氮宾/炔烃复分解串联反应研究进展（英文）

在过去的几十年中,氮宾催化转化作为一类直接构建C—N键的高效反应得到了飞速发展,并被广泛应用于含氮杂环化合物的合成.虽然已有多种类型的氮宾前体被报道,并通过各类催化转化反应在构建结构多样性杂环化合物分子中起到了至关重要的作用,然而,氮宾的反应类型还是局限于胺化反应、氮杂环丙烷化反应、磺化反应等有限的几类反应.基于氮宾前体、催化策略(或者催化剂)以及复杂分子合成的相关综述已有很多报道,这篇综述聚焦氮宾与炔烃的加成反应,主要是氮宾/炔烃复分解串联反应.这类反应可以快速合成具有结构多样性的多环、稠环和螺环类含氮杂环类化合物.     

4,4-双叠氮联苯光解中间体的多重态研究

本文用顺磁共振和色谱分析等方法,证明了4,4'-双叠氮联苯光解产生的叠氮氮烯和双氮烯都是三重态;而热分解产生的中间体则是由单重态双氮烯所组成。因此4,4'-双叠氮联苯的热分解反应很可能具有和光分解反应完全不同的机理。     

金属氮宾与亚胺的复分解反应

综述了近几年来金属氮宾与亚胺的复分解反应,主要集中在锆、钼 钛等过渡金属上。     

新试剂4，4'-(2-氯-4-硝基重氮氨基)联苯与氯化十六烷基吡啶显色反应的研究

研究了4,4'-(2-氯-4-硝基重氮氨基)联苯与阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶发生显色反应,提出了光度法测定氯化十六烷基吡啶的新方法。实验结果表明,在碱性介质中,4,4'-(2-氯-4-硝基重氮氨基)联苯与氯化十六烷基吡啶形成1：2紫红色离子缔合物,最大吸收波长位于570 nm处,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.16×104...     

光诱导分步分态的苯型脱芳构化反应的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论(DFT)和含时密度泛函理论(TD-DFT)研究了一类重要的含有杂原子的光催化苯型脱芳反应. 研究结果表明, 该脱芳反应是一个分步分态的[4+2]环加成反应, 即前一步脱芳发生在三重态, 后一步脱芳发生在单重态基态. 其中, 苯乙酮基团可被看作为光的接收装置, 吸光后使得体系从单重态经内转换和系间窜越无能垒到达三重态, 并在三重态完成质子转移生成具有反应活性的双烯, 进而引发后续的脱芳反应. 更重要的是, 通过构建势能面发现该反应具有高度的立体选择性, 与实验结果完全相符.     

高选择性氟离子识别受体的设计与识别机理

将酰胺识别基团耦合至基态具有分子内电荷转移特征的对硝基苯基偶氮苯胺分子中,设计合成了受体分子N-苯甲酰基4-(4'-硝基苯基偶氮基)苯胺(3),对氟离子表现出极高的识别选择性.乙腈中该受体3的最大吸收峰位于380 nm,加入氟离子后,该吸收峰强度逐渐减弱,同时在530 nm处出现新的吸收峰,后者为受体分子与氟离子形成的1:1配合物的吸收峰.溶剂极性效应实验表明,该吸收峰具有电荷转移特征.引入氟离子后受体3溶液的颜色由浅黄色转变为紫红色,可实现氟离子的裸眼检测.质子溶剂效应,1H NMR滴定为受体分子3与阴离子间的氢键作用本质提供了直接证据.     

[2, 3'-联-1H-吲哚]-3(2H)-酮类化合物的单重态氧反应

[2, 3'-联-1H-吲哚]-3(2H)-酮衍生物(1a~1c)在甲醇中的单重态氧反应给出溶剂捕捉产物4, 后者在分离过程中脱去甲醇分子生成5。考察了标题化合物分子中二氢吲哚酮结构单元以及吲哚结构单元在单重态氧反应中的作用, 并探讨了反应机理。     

SO4-自由基氧化苯丙氨酸反应机理的图谱表征

采用时间分辨的动力学瞬态吸收光谱和脉冲辐解技术研究了水溶液及水/乙腈混合溶液中SO4-自由基氧化苯丙氨酸的反应. 结果表明氧化性的SO4-自由基进攻苯丙氨酸首先生成在310 nm 处有一强吸收峰的苯丙氨酸阳离子自由基3, 然后再经由三条相互竞争的途径反应: 羟基化、脱质子、脱羧. 3个反应进行的难易强烈依赖于苯丙氨酸羧基和氨基末端的离子态以及溶剂的性质. 苯丙氨酸的羧基以非质子态存在时脱羧反应才能发生. 脱质子反应在高pH的溶液中较中性或酸性溶液中易于进行, 而且随着介质中乙腈的增加与羟基化反应相比较脱质子反应占主导, 而在纯的水溶液中羟基化反应更易进行.     

新的二苯并环状溴鎓盐的合成及性质研究

以4,4'-二取代联苯(或4,4'-二取代二苯甲烷)为原料合成了几种新的3,7-二取代二苯并环状溴(鎓)盐.对几种溴(鎓)盐与KBH₄及与NaN₃的反应进行了研究.结果表明,前一反应主产物为2-溴-4,4'-二取代联苯(或2-溴-4,4'-二取代二苯甲烷),后一反应的主产物为2-叠氮基-2'-溴-4,4'-二取代联苯(20a-20d).通过20a-20d的热反应合成几种新的多取代咔唑(21a-21d).     

