循环化学发光快速区分醇类化合物

以纳米氧化镁为催化剂构建了循环化学发光(Cyclic chemiluminescence,CCL)系统,以醇类化合物为研究对象,研究了反应物浓度、反应温度和检测波长对CCL分析的影响.结果表明,CCL检测信号满足一级指数衰减规律,每个反应均对应一个描述其信号变化规律的指数方程,其初变量A与反应物浓度呈线性关系,衰减系数k是与反应物浓度无关的特征常数.以异丁醇为例,其A值与浓度在0.89~14.24 mg/L之间呈良好的线性关系,线性范围内的k值平均值为32.0,RSD=2.2%,可根据k值进行定性分析,根据A值进行定量分析.采用此系统分析了8种醇类化合物,发现其k值存在显著差异,如正丁醇、异丁醇、叔丁醇的k值分别为27.2±0.2、32.0±0.8及19.5±0.1,据此提出了一种快速区分醇类同系物及结构异构体的新方法.     

鲁米诺的合成与振荡化学发光

鲁米诺的合成与化学发光是一个极具展示度的基础化学实验。近年来,国内部分高校陆续开设了这一实验,引起不错的反响。为进一步丰富和提升该实验的科学理论内涵,我们进行了如下改进：1)在合成部分引入机械搅拌、硫粉还原和微波合成,实现安全、快速、高效制备高纯度鲁米诺的目的;2)在单次化学发光的基础上,特别引入宛如星辰闪烁般的振荡化学发光反应(鲁米诺/H2O2/SCN-/Cu2+/OH-振荡体系),该反应涉及非平衡态热力学和非线性化学等重要概念与基础理论知识,激发学生的求知欲;3)设计并搭建了可与荧光光谱仪配套使用的简易微型磁力搅拌加热装置,实现了对振荡化学发光的光强和振荡周期等数据的实时定量监测,使学生可以自行设计对比实验,探究影响振荡反应过程的因素,并总结振荡反应规律。该实验涵盖了多学科的重要知识点,兼具科学性与趣味性,对培养学生的探索精神和创新意识具有重要意义。     

鲁米诺-二甲亚砜-氢氧化钠体系化学发光机理的理论研究

用密度泛函理论(DFT) B3PW91/6-31G**方法研究了鲁米诺-二甲亚砜-氢氧化钠化学发光反应体系中反应物、中间体和产物的分子结构和振动频率, 用B3PW91/6-311＋G(3df,2p)方法获得反应能量以及用时间相关(Time Dependent, TD)的B3PW91/6-311＋G(3df, 2p)方法进行电子激发能态分析. 研究结果支持了下列化学发光反应通道: LH₂(¹A)＋OH^－ →LH₂•OH^－(¹A)→LH^－(¹A)→L^·－(²A)→TS₁(³A)→LO₂^2－(³A)→TS₂(³A)→AP^2－*(?³A)→AP^2－(X³A)＋hν, 最后即AP^2－*回到基态发光; 或AP^2－*(?³A)→AP^2－*(?¹A)→AP^2－(a¹A)＋hν, 即激发态势能面交叉后的单重态跃迁发光. 它们在可见光区域主要有400～460和500～530 nm的强吸收谱带, 与实验结果符合. 研究还表明, 质子化的鲁米诺能量将大幅度降低, 说明酸性溶液导致鲁米诺的反应活性降低, 从理论上解释了鲁米诺化学发光体系的溶液须呈碱性, pH值影响发光反应的实验事实.     

10-甲基吖啶苯酚酯衍生物的合成、表征及化学发光特性

吖啶-9-羧酸苯酚酯是一类效率较高的化学发光试剂.其结构一般有两部分组成,吖啶环发光部分和9-羧酸苯酚酯离去基团.本文对离去基团进行修饰,分别在离去基团苯酚部分的2,5或2,6位引入取代基CF₃、NO₂、Br、CH₃,合成了4个新吖啶酯衍生物,并对它们的分子结构进行了表征.4个新化合物和模型化合物(无取代基)比较,均表现出较好的化学发光效率;发光动力学基本符合文献报道规律.而且化学发光法对其水解稳定性考察显示,取代基的电性和位阻是影响稳定性的两大因素.     

