Modelling nucleon-nucleon scattering above 1 GeV

Motivated by the recent measurement of proton-proton spin-correlation parameters up to 2.5GeV laboratory energy, we investigate models for nucleon-nucleon (NN) scattering above 1GeV. Signatures for a gradual failure of the traditional meson model with increasing energy can be clearly identified. Since spin effects are large up to tens of GeV, perturbative QCD cannot be invoked to fix the problems. We discuss various theoretical scenarios and come to the conclusion that we do not have a clear phenomenological understanding of the spin dependence of the NN interaction above 1GeV.Received: 23 February 2004, Published online: 21 September 2004PACS: 13.75.Cs Nucleon-nucleon interactions (including antinucleons, deuterons, etc.) - 24.70. + s Polarization phenomena in reactions     

Two-step spin conversion and other effects in the atom-phonon coupling model

We study an atom-phonon coupling model introduced recently for spin-conversion phenomenon. The originality of this model, performed on a linear chain of atoms, is that the elastic force constant values of the spring linking two atoms depends on their electronic states. This leads to introduce naturally in the chain long- and short-range interactions, which appear respectively like a Zeeman and an exchange interactions. The exchange-like interaction can be ferro-, antiferro- or equal to zero. The effects of long-range interactions have already been studied. Here we study those of the short-range interaction. Some parts of the chain phase diagram are analysed and the main features of the experimental behaviours of spin conversion compounds are qualitatively reproduced.Received: 2 February 2004, Published online: 29 June 2004PACS: 63.20.Kr Phonon-electron and phonon-phonon interactions - 63.50. + x Vibrational states in disordered systems - 64.60.-i General studies of phase transitions     

Phase transition of traffic states with on-ramp

We study the phase transition on a highway in a modified anisotropic continuum model with an on-ramp, which is recently developed by Gupta and Katiyar (J. Phys. A: Math. Nucl. Gen. 38 (2005) 4069]. To investigate whether this model can describe several distinct traffic states that are identified from real-traffic data [Kerner and Rehborn, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79 (1997) 4030; Kerner, Phys. Rev. Lett. 81 (1998) 3797], we carry out numerical simulations with an open boundary condition. The observed transition between free flow and various types of congested flow such as localized clusters, stop-and-go traffic and different kinds of synchronized traffic flow is obtained by applying a triggering pulse through an on-ramp in our simulation.We present the phase diagram for three representative values of the upstream boundary flux and for the whole range of the on-ramp flux. Several states like pinned localized cluster, triggered stop-and-go, recurring hump state, the oscillatory congested traffic and the homogeneous congested traffic are observed in phase transition from free flow to traffic-jam state. The phase diagram for our model near on-ramp is consistent with the results obtained by Lee et al. [Phys. Rev. E 59(5) (1999) 5101]. The results suggest that the modified model is able to describe all the three phases of traffic-flow theory developed by Kerner [Physica A 333 (2004) 379].     

Stochastic Description of Traffic Flow

We propose a traffic model based on microscopic stochastic dynamics. We built a Markov chain equipped with an Arrhenius interaction law. The resulting stochastic process is comprised of both spin-flip and spin-exchange dynamics which models vehicles exiting, entering and interacting in a two-dimensional lattice environment corresponding to a multi-lane highway. The process is further equipped with a novel look-ahead type, anisotropic interaction potential which allows drivers/vehicles to ascertain local fluctuations and advance to new cells forward or sideways. The resulting vehicular traffic model is simulated via kinetic Monte Carlo and examined under both, typical and extreme traffic flow scenarios. The model is shown to correctly predict both qualitative as well as quantitative traffic observables for any highway geometry. Furthermore it also captures interesting multi-scale phenomena in traffic flows after a simulated accident which lead to oscillatory, dissipating, traffic waves with different periods per lane.     

