The transformation from 2°‐amine to 3°‐amine of cyclam ring alters the fragmentation patterns of 1‐tosylcytosine‐cyclam conjugates

The novel N‐1‐sulfonylcytosine‐cyclam conjugates 1 and 2 conjugates are ionized by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) in positive and negative modes (ES⁺ and ES⁻) as singly protonated/deprotonated species or as singly or doubly charged metal complexes. Their structure and fragmentation behavior is examined by collision induced experiments. It was observed that the structure of the conjugate dictated the mode of the ionization: 1 was analyzed in ES⁻ mode while 2 in positive mode. Complexation with metal ions did not have the influence on the ionization mode. Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺ complexes with ligand 1 followed the similar fragmentation pattern in negative ionization mode. The transformation from 2°‐amine in 1 to 3°‐amine of cyclam ring in 2 leads to the different fragmentation patterns due to the modification of the protonation priority which changed the fragmentation channels within the conjugate itself. Cu²⁺ ions formed complexes practically immediately, and the priority had the cyclam portion of the ligand 2 . The structure of the formed Zn²⁺ complexes with ligand 2 depended on the number of 3° amines within the cyclam portion of the conjugate and the ratio of the metal:ligand used. The cleavage of the cyclam ring of metal complexes is driven by the formation of the fragment that suited the coordinating demand of the metal ions and the collision energy applied. Finally, it was shown that the structure of the cyclam conjugate dictates the fragmentation reactions and not the metal ions.     

X-ray absorption fine structure of artificial antigens for cadmium

Immunoassay technology as a quick and large-scale screening method to detect metal ions in foods and environmental samples has rapidly been developed due to several advantages over conventional instrument-intensive methods. Unlike biomacromolecule, metal ions are haptens without immunogenicity, so successful preparation of artificial antigens is the first critical step for establishing immunoassay methods for them. In the current paper, cadmium ions were conjugated to BSA and OVA, respectively, using bifunctional chelator, p-SCN-Bn-DTPA. The ultraviolet analysis indicated that the maximum absorption peak of Cd–p-SCN-DTPA–BSA and Cd–p-SCN-DTPA–OVA had a small peak shift and an apparent absorbance increase compared to that of BSA and OVA, and the extents of substitution of ?-amino in both conjugates were 51.2% and 58.6%, respectively. In addition, the EXAFS of conjugates implied that Cd²⁺ coordinated with N and O atoms of DTPA in artificial antigens, the coordination type and number of Cd–DTPA, Cd–p-SCN-Bn-DTPA–BSA, Cd–p-SCN-Bn-DTPA–OVA were the same. XANES region and geometries of the three compounds were also same. These results implied that the three antigens had the similar local structure and atomic geometry.This was the first time that the XAFS was attempted for the identification of artificial heavy metal ion antigens.     

Luminescent study on the binding interaction of bioactive imidazole with bovine serum albumin-A static quenching mechanism

Novel bioactive imidazole derivatives were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectra, mass and CHN analysis. The interaction between the imidazole derivative and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by fluorescence and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The fluorescence quenching of BSA by the imidazole derivatives may be due to the formation of imidazole-BSA complex. The fluorescence quenching mechanism of BSA by imidazole was analyzed and the binding constant has been calculated. The binding distance between imidazole and BSA was obtained based on Forester's non-radiation energy transfer (FRET). The effect of some common ions on the binding constant between imidazole and BSA was also examined.     

A Solid Support-Based Synthetic Strategy for the Site-Selective Functionalization of Peptides with Organometallic Half-Sandwich Moieties

The number of donor atoms available on peptides that can competitively coordinate to metal centers renders the site-selective generation of advanced metal-peptide conjugates in high purity a challenging venture. Herein, we present a transmetalation-based synthetic approach on solid support in which an imidazolium pro-ligand can be used to selectively anchor a range of transition metal half-sandwich complexes onto peptides in the presence of multiple coordinative motifs. Amenable to solid support, a range of N-terminus and/or lysine conjugated metal-peptide conjugates were obtained in high purity after cleavage from the resin. The metalated peptides were evaluated for their anticancer properties against human cancer cell lines. While no cytotoxic activity was observed, this platform has the potential to i) provide a pathway to site-selective peptide labelling, ii) be explored as a biorthogonal handle and/or iii) generate a new strategy for ligand design in transition metal catalysts.     

