基于金纳米粒子的光学生物传感方法研究进展

光学生物传感是以产生各种光学信号为检测基础的一种微量分析技术,具有操作简便、检测成本低、抗干扰能力强及可实现原位检测等优点,在临床诊断、药物分析、环境监测等领域显示出广阔的应用前景.作为纳米材料重要成员之一的金纳米粒子(AuNPs),因其独特的光学性质被广泛用于光学生物传感方法的构建.该文综述了近年来基于金纳米粒子的光...     

铋基纳米颗粒用于生物传感和生物成像的研究进展

铋(Bismuth, Bi)作为一种生物相容性好且价格低廉的金属,被用于设计合成多种具有独特结构、组成和物理化学性质的纳米材料。铋基纳米颗粒具有高X射线衰减系数和近红外吸收、出色的光热转换效率和长循环半衰期等特性,在药物递送、光热和放射治疗、多模式成像、生物传感和组织工程等领域有广泛的应用前景。本文重点综述了铋基纳米颗粒在生物传感和生物成像中的应用进展,讨论了铋基纳米材料在上述领域面临的机遇和挑战。     

聚集诱导发光有机小分子无机纳米复合材料的研究进展

有机-无机复合荧光纳米材料制备简便,生物相容性好,成像性能优异,在化学和生物传感、生物成像、催化及能源材料等领域受到很多关注.传统的荧光有机小分子与无机材料复合时,常发生荧光猝灭,而聚集诱导发光(Aggregation-InducedEmission,AIE)有机小分子在聚集态具有高发光量子产率,为有机-无机复合荧光纳米材料的研究提供了机遇.由于AIE有机小分子功能化的无机纳米材料独特的优点,人们对其设计、合成及应用进行了较多研究.综述了AIE有机小分子和多种类型的无机纳米结构(金属纳米颗粒、钙钛矿材料、层状材料、氧化物、硫化物等)复合材料的制备和应用的新进展,特别是在化学和生物传感、生物成像、药物输运、光热治疗、催化以及能源等领域的应用,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

贵金属多孔纳米结构的模板法制备及生物检测应用

贵金属多孔纳米材料是一类非常重要的新型多功能纳米材料,其具有独特的空心内部、多孔的外壁以及可调的形貌等,表现出优异的光、电、催化等特性。调制贵金属多孔纳米材料的尺寸、形状、排列和空间取向等对促进其在拉曼光谱、生物传感等方面的应用至关重要。模板法是利用与目标产物的纳米尺度特征相匹配的预制结构来指导纳米材料的合成,可以制备出其他方法难以制备的新型多孔纳米结构材料。基于模板的多样性,能够便捷的调节多孔贵金属的孔径、尺寸和组分,充分的开发贵金属纳米结构的特性。本文着重介绍了贵金属多孔纳米材料的类型和调控这些纳米结构的各种模板方法,分析了各种制备方法的优势和不足,并简要综述了贵金属多孔纳米结构在生物检测方面的一些应用进展。     

基于新型纳米传感材料的DNA生物传感器的应用

DNA是构建纳米技术和生物传感技术新设备的良好构建体。DNA生物传感器由于具有灵敏度高、选择性好等特点,近年来获得了飞速发展。研究发现,金属纳米粒子(MNPs)、碳基纳米材料等一系列纳米材料在传感器设计中提高了电化学DNA传感器的传感性能。本文侧重介绍了场效应晶体管、石墨烯、碳纳米管等新型纳米传感材料,以及基于这些材料的DNA生物传感器的最新进展,最后展望了DNA生物传感器的应用前景。     

几种常见纳米材料构建的光学传感体系在生化分析中的应用

近年来生物传感新体系的出现,极大地推动了生物医学、分析、环境等研究领域的发展.由于纳米材料具有一些独特的理化性质,常作为载体材料、信号分子等被广泛应用于构建光学生物传感体系.主要介绍了基于金纳米粒子、石墨烯、碳纳米管、量子点、硅纳米粒子几种常见纳米材料构建的光学传感体系及其在生化分析中的应用.分析讨论了这些体系的原理和实际应用,并展望了其研究和应用前景.     

非对称纳米材料的性质及其应用

具有非对称结构的纳米材料显示出独特的物理和化学性质,在生物传感、靶向药物运载以及分子检测等生物医学领域具有良好的应用前景.本文就非对称纳米材料的性质及其应用方面的最新研究进展进行了综述.首先,我们从三个不同方面讨论了非对称纳米材料的性质及相关应用,即表面双亲性、催化特性和生物相容性;然后着重强调了非对称纳米材料在生物医学上的应用,如生物传感、靶向运载、基因疫苗以及杀菌剂;最后,我们对非对称纳米材料在制备技术的改进及其在食品安全领域的应用作出了展望.     

