西班牙科学家成功破译慢性淋巴细胞白血病基因组

慢性淋巴细胞白血病基因组已被西班牙科学家成功破译，此项最新科研成果发表在了6月5日出版的《自然》杂志上。慢性淋巴细胞白血病是欧美国家的常见病，西班牙每年诊断出新增病例超过1000例。     

利用原子力显微镜探测人正常与慢性淋巴白血病外周血B淋巴细胞

采用Ficoll密度梯度离心法得到人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),并结合磁珠分选的方法进一步纯化得到正常B淋巴细胞,探索了正常和肿瘤B淋巴细胞之间的差异。通过应用具有高分辨率的原子力显微镜(AFM)对正常人和慢性淋巴白血病人外周血B淋巴细胞进行成像,并对这两种B淋巴细胞的高度、直径、体积及膜表面的颗粒平均高度、平均粗糙度和颗粒分布进行测量,对比观察两组细胞膜表面宏观和纳米结构的变化。结果表明,慢性淋巴白血病B淋巴细胞比正常的B淋巴细胞高大,细胞膜表面颗粒更大且细胞膜粗糙。此外,对这两组淋巴细胞进行了机械性质方面的测量和统计,结果发现慢性淋巴白血病B淋巴细胞粘附力(524.1±160.0)pN比正常B淋巴细胞粘附力(1091±260)pN约小1倍,且癌变的B淋巴细胞硬度明显比正常的小。当正常细胞癌变时,细胞的形貌、超微结构及骨架会发生一定的改变。实验证明应用AFM可在形态学和机械性质上明显区别正常和慢性淋巴白血病B淋巴细胞,为临床诊断慢性淋巴白血病提供新的技术手段。     

新型Venetoclax哌嗪衍生物的合成

以溴乙酸乙酯和苄胺为起始原料，经氨基化、氨基酸缩合、环化、还原、脱苄基、苯甲酸甲酯衍生物取代、氯苯衍生物取代、水解、磺胺缩合和吡喃氨基化反应，合成了一个新型的含螺环哌嗪结构的磺胺类Venetoclax衍生物，总收率3.4%，其结构经¹H NMR和HR-MS(ESI)表征。     

抗癫痫新药奥卡西平的合成进展

综述了抗癫痫药奥卡西平的各种合成方法,并评价了其优缺点。参考文献37篇     

汞和镍对人血淋巴细胞转化及DNA合成的效应

通过测定＾３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ渗入细胞ＤＮＡ的方法研究了氯化汞和氯化镍对人血淋巴细胞转化和ＤＮＡ合成的效应，结果表明，氯化汞和氯化镍对人外周血淋巴细胞的转化和ＤＮＡ合成的效应是双相性的：在极低浓度下汞、镍化合物均可促进淋巴细胞转化和ＤＮＡ合成，而在高浓度下则抑制淋巴细胞转化和ＤＮＡ合成。汞、镍化合物对淋巴细胞的这种刺激效应比细胞有丝分裂素－植物血凝素的刺激效应要弱，汞对细胞转化和ＤＮＡ合成的刺激效应比镍强     

新型Venetoclax四氢吡喃衍生物的合成

以1-Boc-3-氮杂环丁酮和甲基三苯基溴化磷为起始原料，经Wittig反应、加成环化、脱卤、羰基还原、成醚、哌嗪取代、苯甲酸甲酯衍生物取代、水解、磺胺缩合、脱Boc和四氢吡喃取代反应，合成了一个新型的含四元螺环胺四氢吡喃结构的磺胺类Venetoclax衍生物，总产率22%，其结构经¹H NMR和HR-MS(ESI)表征。     

4-苯基氨基喹唑啉衍生物的合成及体外抗白血病活性研究

为了寻找高效、低毒的抗白血病药物,以JANEX-1为先导物,设计并合成了8个未见文献报道的苯胺喹唑啉类化合物.所有目标化合物的化学结构经IR,1HNMR和元素分析确证.体外抗人白血病K562细胞实验表明,目标化合物6a、6b和6e的抗白血病活性高于JANEX-1.     