偶合反应化学发光法测定痕量银的研究

本文报道了Ａｇ（Ⅰ）催化ｏ－ｐｈｅｎ和Ｋ４Ｆｅ（ＣＮ）６的配位体取代反应与Ｌｕｍｉｎｏｌ－Ｃｕ（ＣＮ）２－４的化学发光反应偶合测定痕量银的方法．方法的线性浓度范围为１×１０－１１～１×１０－７ｇ／ｍＬＡｇ，检出限为４×１０－１２ｇ／ｍＬＡｇ，用于水样分析，结果较为满意     

鲁米诺-高碘酸钾-抗坏血酸体系化学发光反应的研究与应用

基于抗坏血酸在碱性条件下与高磺酸钾和鲁米诺反应产有强的化学发光,建立了流动注射化学发光测定抗坏血酸的新方法。在碱性条件下的氧化过程易产生过氧化物和超氧自由基,是产生化学发光的关键。该法校准曲线线性范围为６．０×１０＾－６－４．０×１０＾－２ｇ／Ｌ,检出限达８×１０＾－７ｇ／Ｌ,相对标准偏差小于４％,采样频率为１２０次／ｈ。     

还原剂与鲁米诺化学发光反应的研究（Ⅳ）──痕量铀的流动注射－化学发光测定

本文利用流动注射系统研究了由Ｊｏｎｅｓ柱产生的铀（Ⅲ）与鲁米诺之间的化学发光反应，建立了痕量铀的化学发光测定法。方法的检出限是３×１０￣（－１０）ｇ／ｍＬ铀。校准曲线的线性范围是１×１０￣（－９）～４×１０￣（－６）ｇ／ｍＬ铀，相对标准偏差为２％（测定２×１０￣（－９）ｇ／ｍＬ铀，ｎ＝１１）。对于反应机理进行了初步研究。     

嵌入电极反应循环伏安曲线的理论研究

嵌入电极反应的循环伏安图一般具有氧化峰和还原峰间距很大的特点,并且往往要求采用非常低的电位扫描速度。本研究基于嵌入电极反应的热力学方程和电荷传递动力学方程,对其循环伏安曲线进行了理论处理,讨论了嵌入电极反应热力学参数b,动力学参数D和k,电位扫描速度u,及电极和溶液电阻对循环伏安曲线的影响,解释了实验得到的嵌入电极反应循环伏安曲线的特殊性。     

草酸二芳基酯-过氧化氢化学发光体系的原理与应用

草酸二芳基酯-过氧化氢化学发光体系是一种原理简单、效果明显、趣味性强的化学发光体系。通过体系中的染料将反应的化学能转变为光能,广泛应用于发光玩具、紧急照明、搜寻救援等领域。根据所使用染料的不同,化学发光可以发出不同颜色的可见光以及肉眼不可见的红外光。本科普实验通过多种化学发光染料,介绍了化学发光的原理和红、绿、蓝、红外发光的波长范围,以及展示了利用红光、绿光、蓝光实现多种颜色发光的原理。本文设计了不同染料的混合发光、火山喷发模拟、自制化学发光荧光笔、粉笔彩色发光、自制荧光棒等多组化学发光科普实验和互动环节,寓教于乐,生动有趣。     

Molecular Basis of the Chemiluminescence Mechanism of Luminol

Light emission from luminol is probably one of the most popular chemiluminescence reactions due to its use in forensic science, and has recently displayed promising applications for the treatment of cancer in deep tissues. The mechanism is, however, very complex and distinct possibilities have been proposed. By efficiently combining DFT and CASPT2 methodologies, the chemiluminescence mechanism has been studied in three steps: 1) luminol oxygenation to generate the chemiluminophore, 2) a chemiexcitation step, and 3) generation of the light emitter. The findings demonstrate that the luminol double-deprotonated dianion activates molecular oxygen, diazaquinone is not formed, and the chemiluminophore is formed through the concerted addition of oxygen and concerted elimination of nitrogen. The peroxide bond, in comparison to other isoelectronic chemical functionalities (−NH−NH−, −N⁻−N⁻−, and −S−S−), is found to have the best chemiexcitation efficiency, which allows the oxygenation requirement to be rationalized and establishes general design principles for the chemiluminescence efficiency. Electron transfer from the aniline ring to the OO bond promotes the excitation process to create an excited state that is not the chemiluminescent species. To produce the light emitter, proton transfer between the amino and carbonyl groups must occur; this requires highly localized vibrational energy during chemiexcitation.     

奇妙的化学发光:鲁米诺检测血迹*

鲁米诺是一种重要的化学发光试剂。在法庭科学领域,技术人员用鲁米诺试剂检测案发现场是否存在血迹,该场景也经常出现在一些涉及犯罪现场勘查的影视作品中。通过介绍化学发光的发现历程,鲁米诺化学发光的机理,以及鲁米诺在血迹检测中的应用,将有关化学发光的理论和应用等内容引入化学教育教学领域,能够有效开阔学生的科学视野。     

