离子交换法制备LiCexEu1-xTiO4及其结构与电化学性能

选用六水合硝酸铈作为Ce源,利用溶胶凝胶结合离子交换法,成功合成了LiCe_xEu_(1-x)TiO_4,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、循环伏安(CV)和充放电循环测试等方法对LiCe_x Eu_(1-x)TiO_4的结构、形貌和电化学性能方面做了系统地表征。研究结果表明,与未掺杂的LiEuTiO_4相比,在晶格中引入Ce~(3+)能显著改善材料的动力学性能,这可能与Ce-Eu-Ti协同效应有关。这种协同效应表现为晶格参数的复杂变化导致Ti和Ce处于混合价态。其中LiEu_(0.995)Ce_(0.005)TiO_4的电化学性能最好。     

鳞状CoMn_2O_4/石墨烯复合材料的制备及在超级电容器中的应用

通过简单的共沉淀反应和热处理过程在还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)表面生长鳞状锰酸钴(CoMn_2O_4)纳米片,得到了CoMn_2O_4/rGO复合材料.通过场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对样品的结构和组成进行了表征.电化学性能测试结果表明,CoMn_2O_4/rGO具有较好的储能性能和优良的循环稳定性.当电流密度为2 A/g时,CoMn_2O_4/rGO的比电容可达1000.8 F/g.经过1000周充放电循环后比电容保持率为93.6%.     

α-MnO_2纳米管自组装微球的可控制备及电化学性能

以KMnO_4、HCl为反应物,H_2SO_4、NH_4Cl为助剂,利用水热法成功合成了α-MnO_2纳米管自组装微球。并采用X射线晶体衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)以及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)表征手段对产物进行了形貌和结构表征,发现H~+与Cl-离子浓度对产物的晶型有很大影响:单一增加H+或Cl-离子浓度可以使纳米管管径减小、长度增加;同时增加两种离子浓度则产物从α相转化为β相;NH4+可以起到维持产物晶型(α相)以及管状形貌的作用。电化学性能测试表明,具有独特形态的α-MnO_2纳米管微球作为锂电负极具有高容量(20 m A·g-1电流密度下首周放电比容量达1783.5 m Ah·g-1)与良好的倍率性能,是具有广阔应用前景的锂离子电池材料。     

多级结构还原氧化石墨烯包覆的钴铁氧体的合成及电化学性能

以水滑石为前驱体合成微米花/纳米片多级结构过渡金属复合氧化物CoFe2O4,一种高性能锂离子电池负极材料。 通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)等技术手段对其进行结构表征,发现得到的复合氧化物为单一晶相,且具有多级结构。 电化学性能测试表明,得到的负极材料具有高比容量和倍率性能。 通过还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)对CoFe2O4进行表面包覆制备CoFe2O4/rGO,其循环稳定性得到大幅度提高。     

Co3O4纳米颗粒的制备及其电化学性能

采用化学共沉淀方法制备前驱体Co(Ⅱ)1-xCo(Ⅲ)x(OH)2-y(NO3)x+y,经焙烧后得Co3O4纳米颗粒。用红外光谱对所制样品的成分进行分析;用X射线衍射和场发射扫描电子显微镜表征产物的结构和形貌;用循环伏安、恒电流充放电等测试方法对Co3O4电化学性能进行研究。测试表明,Co3O4-300具有最佳的电容性能,单电极比电容可达338F/g,并且在1A/g电流密度下循环1000周后,比电容仍能保持93%,有望成为电化学电容器的电极材料。     

Al3+离子掺杂δ-MnO2的制备和电化学性能

采用水热法合成了不同比例Al³⁺离子掺杂的δ-MnO₂纳米粉体.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、循环伏安(CV)曲线、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)和恒电流充放电(GCD)曲线等手段对材料的结构和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明, Al³⁺离子进入δ-MnO₂的晶格替代部分Mn³⁺和Mn⁴⁺离子,使得δ-MnO₂电极的性能明显提升.当反应物中Al³⁺/Mn²⁺摩尔比为0.45时,所得样品(A0.45M)的性能最好;其在1 A/g电流密度下的比电容为207.61 F/g,是纯相δ-MnO₂(A0M)的2.4倍;其在10 A/g电流密度下循环10000次后的比电容为100.81 F/g,容量保持率为81.33%.     

