共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 171 毫秒
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2022年诺贝尔化学奖授予点击化学以及生物正交化学领域的三位科学家,显示了点击化学在当代合成领域的重要地位.点击化学本质是一类连接反应,旨在通过将不同单元分子高效地拼接在一起,最终得到具有特定结构与功能的分子.在传统有机化学中,碳碳键的合成通常具有较大难度,因为它们涉及较低的化学驱动力和较多的副反应.点击化学强调开发基于碳杂原子键的新型组合化学反应,并通过这些反应简单有效地获得多样性分子.点击化学的发展将科学家们从复杂、专业性强的有机合成中解放出来,使他们可以专注于分子功能的开发,一定程度拓宽了合成化学的应用范围.基于点击化学的优越性能,其在聚合物合成以及生物医学等领域表现出了非常广泛的应用前景.本文简要概述了几种涉及不同底物和催化剂类型的典型点击反应,并尝试解释这一领域背后的发展逻辑.此外,阐述了点击化学在现代科学,尤其是聚合物合成和生命科学等领域的应用,及其目前存在的局限性和未来可能的发展方向.点击反应的主要特征包括产率高、选择性好、副产物无害且易分离、反应条件简单、原料易得、符合原子经济性和应用范围广等.典型的点击化学包括亲核开环反应、环加成反应、保护基反应、碳碳多键加成反应和施... 相似文献
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高分子合成是高分子学科的基础,合理选择有机反应制备新型聚合物是高分子合成方法学的重要研究内容.最近,利用多组分反应合成高分子引起了人们的广泛关注,成为高分子合成中充满活力的新领域.在研究多组分反应的过程中,人们发现了多组分反应与点击反应存在交集,并提出了多组分点击化学的概念,即某些高效、原子经济、环境友好的多组分反应也可视为点击反应.本文将系统介绍多组分点击反应的特点、以多组分点击反应为基础的聚合物合成方法、通过多组分点击反应得到的功能聚合物及其应用等,归纳总结这一新兴领域的初步结果,并对其未来发展提出一些拙见. 相似文献
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近年来,点击化学以其应用范围广、反应条件简单、速度快,产率高、环境友好、选择性强等诸多优点受到科学家的青睐,点击化学的概念对有机合成领域有很大的贡献,在药物开发和生物医用材料等诸多领域中,它已经成为目前最为有用和吸引人的合成理念之一.而巯基-烯/炔点击化学是近年来发展衍生出来的一类新型的点击化学,它以光引发自由基反应为催化介质,充分将光引发过程的优点和传统的点击反应的特点相结合,在特定的区域和官能团间反应,具有高度的选择性,成为合成材料的又一重要途径.本文着重就巯基-烯/炔点击化学在制备功能性聚合物微球、两亲性的嵌段聚合物、分子器件材料、高度支化聚合物等领域及化学修饰与改性方面进行了评述,并对点击化学在新领域中的应用及其发展方向进行了展望. 相似文献
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连接子化学已经成为聚合物合成的有效途径.本文介绍了作者课题组运用连接子化学合成多种特定结构功能聚合物的研究进展,主要包括运用缩合反应、开环反应、点击化学实现连接子反应,以及可逆的连接子的设计和构筑.最后展望了连接子化学在聚合物合成领域的发展方向. 相似文献
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环状聚合物具有不同于线性高分子的独特性质,是一类具有应用前景的新型聚合物材料,但复杂的结构导致其合成过程复杂繁琐."点击"化学由于其高效、可靠、高选择性的特点已成为拓扑高分子合成的新方法,活性自由基聚合(ATRP、RAFT和NMP)具有聚合物结构可控等特点,二者联用为环状聚合物的合成拓宽了思路.本文就近几年"点击"反应、"点击"反应与活性自由基聚合联用以及其他方法联用在环状聚合物中的应用进行综述."点击"反应与这些方法的结合将在功能性环状聚合物的设计与合成中发挥积极的作用. 相似文献
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点击化学具有反应条件温和、产率高、速率快、产物容易分离以及高度选择性等优点,成为国内外研究的热点之一。硫醇-烯/炔光化学反应作为新型高效的点击反应近年来备受关注,通过这种方法制备高性能及功能性聚合物材料也是新材料领域的前沿研究内容。本文综述了近年来硫醇-烯/炔点击化学在功能聚合物材料合成中的研究成果,详细介绍了硫醇-烯/炔点击化学的特点、优势及其反应机理,重点归纳了利用硫醇-烯/炔点击化学合成线型、超支化、交联等分子结构的功能聚合物材料的研究进展,并对由这种方法合成功能聚合物的单体特点、反应路线及产物应用进行了阐述,最后对硫醇-烯/炔点击化学的进一步应用前景做了展望。 相似文献
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《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2018,56(1):75-84
1H NMR and SEC analyses are used to investigate the overall efficiency of Copper Catalyzed Azide Alkyne Cycloaddition (CuAAC) “click” coupling reactions between alkyne‐ and azide‐terminated polymers using polystyrene as a model. Quantitative convolution modeling of the entire molecular weight distribution is applied to characterize the outcomes of the functional polymer synthesis reactions (i.e., by atom transfer radical polymerization), as well as the CuAAC coupling reaction. Incomplete functionality of the azide‐terminated polystyrene (∼92%) proves to be the largest factor compromising the efficacy of the CuAAC coupling reaction and is attributed primarily to the loss of terminal bromide functionality during its synthesis. The efficiency of the SN2 reaction converting bromide to azide was found to be about 99%. After taking into account the influence of non‐functional polymer, we find that, under the reaction conditions used, the efficiency of the CuAAC coupling reaction determined from both techniques is about 94%. These inefficiencies compromise the fidelity and potential utility of CuAAC coupling reactions for the synthesis of hierarchically structured polymers. While CuAAC efficiency is expected to depend on the specific reaction conditions used, the framework described for determining reaction efficiency does provide a means for ultimately optimizing the reaction conditions for CuAAC coupling reactions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018 , 56, 75–84 相似文献
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This review highlights the most recent advances in click chemistry associated with DNA.Cu[I]-catalyzed azides-alkynes Huisgen cycloadditions(CuAAC)and a strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition(SPAAC)are two popular click reactions that have great impact in DNA science.The simplicity,versatility,orthogonality,and high efficiency of click reaction along with a stable triazole product have been instrumental for the successful application of this reaction in the field of nucleic acid chemistry.CuAAC and SPAAC reactions have been widely used for DNA modification,including DNA labeling,metallization,conjugation,cross-linking,and ligation.Modified oligodeoxynucleotides obtained from click reaction have been extensively applied in the fields of drug discovery,nanotechnology,bio-conjugation,and material sciences,among others.The most recent advances in the synthesis and applications of clickable DNAs are discussed in detail in this article. 相似文献