前列腺素合成研究的进展

根据前列腺素的结构特点,着重讨论用Ｃｏｒｅｙ的逆合成法进行推导合成,并讨论前列腺素的合成方法和研究进展,参考文献１１篇。     

分子信标探针荧光法测定慢性粒细胞性白血病相关基因

根据慢性粒细胞性白血病(CML)相关基因b3a2序列设计了一种带有荧光基团和淬灭基团的凸环结构探针(分子信标,MB),研究其与互补目标DNA杂交前后的荧光变化行为,建立了b3a2基因检测的新方法.在最适条件下,得到杂交后溶液荧光强度与本底荧光强度的比值(S/B)和目标DNA 的浓度呈线性关系,r=0.9973,线性范围4.0×10-9～3.2×10-8 mol/L.该方法为实际样品的检测奠定了基础.     

环肽合成进展

环肽由于其稳定的结构特性在生物模拟、药物设计、纳米与分子器件、生物传感器以及催化剂等方面起着越来越重要的作用。本文介绍了近年来环肽化合物的合成及其应用的一些进展。     

PPI‐G4 Glycodendrimers Upregulate TRAIL‐Induced Apoptosis in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells

Although chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common adult leukemia in Western world, it remains incurable with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an antitumor candidate in cancer therapy. This study examines the proapoptotic effects of poly(propylene imine) (PPI) glycodendrimers modified with the maltotriose residues (PPI‐G4‐OS‐Mal‐III and PPI‐G4‐DS‐Mal‐III) on the TNF family in CLL cells. The combination of an understanding of the signaling pathways associated with CLL and the development of a molecular profiling is a key issue for the design of personalized approaches to therapy. Gene expression is determined with two‐color microarray 8 × 60K. The findings indicate that PPI‐G4‐OS/DS‐Mal‐III affect gene expression from the TRAIL apoptotic pathway and exert a strong effect on CLL cells comparable with fludarabine. Dendrimer‐targeted technology may well prove to bridge the gap between the ineffective treatment of today and the effective personalized therapy of the future.

     

Quantification of Venetoclax for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in Chinese Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients by a Validated UPLC-MS/MS Method

Venetoclax has emerged as a breakthrough for treatment of leukemia with a wide interindividual variability in pharmacokinetics. Herein, a rapid, sensitive, and reliable UPLC-MS/MS method for quantification of venetoclax in plasma was developed and validated. The method was operated in the multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode to detect venetoclax at m/z transition 868.5 > 321.0 and IS at 875.5 > 321.0, respectively. Protein precipitation prior to injection into the LC-MS/MS and the analyte was separated on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column by gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the range of 25–8000 ng/mL. The specificity, recovery, matrix effect, and stability also met the acceptance criteria of FDA guidance. The method was successfully applied to analyze plasma in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. The peak plasma concentration (C_max) of venetoclax in Chinese AML patient was 2966.0 ± 1595.0 ng/mL while the trough concentration (C_min) was 1018.0 ± 729.4 ng/mL. Additionally, C_max and C_min showed a positive correlation with AST levels. Furthermore, C_max was significantly higher in the older patients. The present method can be applied for TDM of venetoclax in treatment of hematological cancers.     

Determination of Imatinib in the Blood Cells of Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Patients by Ion-Trap Mass Spectrometry

Imatinib mesylate is a standard first-line therapy for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. However, there is still a significant proportion of these patients who reflect sub-optimal responses or fail imatinib therapy. Knowledge of the distribution within the studied system (e.g., peripheral blood) may be of high importance for understanding the principles of drug action and possible patient resistance to treatment. Intracellular or more precisely cell-associated, imatinib concentrations in patients, were shown to be higher compared to those in plasma, but still only limited data related to the methodology aspects of cell-associated concentrations are available. Herein is presented an assessment of the cell-associated imatinib determination assay by mass spectrometry. Three approaches were evaluated to isolate cells from the peripheral blood of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients. Erythrocyte lysis was found to cause substantial leakage of cell-associated imatinib in the first step. Selected alternative procedures utilizing density gradients did not affect the cell-associated imatinib concentration significantly. Cell isolates were subjected to flow cytometry which revealed differences in the population composition of peripheral blood cell isolates among individual patients indicating that the cell isolate composition should be addressed with the cell-associated imatinib concentration. The proposed approach may be utilized for the determination of intracellular concentration of imatinib and for other drugs in which the intracellular concentration plays a key role in the therapy.     