亲和毛细管电泳间接紫外检测法测定金属络合物的亲和常数

 采用亲和毛细管电泳间接紫外检测方法 ,根据“峰漂移”模型 ,通过迁移时间的测定 ,可以获得在水体系中有极低亲和常数的金属络合物的亲和常数。将该方法分别应用于镁离子 柠檬酸体系和锰离子 酒石酸体系 ,在 pH为 5 .0 1,运行电压为 2 0kV ,缓冲溶液组成为咪唑和醋酸的条件下 ,测定了缓冲溶液中加入不同浓度配体后金属离子迁移时间的变化 ,经过数据处理后得出它们的亲和常数对数值分别是 3.2 7和 2 .2 8,与文献值较为一致。该方法适用于结合比为 1∶1的金属络合物的亲和常数的测定。     

Design, Synthesis, and Testing of Polyamine Vectored Iron Chelators

Iron chelators have been shown to control the growth of cancer cells in culture by sequestering exogenous iron in the media. Thus, the ligands prevent cellular access to the metal. However, because transferrin provides iron to tumor cells in animals, chelators have not been effective antitumor agents. Polyamine chelator conjugates in which the polyamine vectored ligands into cells were far more active than the free chelators themselves. However, the free ligands were not released from the vector once in the cell. The current study focuses on the synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a polyamine chelator conjugate capable of releasing the free ligand intracellularly via a nonspecific esterase.     

牛血清白蛋白修饰的近红外荧光纳米金顺磁标记分子探针

以光稳定性良好、 Stokes位移大且可近红外发射的谷胱甘肽包裹纳米金(GSH-AuNPs)为发光载体, 以4-氨基-2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧自由基(4-NH₂-TEMPO)作为顺磁标记基团, 对构建发光-顺磁双模式传感分子探针进行了研究; 以牛血清白蛋白(BSA)为表面修饰剂, 通过调节荧光纳米金的表面状态, 改善顺磁标记微环境, 获得了基于顺磁基团识别诱导信号传导的荧光-顺磁双模式响应型分子探针. 顺磁标记BSA修饰GSH-AuNPs形成弱荧光-强顺磁复合物(GSH-AuNPs@BSA-TEMPO), 复合物中顺磁基团TEMPO经抗坏血酸还原后呈现出荧光增强和顺磁信号减弱现象, 表现出对抗坏血酸浓度相关的荧光Off-on与顺磁On-off的双模式响应.     

含咪唑功能基螯合树脂的研究进展

咪唑环是一种含有两个配位原子的功能基,能与重金属离子形成稳定配合物。将其接枝到有机或无机高分子上,制得的含咪唑功能基的螯合树脂,不仅对重金属离子表现出良好的吸附选择性能,且回收操作简单、回收利用率高。本文对该类螯合树脂的研究进展进行了综述。     

Binding interaction of bioactive imidazole with bovine serum albumin--a mechanistic investigation

A novel Y-shaped imidazole derivative 4-((E)-2-(4,5-diphenyl-1-p-tolyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)vinyl)phenol has been synthesized and characterised by IR, UV-vis, mass and NMR spectral techniques. The mutual interaction of this imidazole derivative (DPTIV) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated using photoluminescent studies. The fluorescence quenching mechanism of BSA by DPTIV was analyzed and the binding constant has been calculated. The binding distance between DPTIV and BSA was obtained based on the theory of Forester's non-radiation energy transfer. The effect of some common ions on the binding constant between DPTIV and BSA was also examined.     

Binary,ternary and quaternary complexes invloved in the systems pyridoxamine-glycine-imidazole with some bivalent metal ions

Equilibrium-based computer models using MINIQUAD-75 program were utilized to determine the stoichiometry and formation constants involved in the systems pyridoxamine(Pm)-glycine (Gly)-imidazole (lmd) with CO(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) metal ions. The data were obtained from potentiometric pH titration of the various binary and ternary quaternary systems under physiological-like conditions (0.15 M NaNO₃-37°C). Various composition ratios of metal and ligands were used. The ligand concentrations did not exceed 4 times the concentration of metal ion in the binary systems and 4 times of the metal ions in ternary systems. In case of the quaternary systems only imidazole concentrations were two or four times the concentrations of metal ions keeping those of other ligands equal to that of metal ions. The stability constants of the quaternary species are discussed in terms of binary and ternary constants as are the effect of ring size on the stability of mixed ligand species. In addition, electrostatic as well as statistical effects also are mentioned and the biological implications of these model equilibria are described.     