纳米材料生物效应及其毒理学研究进展

纳米科学与信息科学和生命科学并列, 已经成为21世纪的三大支柱科学领域. 由于纳米材料独特的物理化学性质, 纳米尺度及纳米结构的材料乃至器件, 已逐渐走出实验室, 进入人们的生活. 这些具有独特物理化学性质的纳米材料, 对人体健康以及环境将带来的潜在影响, 目前已经引起科学界, 乃至政府部门的广泛关注. 文中分析综述了几种纳米材料(纳米TiO₂、单壁碳纳米管、多壁碳纳米管及超细铁粉)目前已取得的部分生物效应及毒理学的研究结果, 包括纳米材料在生物体内的分布、作用的靶器官、纳米材料引起的细胞毒性、细胞凋亡等. 文中还评价了纳米颗粒的生物毒性. 纳米颗粒的尺寸越小, 显示出生物毒性的倾向越大; 尽管碳纳米管是由石墨层卷成的圆筒, 但是根据石墨的安全剂量来外推碳纳米管的安全剂量是不可行的, 碳纳米管的生物毒性远大于石墨粉; 表观分子量高达60万的水溶性纳米碳管, 在小鼠体内却显示出小分子的生理行为; 一种正在研究的磁性纳米颗粒在动物体内显示出迅速团聚、堵塞血管等现象. 纳米材料在生物体内呈现出的这些生理现象, 仅利用现有的知识尚无法解释. 最后还介绍了纳米物质生物效应(包括毒理学, 安全性)研究的部分实验方法; 展望了该新领域今后的发展方向和亟待研究的重要问题.     

纳米等离子体生物传感及成像

贵金属纳米材料具有显著的局域表面等离子体共振（LSPR）效应,可有效地将共振光子限域在金属表面.随着多种形貌贵金属纳米材料的可控合成及其功能化表面化学技术的日臻成熟,贵金属纳米材料已被广泛应用于生物标记、传感成像、分析分离及生物医学领域.从贵金属纳米等离子体材料的性质出发,综述局域表面等离子体共振材料在传感及细胞成像中的最新进展,并对基于局域表面等离子体共振材料的纳米光子学传感器未来发展前景做出展望.     

贵金属基纳米酶的研究进展

贵金属纳米材料在纳米尺度具有独特的光学、 电学性质及优异的催化性能, 是一类重要的功能纳米材料. 基于贵金属材料的纳米酶研究是贵金属纳米材料在生物医学领域的一个前沿研究方向. 贵金属基纳米酶具有特殊的光学性质、 较好的化学稳定性、 可调控的类酶活性及良好的生物相容性, 是目前纳米生物医学领域的热点研究材料. 本文总结了贵金属基纳米酶的活性种类、 活性机理、 活性调控以及在生物医学等领域的潜在应用.     

Nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biosensing

Fluorescence-based detection is the most common method utilized in biosensing because of its high sensitivity, simplicity, and diversity. In the era of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are starting to replace traditional organic dyes as detection labels because they offer superior optical properties, such as brighter fluorescence, wider selections of excitation and emission wavelengths, higher photostability, etc. Their size- or shape-controllable optical characteristics also facilitate the selection of diverse probes for higher assay throughput. Furthermore, the nanostructure can provide a solid support for sensing assays with multiple probe molecules attached to each nanostructure, simplifying assay design and increasing the labeling ratio for higher sensitivity. The current review summarizes the applications of nanomaterials—including quantum dots, metal nanoparticles, and silica nanoparticles—in biosensing using detection techniques such as fluorescence, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence lifetime measurement, and multiphoton microscopy. The advantages nanomaterials bring to the field of biosensing are discussed. The review also points out the importance of analytical separations in the preparation of nanomaterials with fine optical and physical properties for biosensing. In conclusion, nanotechnology provides a great opportunity to analytical chemists to develop better sensing strategies, but also relies on modern analytical techniques to pave its way to practical applications.