PANI-SnP复合膜电极在镍镉废水中的电控离子交换性能

采用滴涂法在铂基底制备了电活性聚苯胺-磷酸锡(PANI-SnP)复合膜电极,考察了该电极在Ni2+、Cd2+溶液的电控离子交换性能.用傅立叶变换红外光谱和扫描电镜分析观察复合膜的组成及表面形貌;在0.1 mol.L-1Ni(NO3)2、Cd(NO3)2溶液中,通过循环伏安法比较了PANI膜、SnP膜及PANI-SnP复合膜电极的电化学性能,并结合电化学石英晶体微天平技术重点考察了PANI-SnP复合膜的离子交换机制;同时,通过循环伏安法调控复合膜电极的氧化还原电位,结合X射线能谱和X射线光电子能谱分别测定了其氧化和还原状态的元素组成.结果表明,PANI-SnP复合膜电极在Ni2+、Cd2+溶液均有良好的氧化还原电活性和可逆离子交换性能,其Cd2+离子选择性优于Ni2+离子,通过电控离子交换可使Cd2+离子从镍镉废水高效分离.     

CuO表面修饰锐钛矿TiO2纳米管阵列及其电化学嵌锂性能

以(CH_2OH)_2、NH4F和HCl为电解液,纯Ti片、CuCl_2和Na NO3为主要原料,联用阳极氧化和水热法制备CuO表面修饰锐钛矿TiO_2纳米管阵列锂离子电池负极材料(CuO/TiO_2)。使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、能谱仪(EDS)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和X射线衍射(XRD),研究样品的形貌特征、元素分布、价态和微观物相组成。利用电池充放电测试仪和电化学工作站,探讨材料的电化学嵌锂性能。结果表明,表面修饰后的锐钛矿TiO_2纳米管阵列外侧出现了大量绒毛状纳米CuO,单个绒毛结构的宽度约4 nm,长度约10 nm。在0.3C的电流密度下进行恒电流充放电测试,首次放电容量为550 m Ah·g~(-1),充电容量为490 m Ah·g~(-1)。50次循环后,可逆电流容量仍保持在320 m Ah·g~(-1),具有良好的循环稳定性和电化学特性。     

高倍率尖晶石型Li_4Ti_5O_(l2)/TiN锂离子电池负极材料的合成及其电化学性能

以乙酰丙酮(ACAC)为螯合剂、聚乙二醇(PEG)为分散剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了尖晶石型Li4Ti5Ol2/TiN材料.考察了TiN膜对尖晶石型Li4Ti5Ol2锂离子电池负极材料电化学性能的影响.利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对Li4Ti5O12表面的TiN膜进行了分析.X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,Li4Ti5Ol2/TiN材料为结晶良好的亚微米纯相尖晶石型钛酸锂.电化学性能测试表明,该材料的首次放电比容量为173.0mAh·g-1,并且具有良好的循环性能,以0.2C、1C、2C、5C倍率放电进行测试,10次循环后比容量分别为170.6、147.6、135.6、111.0mAh·g-1,较之表面无TiN膜的钛酸锂材料表现出更好的倍率特性.循环伏安曲线(CV),交流阻抗图谱(EIS)进一步论证了TiN膜改善了尖晶石型Li4Ti5Ol2锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能.     

高倍率尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12/TiN锂离子电池负极材料的合成及其电化学性能

以乙酰丙酮(ACAC)螯合剂、聚乙二醇(PEG)为分散剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12/TiN材料.考察了TiN膜对尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12锂离子电池负极材料电化学性能的影响.利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对Li4Ti5O12表面的TiN膜进行了分析.X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析表明,Li4Ti5O12/TiN材料为结晶良好的亚微米纯相尖晶石型钛酸锂.电化学性能测试表明,该材料的首次放电比容量为173.0mAh·g-1,并且具有良好的循环性能,以0.2C、1C、2C、5C倍率放电进行测试,10次循环后比容量分别为170.6、147.6、135.6、111.0 mAh·g-1,较之表面无TiN膜的钛酸锂材料表现出更好的倍率特性.循环伏安曲线(CV),交流阻抗图谱(EIS)进一步论证了TiN膜改善了尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12锂离子电池负极材料的电化学性能.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

恶臭嗅辨实验室建设探讨

针对恶臭测试的环境影响问题,提出了解决的实例方案,并对方案的要点及优缺点进行讨论,此方案在实际操作中具有较好的效果。