produce observable rapid variation in voltage signals called spikes. The experimental set up and the raw data treatment to detect these phenomena are briefly recalled. The statistical properties of different features of spikes are presented like for instance the maximal amplitude, the energy, the duration and the time correlation between events. The parameterization of the mechanical activity of magnets is addressed. The mechanical activity of full-scale prototype and first preseries LHC dipole magnets is analyzed and correlations with magnet manufacturing procedures and quench performance are established. The predictability of the quench occurrence is discussed and examples presented.     

大口径哈特曼扩束系统的设计和研制

论述了用于哈特曼波前探测系统的透射式光学扩束器的研制.以三级像差理论为基础,分析了传统扩束器没能很好校正轴外像差的原因,在推导计算出初始结构参数后,通过ZEMAX光学设计软件,设计出轴上和轴外像差都得到很好校正的、大口径、大相对孔径、视场可增大的新型扩束器.并根据此哈特曼扩束系统的实际使用要求,考虑支撑受力与热变形等因素,为光学元件配以相应的结构设计,给出了具体的设计实例.介绍了加工过程与调整方法,提供了检验方式.最终验收得到波前PV值为λ/4.     

Deformations and displacements of the LHC superconducting dipoles induced by standard and nonstandard operational modes

A full-scale and fully-instrumented working model of the LHC lattice cell has been tested at CERN between March and December 2002. Aside of the current, pressure and temperature sensors controlled by an industrial supervision system, a novel device has been set to monitor magnet positions with respect to the surrounding cryostat. The series of operating modes to test cryogenics, current leads and quench recovery electronics offered the chance to investigate potentially harmful deformations of the superconducting structure. In this paper, we present a survey of displacements and deformations experienced by the LHC cell magnets during thermal cycles, current ramps and resistive transitions. Although the system complexity prevented from complete modeling, a preliminary phenomena explanation is given.     

大口径宽光谱折射平行光管系统设计

介绍了大口径、宽光谱、折射式平行光管物镜的设计理论。结合项目设计实例：工作波长范围400nm~1100nm,焦距2000mm,相对口径1/10的折射式平行光管系统,论述了光学设计初期玻璃材料选取、初始结构选取与光焦度分配等问题。利用修正的相对部分色散P与阿贝数V建立复消色差方程组求解初始结构,使用Zemax软件优化设计出在全谱段范围内复消色差的平行光管系统。最后,给出Zemax软件分析的像差结果,系统中心视场内的点列图优于5μm ,中心波长波像差优于1/60λ,焦距色偏移量为0.33mm,其余像差均在设计指标之内。     

大口径SiC反射镜的焊接加工和测试

SiC是目前空间用大口径反射镜的首选材料,随着空间光学系统的发展,出现了1m以上空间用SiC反射镜的需求.对该反射镜采用焊接拼接然后再进行加工可以节约成本,降低风险.作为演示实验件,首先,对直径为600mm的焊接SiC反射镜进行了焊接拼接,粗磨成型、精细研磨和粗抛光.然后,采用CCOS技术对反射镜进行了精抛光,并分析了...     

Study of Kapton insulated superconducting coils manufactured forthe LHC inner triplet model magnets at Fermilab

Fermilab has constructed a number of 2 m model quadrupoles as part of an ongoing program to develop and optimize the design of quadrupoles for the LHC Interaction Region inner triplets. The quadrupole design is based upon a two layer shell type coil of multi-filament NbTi strands in Rutherford cable, insulated with Kapton film. As such, the coil size and mechanical properties are critical in achieving the desired prestress and field quality targets for the agent. Throughout the model magnet program, different design and manufacturing techniques have been studied to obtain coils with the required mechanical properties. This paper summarizes the structural material and coil mechanical properties, coil design optimization results and production experience accumulated in the model R&D program     

宽光谱在线弯晶谱仪研制

研制了高精度在线准直、超宽光谱范围和高能谱分辨的在线凸圆柱面弯晶谱仪。使用耦合针状CsI（Tl）闪烁体的大面阵CMOS相机对X射线光谱进行在线测量,用QTZ（1010）（2d=0.851 2 nm）X射线晶体的能谱测量范围是1.84~7.38 keV,能谱分辨880@2.375 keV,动态范围 1 000。在神光-Ⅲ主机高功率激光装置上,对钛激光等离子体发射的X射线谱进行实验测量,获得了优质的光谱图像;对钛离子X射线精细结构光谱进行了辨识,与理论计算和其他实验结果吻合。该谱仪用于神光-Ⅲ主机通用诊断搭载平台,具有抗瞬发超强电磁脉冲干扰能力,工作稳定。     

大相对孔径宽光谱星敏感器光学镜头设计

为了提高星敏感器相对孔径,拓宽探测光谱范围,文中通过探测器灵敏度模型的计算,确定了星敏感器光学系统的设计参数,进而设计了一款基于卫星平台的星敏感器光学镜头。该镜头由7片球面透镜组成,光谱范围为500~800 nm,焦距为50 mm,相对孔径为1/1.25,视场角为8.458.45（对角线视场角为11.96）,总长83.33 mm。镜头采用像方远心光路,减小了因像面离焦及其他因素引起的测量误差。优化后的镜头畸变小于0.5%,质心色偏差控制在2 m内,能量集中度（33像元内）大于80%,最大倍率色差为-0.073 m,轴外视场的弥散斑能量集中度和轴上视场基本一致。对比不同温度下的光学系统,焦距变化量很小,验证了无热化设计要求,镜头的成像质量良好。