Viewing the proton through “color” filters

A seven-quasiparticle isomer with and T _1/2 = 53 ( ^{+ 3} _-7) ns has been identified in ¹⁷⁹Ta. By comparing its excitation energy with results from multi-quasiparticle calculations that include the effects of blocking and residual nucleon-nucleon interactions, the isomer is assigned the (5/2 ⁺ [402], 7/2 ⁺ [404], (5/2^-[512], 7/2^-[514], 7/2^-[503], 9/2 ⁺ [624]) configuration. The decay of this isomer is found to be unusually fast, a feature that is attributed to a mixing with a specific collective level. The interaction strength is found to be orders of magnitude lower than that observed between interacting collective levels.Received: 7 March 2004, Revised: 3 May 2004, Published online: 5 October 2004PACS: 21.10.Re Collective levels - 21.10.Tg Lifetimes - 23.20.Lv Gamma transitions and level energies - 27.70. + q S.J. Freeman: Present address: Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.G . Mukherjee: Present address: Nuclear and Atomic Physics Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, Kolkata 700 064, India.     

Disordered magnets

The physics of strongly-disordered magnets and especially that of spin glass is an example of a scientific problem whose ideas and results are widely used in different and sometimes rather distant areas (up to biology, for example). This is the consequence of the paradoxical nature of the main question of this problem: how does ordering occur in systems which do not possess any apparent order at all? In other words, how can one find genuine (but hidden) internal variables which determine dynamics (and thermodynamics) of the system having no macroscopic order parameter. From the theoretical point of view the “generic model” for such a system is the well-studied model of spin glass with infinite-range interaction. The next necessary step is to understand the degree of applicability of the results of infinite-range models to real systems. Further there are a number of phenomena which are completely beyond the frame of this model and are governed by fluctuation effects. The theory of fluctuation phenomena in strongly disordered magnets is at the very beginning of its development. In this report we discuss some relevant problems which have been well studied. In the case of genuine spin glasses the problems are as follows: whether there exists a thermodynamic phase transition to the spin glass phase and how does it occur? What is the physics of non-exponential relaxation far above the transition point? Further there are a number of systems belonging to the spin glass universality class (in the sense of phase-transition theory) but possessing the same sort of short-range order. We consider the following spin glasses with local helical order (for example, the diluted yttriumbased alloys YEr, YDy); amorphous magnets with strong random-axis anisotropy; disordered magnets with strong dipolar interaction. We discuss mainly the structures of low-temperature phases in these systems.     

A variational approach to path planning in three dimensions using level set methods

In this paper we extend the two-dimensional methods set forth in [T. Cecil, D. Marthaler, A variational approach to search and path planning using level set methods, UCLA CAM Report, 04-61, 2004], proposing a variational approach to a path planning problem in three dimensions using a level set framework. After defining an energy integral over the path, we use gradient flow on the defined energy and evolve the entire path until a locally optimal steady state is reached. We follow the framework for motion of curves in three dimensions set forth in [P. Burchard, L.-T. Cheng, B. Merriman, S. Osher, Motion of curves in three spatial dimensions using a level set approach, J. Comput. Phys. 170(2) (2001) 720–741], modified appropriately to take into account that we allow for paths with positive, varying widths. Applications of this method extend to robotic motion and visibility problems, for example. Numerical methods and algorithms are given, and examples are presented.     

Charge separation in liquids

The common theory of reversible charge transfer (RCT) at low donor system excitation power in liquids is examined. The space averaging procedures describing the kinetics of RCT in the liquid space are discussed. The reaction space is presented as a totality of independent subgroups with one excited donor and some group of acceptors effectively interacting only with the donor in the given subgroup. We have shown that the theory [3-5] gives questionable results for cation state probability for the usual parameters of this problem. If the acceptor concentration or the charge transfer rate constants are low, then the cation state probability behaves the same in the two theories [3-5] and [7, 8]. The correct account of the donors ground state change and charge back transfer in the RCT theory gives the new, not contradictory results, different from the behavior of the results in references [3-5], but near to results of [7, 8]. The molecules motion accelerates the ionization of donors and neutralization of ions. The influence of the motion of neutral and ionized molecules on charge transfer kinetics is different. The Coulomb interaction of ions is taken into account; the effect depends on the space averaging method used. The new approximation in this article in comparison with references [3-6,9] consists in the space averaging procedure of the donor cation state probability, which takes into account the donors ground state.Received: 1 June 2004, Published online: 5 November 2004PACS: 78.20.Bh Theory, models, and numerical simulation - 71.90. + q Other topics in electronic structure     