HPLC-UV and GC-MS Methods for Determination of Chlorambucil and Valproic Acid in Plasma for Further Exploring a New Combined Therapy of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

High performance liquid chromatography with ultra-violet detection (HPLC-UV) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods were developed and validated for the determination of chlorambucil (CLB) and valproic acid (VPA) in plasma, as a part of experiments on their anticancer activity in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). CLB was extracted from 250 µL of plasma with methanol, using simple protein precipitation and filtration. Chromatography was carried out on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 end-capped column using a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, water and formic acid, and detection at 258 nm. The lowest limit of detection LLOQ was found to be 0.075 μg/mL, showing sufficient sensitivity in relation to therapeutic concentrations of CLB in plasma. The accuracy was from 94.13% to 101.12%, while the intra- and inter-batch precision was ≤9.46%. For quantitation of VPA, a sensitive GC-MS method was developed involving simple pre-column esterification with methanol and extraction with hexane. Chromatography was achieved on an HP-5MSUI column and monitored by MS with an electron impact ionization and selective ion monitoring mode. Using 250 µL of plasma, the LLOQ was found to be 0.075 μg/mL. The accuracy was from 94.96% to 109.12%, while the intra- and inter-batch precision was ≤6.69%. Thus, both methods fulfilled the requirements of FDA guidelines for the determination of drugs in biological materials.     

哒嗪—3—酮类化合物的合成进展

综述了近年来哒嗪酮环骨架合成方法的研究进展，包括：１）由二羰基化合物合成；２）采用环加成反应；３）杂环转化法，以及其它方法，还叙述了哒嗪酮核苷的合成，参考文献２２篇。     

Anti-Proliferative Effect of Allium senescens L. Extract in Human T-Cell Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells

Allium species are well known plants distributed throughout the world, and they contain various bioactive components with different biological activities including anti-cancer effects. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of Allium senescens L. (A.S.) extract on cell survival and IL-2-mediated inflammation in human T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) Jurkat cells. Our results showed that A.S. extract induced caspase-dependent apoptosis of Jurkat cells with no significant cytotoxicity in the normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A.S. extract induced ROS generation through the activation of MAPK p38 phosphorylation. It also inhibited IL-2 mRNA expression and NF-κB signaling mediated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and phytohemagglutinin. Combined treatment with A.S. extract and axitinib/dovitinib exerted enhanced inhibitory effects on T-ALL cell growth and IL-2 production. These results provide novel information on the potential use of A.S. extract as a therapeutic herbal agent for the treatment and prevention of T-ALL.     

Synthesis of Dioxa-Cages as a New Probe for the Stereochemistry of the Bisadducts of p-Quinone with Cyclopentadiene and Cyclohexadiene

The synthesis of dioxa-cages via iodine-induced cyclization reaction can be used as a new method for the determination of the stereochemistry of the bisadducts of p-quinone with cyclopentadiene and cyclohexadiene. The bisadducts 2 and 8 were converted into the dioxa-cages 13a and 13b via a three-step sequence, respectively. The stereochemistry of 13a and 13b was determined on the basis of NOE experiments.     

STL1, a New AKT Inhibitor,Synergizes with Flavonoid Quercetin in Enhancing Cell Death in A Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cell Line

Using a pharmacophore model based on the experimental structure of AKT-1, we recently identified the compound STL1 (ZINC2429155) as an allosteric inhibitor of AKT-1. STL1, was able to reduce Ser473 phosphorylation, thus inhibiting the PI₃K/AKT pathway. Moreover, we demonstrated that the flavonoid quercetin downregulated the phosphorylated and active form of AKT. However, in this case, quercetin inhibited the PI₃K/AKT pathway by directly binding the kinases CK2 and PI₃K. In the present work, we investigated the antiproliferative effects of the co-treatment quercetin plus STL1 in HG-3 cells, derived from a patient affected by chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Quercetin and STL1 in the mono-treatment maintained the capacity to inhibit AKT phosphorylation on Ser473, but did not significantly reduce cell viability. On the contrary, they activated a protective form of autophagy. When the HG-3 cells were co-treated with quercetin and STL1, their association synergistically (combination index < 1) inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis. The combined treatment caused the switch from protective to non-protective autophagy. This work demonstrated that cytotoxicity could be enhanced in a drug-resistant cell line by combining the effects of different inhibitors acting in concert on PI₃K and AKT kinases.     

A New Method for the Synthesis of Ketone Diperoxide

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