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Cyclic polymers have attracted more and more attentions in recent years because of their unique topological structures and characteristic properties in both solution and bulk state. There are relatively few reports on cyclic polymers, partly because of the more demanding synthetic procedures. In recent years, “click” reaction, especially Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), has been widely utilized in the synthesis of cyclic polymer materials because of its high efficiency and low susceptibility to side reactions. In this review, we will focus on three aspects: (1) Constructions of monocyclic polymer using CuAAC “click” chemistry; (2) Formation of complex cyclic polymer topologies through CuAAC reactions; (3) Using CuAAC “click” reaction in the precise synthesis of molecularly defined macrocycles. We believe that the CuAAC click reaction is playing an important role in the design and synthesis of functional cyclic polymers. 相似文献
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Suresh Lingala Lars Ulrik Nordstrøm Prabodhika R. Mallikaratchy 《Tetrahedron letters》2019,60(3):211-213
The use of CuAAC chemistry to crosslink and stabilize oligonucleotides has been limited by the incompatibility of azides with the phosphoramidites used in automated oligonucleotide synthesis. Herein we report optimized reaction conditions to synthesize azide derivatives of thymidine and cytidine phosphoramidites. Investigation of the stability of the novel phosphoramidites using 31P NMR at room temperature showed less than 10% degradation after 6?h. The azide modified thymidine was successfully utilized as an internal modifier in the standard phosphoramidite synthesis of a DNA sequence. The synthesized azide and alkyne derivatives of pyrimidines will allow efficient incorporation of azide and alkyne click pairs into nucleic acids, thus widening the applicability of click chemistry in investigating the chemistry of nucleic acids. 相似文献
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Dr. Zheng-Guang Wu Xiang-Ji Liao Li Yuan Prof. Yi Wang Prof. You-Xuan Zheng Prof. Jing-Lin Zuo Prof. Yi Pan 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,26(25):5694-5700
Click chemistry focuses on the development of highly selective reactions using simple precursors for the exquisite synthesis of molecules. Undisputedly, the CuI-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is one of the most valuable examples of click chemistry, but it suffers from some limitations as it requires additional reducing agents and ligands as well as cytotoxic copper. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy for the azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction that involves a photoredox electron-transfer radical mechanism instead of the traditional metal-catalyzed coordination process. This newly developed photocatalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction can be performed under mild conditions at room temperature in the presence of air and visible light and shows good functional group tolerance, excellent atom economy, high yields of up to 99 %, and absolute regioselectivity, affording a variety of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives, including bioactive molecules and pharmaceuticals. The use of a recyclable photocatalyst, solar energy, and water as solvent makes this photocatalytic system sustainable and environmentally friendly. Moreover, the azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction could be photocatalyzed in the presence of a metal-free catalyst with excellent regioselectivity, which represents an important development for click chemistry and should find versatile applications in organic synthesis, chemical biology, and materials science. 相似文献
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The article herein briefly introduces the story of the birth of click chemistry and its evolution after that. A new angle to interpret click reactions was proposed using the “reactivity‐availability‐functionality” trilogy. CuAAC (Copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition), the most popular click reaction by far, was revisited along with the thiol‐ene, metal‐free AAC, SuFEx (Sulfur(VI) fluoride exchange) and the lately discovered diazotransfer process. By encountering more and more near‐perfect reactions, click chemistry is evolving and expanding on the fringe of the chemistry and different scientific disciplines, destination unknown. 相似文献