(De)coupling limit of DGP

We investigate the decoupling limit in the DGP model of gravity by studying its non-linear equations of motion. We show that, unlike 4D massive gravity, the limiting theory does not reduce to a sigma model of a single scalar field: Non-linear mixing terms of the scalar with a tensor also survive. Because of these terms physics of DGP is different from that of the scalar sigma model. We show that the static spherically-symmetric solution of the scalar model found in [A. Nicolis, R. Rattazzi, JHEP 0406 (2004) 059, hep-th/0404159], is not a solution of the full set of non-linear equations. As a consequence of this, the interesting result on hidden superluminality uncovered recently in the scalar model in [A. Adams, N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dubovsky, A. Nicolis, R. Rattazzi, hep-th/0602178], is not applicable to the DGP model of gravity. While the sigma model violates positivity constraints imposed by analyticity and the Froissart bound, the latter cannot be applied here because of the long-range tensor interactions that survive in the decoupling limit. We discuss further the properties of the Schwarzschild solution that exhibits the gravitational mass-screening phenomenon.     

Quantum well states in thin (110)-oriented Au films and k-space symmetry

We study the one- and two-dimensional extended Hubbard model by means of the Composite Operator Method within the 2-pole approximation. The fermionic propagator is computed fully self-consistently as a function of temperature, filling and Coulomb interactions. The behaviors of the chemical potential (global indicator) and of the double occupancy and nearest-neighbor density-density correlator (local indicators) are analyzed in detail as primary sources of information regarding the instability of the paramagnetic (metal and insulator) phase towards charge ordering driven by the intersite Coulomb interaction. Very rich phase diagrams (multiple first and second order phase transitions, critical points, reentrant behavior) have been found and discussed with respect to both metal-insulator and charge ordering transitions: the connections with the experimental findings relative to some manganese compounds are analyzed. Moreover, the possibility of improving the capability of describing cuprates with respect to the simple Hubbard model is discussed through the analysis of the Fermi surface and density of states features. We also report about the specific heat behavior in presence of the intersite interaction and the appearance of crossing points.Received: 2 July 2004, Published online: 12 October 2004PACS: 71.10.-w Theories and models of many-electron systems - 71.10.Fd Lattice fermion models (Hubbard model, etc.) - 71.27. + a Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions     

Renormalized parameters for impurity models

We show that the low energy behaviour of quite diverse impurity systems can be described by a single renormalized Anderson model, with three parameters, an effective level , an effective hybridization , and a quasiparticle interaction . The renormalized parameters are calculated as a function of the bare parameters for a number of impurity models, including those with coupling to phonons and a Falikov-Kimball interaction term. In the model with a coupling to phonons we determine where the interaction of the quasiparticles changes sign as a function of the electron-phonon coupling. In the model with a Falikov-Kimball interaction we show that to a good approximation the low energy behaviour corresponds to that of a bare Anderson model with a shifted impurity level.Received: 2 July 2004, Published online: 12 August 2004PACS: 75.20.Hr Local moment in compounds and alloys; Kondo effect, valence fluctuations, heavy fermions - 71.10.-w Theories and models of many-electron systems - 71.27. + a Strongly correlated electron systems; heavy fermions     

Particlization in hybrid models

In hybrid models, which combine hydrodynamical and transport approaches to describe different stages of heavy-ion collisions, conversion of fluid to individual particles, particlization, is a non-trivial technical problem. We describe in detail how to find the particlization hypersurface in a 3+1 dimensional model, and how to sample the particle distributions evaluated using the Cooper-Frye procedure to create an ensemble of particles as an initial state for the transport stage. We also discuss the role and magnitude of the negative contributions in the Cooper-Frye procedure.     