CoHR--H2O2-鲁米诺化学发光体系与应用

研究了钛铁试剂（Ｈ２Ｒ２－）与Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）形成的配合物ＣｏＨＲ－,对Ｈ２Ｏ２氧化鲁米诺的增强作用,基于此建立了钴的化学发光分析新方法。新方法Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）的检出限为１．２９×１０９ｇ／Ｌ,工作曲线线性范围为５×１０８～１．０×１０５ｇ／Ｌ,检测１×１０７ｇ／ＬＣｏ（Ⅱ）离子的相对标准偏差为２．５％以内。直接用于制药厂废水中微量钴的测定,结果满意     

Trajectory surface hopping molecular dynamics on Chemiluminescence of cyclic peroxides

Chemiluminescence (CL) of peroxides is one of the most highly sensitive and most useful analytical techniques. Although the mechanisms of CL were studied experimentally and theoretically in the past decades, the chemiexcitation that a ground-state specie being excited from its electronic ground state to yield excited-state products by a chemical reaction is still not completely understood. Direct dynamics simulation on CL reaction which takes into account the full complexity of the relevant potential energy surface characterizes nonadiabatic processes involved in chemiexcitation and could provide access not only to the available reaction channels but also to statistical quantities such as reaction times and quantum yields. In the last decade, the trajectory surface hopping (TSH) molecular dynamics (MD) which is one of the mixed quantum-classical approaches is hence adopted to simulate the nonadiabatic process in CL of cyclic peroxides. In this article, the basic principle of TSH-MD and the successful applications on the CL reactions were shortly review.     

Flow—injection Chemiluminescence Sensor for the Determination of Gallic Acid by Immobilizing Luminol and Periodate on Anionexchange Resin

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Firefly Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence: Efficient Generation of Excited States

Firefly luciferase catalyzes a light‐emitting reaction in which an excited‐state product is formed. Both experimental and theoretical methodologies are used to study this system, and the reactions catalyzed by luciferase are relatively well characterized. However, the mechanism by which an excited‐state product is formed is still unknown. This Minireview deals with the current understanding of firefly bioluminescence and chemiluminescence. Thermal decomposition of simple 1,2‐dioxetanes is also discussed, due to their role in formation of the excited‐state bioluminophore.     

鲁米诺-铁氰化钾流动注射化学发光法测定红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇的含量

基于白藜芦醇对鲁米诺-铁氰化钾化学发光反应的增敏作用,对其最佳反应条件进行了系统试验,并结合流动注射,提出了测定红葡萄酒中白藜芦醇含量的流动注射化学发光法。在1×10^-3 mol·L^-1氢氧化钠溶液中,鲁米诺溶液及铁氰化钾溶液的最佳浓度依次为8×10-6,2×10^-5 mol·L^-1。在此条件下,白藜芦醇的线性范围为1.00×10-8~1.00×10^-6 mol·L^-1,检出限(3S/N)为3.0×10^-9 mol·L^-1。对4.00×10^-7 mol·L^-1白藜芦醇标准溶液进行精密度试验,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=11)为2.6%。分析实际样品时,将红葡萄酒样品减压抽滤除去不溶性颗粒,取滤液50mL,煮沸2min,除去挥发性芳香物质,冷却后离心5min,取上清液按仪器工作条件进行测定。按此方法在样品的基础上进行加标回收试验,测得回收率为95.9%~130%。     

Direct and Indirect Chemiluminescence: Reactions,Mechanisms and Challenges

Emission of light by matter can occur through a variety of mechanisms. When it results from an electronically excited state of a species produced by a chemical reaction, it is called chemiluminescence (CL). The phenomenon can take place both in natural and artificial chemical systems and it has been utilized in a variety of applications. In this review, we aim to revisit some of the latest CL applications based on direct and indirect production modes. The characteristics of the chemical reactions and the underpinning CL mechanisms are thoroughly discussed in view of studies from the very recent bibliography. Different methodologies aiming at higher CL efficiencies are summarized and presented in detail, including CL type and scaffolds used in each study. The CL role in the development of efficient therapeutic platforms is also discussed in relation to the Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) produced, as final products. Moreover, recent research results from our team are included regarding the behavior of commonly used photosensitizers upon chemical activation under CL conditions. The CL prospects in imaging, biomimetic organic and radical chemistry, and therapeutics are critically presented in respect to the persisting challenges and limitations of the existing strategies to date.     

Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Cationic Triangulene Dyes: Crucial Influence of the Core Heteroatoms

Trianguleniums are fascinating conjugated hexacyclic cations that exhibit interesting electronic and optical properties. Herein, the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) emission of this family of fluorescent dyes is reported for the first time. Redox behavior and fluorescence properties of eight cationic triangulene luminophores with different heteroatom patterns in the core structure and various pending substituents were examined to rationalize the ECL. Clearly, the more electron‐rich the carbocation, the more efficient the corresponding ECL; two very distinct classes of triangulenes can be drawn from these studies by using an ECL wall sufficiency formalism.