石墨碳纳米材料光学性质在生化传感领域的应用

石墨碳纳米材料因其特殊的光学性质而受到广泛关注。石墨碳纳米材料最引人注目的光学性质之一是其独特的拉曼性质,作为拉曼探针,石墨碳纳米材料在对于复杂生物样品,极端测试条件和定量拉曼检测方面都有很好的应用;除了拉曼性质以外,单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)独特的近红外二区(NIR-II,1000-1700 nm)荧光性质,具有穿透深度大、分辨率高的荧光成像特点,在生物活体成像领域也得到了很好的应用。除了光致发光特性,石墨碳纳米材料还具有优异的光热转换效应,同时具有比表面积大的特点,被广泛应用在针对肿瘤的热疗及其它疗法协同治疗当中。除此之外,石墨碳纳米材料还是一种高效的信号传导基底,可以猝灭激发态的染料和光敏剂,利用该类性质设计的生物传感器和纳米药物,显现出高灵敏、高选择性的特点。本文主要结合本课题组的工作,总结和探讨了石墨碳纳米材料作为光学探针、光热材料和信号传递基底在生化传感领域的应用。     

Nanomaterial-based functional scaffolds for amperometric sensing of bioanalytes

Functional nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates in the development of an amperometric sensing platform for the detection and quantification of bioanalytes. The remarkable characteristics of nanomaterials based on metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene ensure enhanced performance of the sensors in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, detection limit, response time, and multiplexing capability. The electrocatalytic properties of these functional materials can be combined with the biocatalytic activity of redox enzymes to develop integrated biosensing platforms. Highly sensitive and stable miniaturized amperometric sensors have been developed by integrating the nanomaterials and biocatalyst with the transducers. This review provides an update on recent progress in the development of amperometric sensors/biosensors using functional nanomaterials for the sensing of clinically important metabolites such as glucose, cholesterol, lactate, and glutamate, immunosensing of cancer biomarkers, and genosensing.     

Functional Carbon Quantum Dots: A Versatile Platform for Chemosensing and Biosensing

Carbon quantum dot has emerged as a new promising fluorescent nanomaterial due to its excellent optical properties, outstanding biocompatibility and accessible fabrication methods, and has shown huge application perspective in a variety of areas, especially in chemosensing and biosensing applications. In this personal account, we give a brief overview of carbon quantum dots from its origin and preparation methods, present some advance on fluorescence origin of carbon quantum dots, and focus on development of chemosensors and biosensors based on functional carbon quantum dots. Comprehensive advances on functional carbon quantum dots as a versatile platform for sensing from our group are included and summarized as well as some typical examples from the other groups. The biosensing applications of functional carbon quantum dots are highlighted from selective assays of enzyme activity to fluorescent identification of cancer cells and bacteria.     

Active cellular sensing with quantum dots: Transitioning from research tool to reality; a review

The application of luminescent semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) within a wide range of biological imaging and sensing formats is now approaching its 15th year. The unique photophysical properties of these nanomaterials have long been envisioned as having the potential to revolutionize biosensing within cellular studies that rely on fluorescence. However, it is only now that these materials are making the transition towards accomplishing this goal. With the idea of understanding how to actively incorporate QDs into different types of cellular biosensing, we review the progress in many of the areas relevant to achieving this goal. This includes the synthesis of the QDs themselves, with an emphasis on minimizing potential toxicity, along with the general methods for making these nanocrystalline structures stable in aqueous media. We next survey some methods for conjugating QDs to biomolecules to allow them to participate in active biosensing. Lastly, we extensively review many of the applications where QDs have been demonstrated in an active role in cellular biosensing. These formats cover a wide range of possibilities including where the QDs have contributed to: monitoring the cell's interaction with its extracellular environment; elucidating the complex molecular interplay that characterizes the plasma membrane; understanding how cells continuously endocytose and exocytose materials across the cellular membrane; visualizing organelle trafficking; and, perhaps most importantly, monitoring the intracellular presence of target molecules such as nucleic acids, nutrients, cofactors, and ions or, alternatively, intracellular responses to external changes in the environment. We illustrate these processes with examples from the recent literature and focus on what QDs can uniquely contribute along with discussing the benefits and liabilities of each sensing strategy. A perspective on where this field is expected to develop in both the near and long-term is also provided.     