中药成分七叶内酯-BSA-金属离子的相互作用

以荧光光谱、紫外光谱技术研究了传统中药(秦皮)有效成分七叶内酯与BSA在金属离子Cu2 、Ni2 、Zn2 和Co2 分别共存时的相互作用。发现七叶内酯与BSA的表观结合常数KA、七叶内酯对BSA内源荧光的猝灭常数KP增大,按KA和KP数值改变程度,四种金属离子的排序与Irving-William s稳定性序列部分相符:Co2 >Cu2 >N i2 >Zn2 ,但结合位点数n、结合空间距离r和分子间作用力类型基本未变。推测金属离子可能在七叶内酯与BSA之间以“离子架桥”方式直接参与七叶内酯-BSA的结合过程。     

The influence of the zwitterionic form on the C=N stretching frequency in nickel and copper complexes of a Schiff base

Summary The Schiff base derived from 2-aminobenzimidazole and salicylaldehyde has been used to prepare a series of nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes. I.r., electronic spectra, elemental analyses, conductivity measurements and magnetic data have been utilized to determine the nature of these complexes.The results show that the base acts as bidentate ligand through the phenolic oxygen and the azomethine nitrogen in the non-polar form of the ligand or the pyridine-like imine nitrogen of imidazole ring in its zwitterionic form.One of the more striking differences between these compounds and those of other Schiffs bases^(1,2) is the coordination spheres of the metal ions with this particular ligand.     

Coordination chemistry of a terpyridine-tris(pyrazolyl) ditopic ligand

A new ditopic ligand, 4'-(4-(2,2,2-tris(1H-pyrazol-1-ido)ethoxymethyl)phenyl)-2,2':6',2'-terpyridine (pzt), has been prepared and its coordination chemistry studied. Metal ions with a preference for octahedral geometry form ML(2) complexes that are readily isolated and characterised, with the metal ion being bound to the terpyridine sites of both ligands. Other metal ions bind to the terpyridine site of just one ligand. In the case of silver(i), a dinuclear M(2)L(2) complex has been isolated in which each silver ion is coordinated to the terpyridine site of one ligand and to a single pyrazolyl donor group from the second ligand. Evidence for binding of metal ions to the tris(pyrazolyl) binding site was obtained by electrospray mass spectrometry and NMR techniques. The free ligand and three metal complexes, including the disilver complex, have been characterised by X-ray crystallographic techniques.     

Cyclodextrins 3‐Functionalized with 8‐Hydroxyquinolines: Copper‐Binding Ability and Inhibition of Synuclein Aggregation

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases are multifactorial disorders related to protein aggregation, metal dyshomeostasis, and oxidative stress. To advance understanding in this area and to contribute to therapeutic development, many efforts have been directed at devising suitable agents that can target metal ions associated with relevant biomolecules such as α‐synuclein. This paper presents a new cyclodextrin–8‐hydroxyquinoline conjugate and discusses the properties of four cyclodextrins 3‐functionalized with 8‐hydroxyquinoline as copper(II) chelators and inhibitors of copper‐induced synuclein aggregation. The encouraging results establish the potential of cyclodextrin–8‐hydroxyquinoline conjugates as chelators for the control of copper toxicity.     

Purification of denatured bovine serum albumin coated CdTe quantum dots for sensitive detection of silver(I) ions

CdTe quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized in aqueous solution with 3-mercaptopropionic acid as the stabilizer. Chemically reduced bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used to modify the surface of the QDs. Experimental results showed that the denatured BSA (dBSA) could be effectively conjugated to the surface of CdTe QDs. Column chromatography was used to purify the conjugates and determine the optimal ratio of dBSA to QDs. Further experimental results showed that the conjugation of QDs by dBSA efficiently improved the photoluminescence quantum yield, the chemical stability of QDs and their stability against photobleaching. A facile and sensitive method for determination of silver(I) ions was proposed based on the fluorescence quenching of the dBSA–QDs. Under the optimal conditions, the relative fluorescence intensity decreased linearly with the concentration of the silver(I) ions in the range 0.08–10.66 μM. The detection limit was 0.01 μM. This study provides a new method for the detection of metal cations. Figure In this work, denatured BSA was used to modify the surface of CdTe QDs by a simple and rapid method. And the conjugates of dBSA-QDs were purified by column of Sephadex G-100. After the purification of the conjugates, the sensitivity was greatly increased as silver (I) ions probe.     