具有加权顾前势的交通流模型

交通流随机行为的研究对于理解交通系统的内在演化规律具有重要作用. 基于元胞自动机模型和顾前势模型, 提出了一种考虑加权顾前势的交通流模型. 通过引入顾前势加权系数及对越靠近自身车辆的相互作用势赋予越大的权重, 使得建模过程更符合实际交通中司机根据前面车辆和环境情况进行随机决策的过程. 通过数值模拟, 再现了丰富的高密度交通行为. 仿真结果表明, 加权系数在高密度情况下作用明显, 更有利于在保持较高交通密度的同时, 具有较高的交通流量和道路通行能力. 关键词： 交通流 顾前势 随机模型 加权     

Equilibrium states and ergodic properties of infinite systems

We discuss the ergodic theoretic structure of infinite classical systems and present results on the ergodic properties of some simple model systems, e.g., ideal gas, Lorentz gas, Harmonic crystal. (The ergodic properties of the latter system are shown to be related in a simple way to the spectrum of the force matrix; when the spectrum is absolutely continuous, as in the translation-invariant crystal, the flow is Bernoulli.) We argue that ergodic properties, suitably refined by the inclusion of space translations, and other structure, are important for an understanding of nonequilibrium properties of macroscopic systems [1–5]. Possible additional structures include requirements of stability for the stationary state. We shall present results on the classical analog of the work by Haag, Kastler, and Trych-Pohlmeyer [6], Araki [7], and others [8]. The existence of a time evolution and equilibrium states for various anharmonic crystal systems will also be discussed [9].Supported in part by AFOSR Grant No. 73-2430B.     

Integrable Structure of Conformal Field Theory II. Q-operator and DDV equation

This paper is a direct continuation of [1] where we began the study of the integrable structures in Conformal Field Theory. We show here how to construct the operators ${\bf Q}_{\pm}(\lambda)$ which act in the highest weight Virasoro module and commute for different values of the parameter λ. These operators appear to be the CFT analogs of the Q - matrix of Baxter [2], in particular they satisfy Baxter's famous T- Q equation. We also show that under natural assumptions about analytic properties of the operators as the functions of λ the Baxter's relation allows one to derive the nonlinear integral equations of Destri-de Vega (DDV) [3] for the eigenvalues of the Q-operators. We then use the DDV equation to obtain the asymptotic expansions of the Q - operators at large λ; it is remarkable that unlike the expansions of the T operators of [1], the asymptotic series for Q(λ) contains the “dual” nonlocal Integrals of Motion along with the local ones. We also discuss an intriguing relation between the vacuum eigenvalues of the Q - operators and the stationary transport properties in the boundary sine-Gordon model. On this basis we propose a number of new exact results about finite voltage charge transport through the point contact in the quantum Hall system. Received: 2 December 1996 / Accepted: 11 March 1997     

Monte Carlo methods for yrast spectroscopy

We discuss the details of the recently proposed Monte Carlo method to evaluate the exact energies of yrast levels. Energy levels are evaluated up to J = 18 with small statistical errors using the Metropolis method for the case of ¹⁶⁶Er using the pairing plus quadrupole model within one major shell. We also discuss the evaluation of the probabilities of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov wave functions in the corresponding yrast eigenstates and they are found to be large. The model displays a too strong backbending behaviour not seen experimentally.Received: 29 September 2003, Published online: 24 August 2004PACS: 21.60.-n Nuclear-structure models and methods - 02.70.Ss Quantum Monte Carlo methods - 21.60.Ka Monte Carlo models - 21.10.Re Collective levels     

On the controversy around Daganzo’s requiem for and Aw-Rascle’s resurrection of second-order traffic flow models

Daganzo’s criticisms of second-order fluid approximations of traffic flow [C. Daganzo, Transpn. Res. B. 29, 277 (1995)] and Aw and Rascle’s proposal how to overcome them [A. Aw, M. Rascle, SIAM J. Appl. Math. 60, 916 (2000)] have stimulated an intensive scientific activity in the field of traffic modeling. Here, we will revisit their arguments and the interpretations behind them. We will start by analyzing the linear stability of traffic models, which is a widely established approach to study the ability of traffic models to describe emergent traffic jams. Besides deriving a collection of useful formulas for stability analyses, the main attention is put on the characteristic speeds, which are related to the group velocities of the linearized model equations. Most macroscopic traffic models with a dynamic velocity equation appear to predict two characteristic speeds, one of which is faster than the average velocity. This has been claimed to constitute a theoretical inconsistency. We will carefully discuss arguments for and against this view. In particular, we will shed some new light on the problem by comparing Payne’s macroscopic traffic model with the Aw-Rascle model and macroscopic with microscopic traffic models.