手性纳米材料: 生物成像、 生物传感与治疗

手性无机纳米结构不仅形貌和结构可调控、 易于表面功能化修饰, 而且光学性质独特, 在生物领域的应用上展现了很大的优异性. 本文综述了近年来手性纳米技术在生物医学领域的研究进展, 重点介绍了手性金属和手性半导体纳米结构的合成策略、 圆二色效应、 光手性机制及在生物成像、 生物传感、 肿瘤以及神经退行性疾病等医学领域的应用. 手性纳米材料的研究丰富了生物化学的纳米技术手段, 促进了肿瘤等重大疾病诊断与治疗技术的进步, 推动了手性在生命科学中的发展, 鼓励了研究者对这一新兴领域的持续探索与挑战.     

Physics and engineering of peptide supramolecular nanostructures

The emerging "bottom-up" nanotechnology reveals a new field of bioinspired nanomaterials composed of chemically synthesized biomolecules. They are formed from elementary constituents in supramolecular structures by the use of a developed nature self-assembly mechanism. The focus of this perspective paper is on intrinsic fundamental physical properties of bioinspired peptide nanostructures and their small building units linked by weak noncovalent bonds. The observed exceptional optical properties indicate a phenomenon of quantum confinement in these supramolecular structures, which originates from nanoscale size of their elementary building blocks. The dimensionality of the confinement gives insight into intrinsic packing of peptide supramolecular nanomaterials. QC regions, revealed in bioinspired nanostructures, were found by us in amyloid fibrils formed from insulin protein. We describe ferroelectric and related properties found at the nanoscale based on original crystalline asymmetry of the nanoscale building blocks, packing these structures. In this context, we reveal a classic solid state physics phenomenon such as reconstructive phase transition observed in bioorganic peptide nanotubes. This irreversible phase transformation leads to drastic reshaping of their quantum structure from quantum dots to quantum wells, which is followed by variation of their space group symmetry from asymmetric to symmetric. We show that the supramolecular origin of these bioinspired nanomaterials provides them a unique chance to be disassembled into elementary building block peptide nanodots of 1-2 nm size possessing unique electronic, optical and ferroelectric properties. These multifunctional nanounits could lead to a new future step in nanotechnology and nanoscale advanced devices in the fields of nanophotonics, nanobiomedicine, nanobiopiezotronics, etc.     

Sensitive biosensing strategy based on functional nanomaterials

The first decade of the 21st century has been labeled as the sensing decade. The functional nanomaterials offer excellent platforms for fabrication of sensitive biosensing devices, including optical and electronic biosensors. A lot of works have fo- cused on the biofunctionalization of different nanomaterials, such as metal nanoparticles, semiconductor nanoparticles and carbon nanostructures, by physical adsorption, electrostatic binding, specific recognition or covalent coupling. These biofunc- tionalized ...     

Carbon nanotubes and graphene in analytical sciences

Nanosized carbon materials are offering great opportunities in various areas of nanotechnology. Carbon nanotubes and graphene, due to their unique mechanical, electronic, chemical, optical and electrochemical properties, represent the most interesting building blocks in various applications where analytical chemistry is of special importance. The possibility of conjugating carbon nanomaterials with biomolecules has received particular attention with respect to the design of chemical sensors and biosensors. This review describes the trends in this field as reported in the last 6?years in (bio)analytical chemistry in general, and in biosensing in particular.

Gold nanoparticle probes for the detection of mercury, lead and copper ions

Monitoring the levels of potentially toxic metal (PTM) ions (e.g., Hg(2+), Pb(2+), Cu(2+)) in aquatic ecosystems is important because these ions can have severe effects on human health and the environment. Gold (Au) nanomaterials are attractive sensing materials because of their unique size- and shape-dependent optical properties. This review focuses on optical assays for Hg(2+), Pb(2+), and Cu(2+) ions using functionalized Au nanomaterials. The syntheses of functionalized Au nanomaterials are discussed. We briefly review sensing approaches based on changes in absorbance resulting from metal ion-induced aggregation of Au nanoparticles (NPs) or direct deposition of metal ions onto Au NPs. The super-quenching properties of Au NPs allow them to be employed in 'turn on' and 'turn off' fluorescence approaches for the sensitive and selective detection of Hg(2+), Pb(2+), and Cu(2+) ions. We highlight approaches based on fluorescence quenching through analyte-induced aggregation or the formation of metallophilic complexes of Au nanodots (NDs). We discuss the roles of several factors affecting the selectivity and sensitivity of the nanosensors toward the analytes: the size of the Au nanomaterial, the length and sequence of the DNA or the nature of the thiol, the surface density of the recognition ligand, and the ionic strength and pH of the buffer solution. In addition, we emphasize the potential of using new nanomaterials (e.g., fluorescent silver nanoclusters) for the detection of PTM ions.