Separation of oestrogen conjugates in urine and synthetic mixtures by high-performance liquid chromatographic methods

The analytical and clinical advantages that would be expected to follow the adoption by clinical laboratories of a routine HPLC method for the partial oestriol conjugate profiling of human pregnancy urine are outlined in the Introduction. In order to ascertain if a candidate method for this assay has yet been devised, a complete survey of the published HPLC separations of oestrogen conjugate mixtures is presented, in tabular form, and discussed. From this survey it is concluded that a number of good separations of these steroids from synthetic mixtures have already been published. The third and final section of the paper contains the results of a detailed examination of those papers in which separation of oestriol conjugates present in pregnancy urine specimens have been reported. The paper is concluded with the recommendation that the method of Dixon, Lukha and Scott should be further investigated as a candidate method for adoption by clinical laboratories for the purpose of oestriol conjugate profiling.     

Development of a Novel Covalent Folate‐Albumin‐Photosensitizer Conjugate

There is considerable interest in the development of novel and more efficient delivery systems for improving the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The authors in this highlighted issue describe the synthesis and the photobiological characterizations of two photosensitizer (PS) conjugates based on β‐carboline derivatives covalently conjugated to folic acid (FA) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a carrier system specifically targeting cancer cells overexpressing FA receptor alpha (FRα). Accordingly, only the FA–BSA–β‐carboline conjugates are internalized specifically in FRα‐positive cells and are proved to be phototoxic. On the other hand, albumin–β‐carboline conjugates without FA or β‐carboline derivatives alone are not internalized and nontoxic. This conjugate is among the first to produce a conjugate composed of a PS and FA molecules that are directly conjugated to BSA. In addition, the in vitro studies are the first evidence that directly conjugated FA‐BSA can be used as carriers to selectively enhance cytotoxicity by PDT relative to unmodified PS or nontargeted BSA‐PS. This strategy is a positive step forward for the covalent design and construction of a photodynamic nanomedicine for FR‐positive tumors.     

Influence of Cd2+, Hg2+ and Pb2+ on (+)-catechin binding to bovine serum albumin studied by fluorescence spectroscopic methods

The effect of heavy metal ions, Cd(2+), Hg(2+) and Pb(2+) on (+)-catechin binding to bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated by spectroscopic methods. The results indicated that the presence of heavy metal ions significantly affected the binding modes and binding affinities of (+)-catechin to BSA, and the effects depend on the types of heavy metal ion. One binding mode was found for (+)-catechin with and without Cd(2+), while two binding modes - a weaker one at low concentration and a stronger one at high concentration were found for (+)-catechin in the presence of Hg(2+) and Pb(2+). The presence of Cd(2+) decreased the binding affinities of (+)-catechin for BSA by 20.5%. The presence of Hg(2+) and Pb(2+) decreased the binding affinity of (+)-catechin for BSA by 8.9% and 26.7% in lower concentration, respectively, and increased the binding affinity of (+)-catechin for BSA by 5.2% and 9.2% in higher concentration, respectively. The changed binding affinity and binding distance of (+)-catechin for BSA in the presence of Cd(2+), Hg(2+) and Pb(2+) were mainly because of the conformational change of BSA induced by heavy metal ions. However, the quenching mechanism for (+)-catechin to BSA was based on static quenching combined with non-radiative energy transfer irrespective of the absence or presence of heavy metal ions.     

Functionalized bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes of zinc and copper: synthetic platforms toward site-specific radiopharmaceuticals

Two new types of unsymmetrical bis(thiosemicarbazone) proligands and their neutral zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes have been synthesized. These bifunctional ligands both chelate the metal ions and provide pendent amino groups that can be readily functionalized with biologically active molecules. Functionalization has been demonstrated by the synthesis of three water-soluble glucose conjugates of the new zinc(II) bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes, and their copper(II) analogues have been prepared in aqueous solution via transmetalation. A range of techniques including NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance, cyclic voltammetry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV/vis, and fluorescence emission spectroscopy have been used to characterize the complexes. Four compounds, including two zinc(II) complexes, have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The connectivity and conformation of the glucose conjugates have been assigned by NMR spectroscopy. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations have been used to assign the electronic transitions of the copper(II) bis(thiosemicarbazonato) chromophore. Two copper-64-radiolabeled complexes, including one glucose conjugate, have been prepared and characterized using radio-HPLC, and transmetalation is shown to be a viable method for radiolabeling compounds with copper radionuclides. Preliminary cell washout studies have been performed under normoxic conditions, and the uptake and intracellular distribution have been studied using confocal fluorescence microscopy.