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Hatice Busra Tinmaz Irem Arslan Mehmet Atilla Tasdelen 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2015,53(14):1687-1695
Well‐defined star polymers consisting of tri‐, tetra‐, or octa‐arms have been prepared via coupling‐onto strategy using photoinduced copper(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition click reaction. An azide end‐functionalized polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate), and an alkyne end‐functionalized poly(ε‐caprolactone) as the integrating arms of the star polymers are prepared by the combination of controlled polymerization and nucleophilic substitution reactions; whereas, multifunctional cores containing either azide or alkyne functionalities were synthesized in quantitatively via etherification and ring‐opening reactions. By using photoinduced copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction, reactive linear polymers are simply attached onto multifunctional cores to form corresponding star polymers via coupling‐onto methodology. The chromatographic, spectroscopic, and thermal analyses have clearly demonstrated that successful star formations can be obtained via photoinduced CuAAC click reaction. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015 , 53, 1687–1695 相似文献
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Iridium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Azide–Alkyne Cycloaddition of Internal Thioalkynes under Mild Conditions
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Shengtao Ding Prof. Guochen Jia Prof. Jianwei Sun 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(7):1877-1880
An iridium‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction (IrAAC) of electron‐rich internal alkynes is described. It is the first efficient intermolecular AAC of internal thioalkynes. The reaction exhibits remarkable features, such as high efficiency and regioselectivity, mild reaction conditions, easy operation, and excellent compatibility with air and a broad spectrum of organic and aqueous solvents. It complements the well‐known CuAAC and RuAAC click reactions. 相似文献
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An Organocatalytic Azide–Aldehyde [3+2] Cycloaddition: High‐Yielding Regioselective Synthesis of 1,4‐Disubstituted 1,2,3‐Triazoles
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Prof. Dr. Dhevalapally B. Ramachary Adluri B. Shashank S. Karthik 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2014,53(39):10420-10424
An organocatalytic azide–aldehyde [3+2] cycloaddition (organo‐click) reaction of a variety of enolizable aldehydes is reported. The organo‐click reaction is characterized by a high rate and regioselectivity, mild reaction conditions, easily available substrates with simple operation, and excellent yields with a broad spectrum of substrates. It constitutes an alternative to the previously known CuAAC, RuAAC, and IrAAC click reactions. 相似文献
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Lei Zhu Christopher J. Brassard Xiaoguang Zhang Pampa M. Guha Ronald J. Clark 《Chemical record (New York, N.Y.)》2016,16(3):1501-1517
The copper(I)‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction regiospecifically produces 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazole molecules. This heterocycle formation chemistry has high tolerance to reaction conditions and substrate structures. Therefore, it has been practiced not only within, but also far beyond the area of heterocyclic chemistry. Herein, the mechanistic understanding of CuAAC is summarized, with a particular emphasis on the significance of copper/azide interactions. Our analysis concludes that the formation of the azide/copper(I) acetylide complex in the early stage of the reaction dictates the reaction rate. The subsequent triazole ring‐formation step is fast and consequently possibly kinetically invisible. Therefore, structures of substrates and copper catalysts, as well as other reaction variables that are conducive to the formation of the copper/alkyne/azide ternary complex predisposed for cycloaddition would result in highly efficient CuAAC reactions. Specifically, terminal alkynes with relatively low pKa values and an inclination to engage in π‐backbonding with copper(I), azides with ancillary copper‐binding ligands (aka chelating azides), and copper catalysts that resist aggregation, balance redox activity with Lewis acidity, and allow for dinuclear cooperative catalysis are favored in CuAAC reactions. Brief discussions on the mechanistic aspects of internal alkyne‐involved CuAAC reactions are also included, based on the relatively limited data that are available at this point. 相似文献