2-溴-4,4'-二硝基-3'-二甲基锍-2'-联苯酚内盐的合成、结构及性质的研究

在胺存在下,3,7-二硝基二苯并溴五环硫酸氢盐与二甲基亚砜反应生成2-溴-4,4'-二硝基-3'-二甲基锍-2'-联苯酚内盐(3).3的X射线晶体结构分析数据表明其分子具有内盐结构但酚氧负离子的负电荷是部分离域的,分子内两苯环所成的两面角为117.3°.3在熔解时发生重排及热分解分别生成2-溴-2'-甲氧基-3'-甲硫基-4,4'-二硝基联苯(6)及3,7-二硝基-4-甲硫基-二苯并呋喃(7).3与盐酸反应生成相应的锍盐(8).     

Ultrafast infrared and UV-vis studies of the photochemistry of methoxycarbonylphenyl azides in solution

The photochemistry of 4-methoxycarbonylphenyl azide (2a), 2-methoxycarbonylphenyl azide (3a), and 2-methoxy-6-methoxycarbonylphenyl azide (4a) were studied by ultrafast time-resolved infrared (IR) and UV-vis spectroscopies in solution. Singlet nitrenes and ketenimines were observed and characterized for all three azides. Isoxazole species 3g and 4g are generated after photolysis of 3a and 4a, respectively, in acetonitrile. Triplet nitrene 4e formation correlated with the decay of singlet nitrene 4b. The presence of water does not change the chemistry or kinetics of singlet nitrenes 2b and 3b, but leads to protonation of 4b to produce nitrenium ion 4f. Singlet nitrenes 2b and 3b have lifetimes of 2 ns and 400 ps, respectively, in solution at ambient temperature. The singlet nitrene 4b in acetonitrile has a lifetime of about 800 ps, and reacts with water with a rate constant of 1.9 × 10(8) L·mol(-1)·s(-1) at room temperature. These results indicate that a methoxycarbonyl group at either the para or ortho positions has little influence on the ISC rate, but that the presence of a 2-methoxy group dramatically accelerates the ISC rate relative to the unsubstituted phenylnitrene. An ortho-methoxy group highly stabilizes the corresponding nitrenium ion and favors its formation in aqueous solvents. This substituent has little influence on the ring-expansion rate. These results are consistent with theoretical calculations for the various intermediates and their transition states. Cyclization from the nitrene to the azirine intermediate is favored to proceed toward the electron-deficient ester group; however, the higher energy barrier is the ring-opening process, that is, azirine to ketenimine formation, rendering the formation of the ester-ketenimine (4d') to be less favorable than the isomeric MeO-ketenimine (4d).     

N,N-Di(4-halophenyl)nitrenium ions: nucleophilic trapping, aromatic substitution, and hydrogen atom transfer

The reactive intermediates N,N-di(4-chlorophenyl)nitrenium ion and N,N-di(4-bromophenyl)nitrenium ion were generated through photolysis of the corresponding N-amino(2,4,6,-collidinium) ions. The behavior of these diarylnitrenium ions was characterized by laser flash photolysis, analysis of the stable photoproducts, and ab initio calculations with density functional theory. The latter predict these species to have singlet ground states. The halogenated diarylnitrenium ions are significantly longer lived than the unsubstituted diphenylnitrenium ion. Specifically, cyclization to form carbazole derivatives occurs negligibly, if at all, with the halogenated derivatives. They do, however, carry out most of the characteristic reactions of singlet arylnitrenium ions, including combining with nucleophiles on the aryl rings, adding to arenes, and accepting electrons from readily oxidized traps. Interestingly these species also abstract H atoms from 1,4-cyclohexadiene and various phenol derivatives. The implication of the latter process in relation to the computed singlet-triplet energy gaps of ca. -12.5 kcal/mol is discussed.     

Transient resonance Raman and density functional theory investigation of the 4-acetamidophenylnitrenium ion

This paper reports a transient resonance Raman and density functional theory study of the 4-acetamidophenylnitrenium ion in a mostly aqueous solvent. The transient Raman bands combined with results from density functional theory calculations indicate that the spectrum should be assigned to the singlet state of the 4-acetamidophenylnitrenium ion. The 4-acetamidophenylnitrenium ion was found to have a substantial iminocyclohexadienyl character comparable to previously studied para-phenyl-substituted phenylnitrenium ions and noticeable charge on both the acetamido and nitrenium moieties. The structure and properties of the 4-acetamidophenylnitrenium ion are compared to those of other arylnitrenium ions. We briefly discuss the chemical reactivity and selectivity of the para-acetamido-substituted phenylnitrenium ions compared to para-phenyl- or para-alkoxy-substituted phenylnitrenium ions.     

Transient resonance Raman and density functional theory investigation of the 2-fluorenylnitrenium ion.

We report a transient resonance Raman spectrum for the 2-fluorenylnitrenium ion obtained after photolysis of 2-azidofluorene. The 10 experimental Raman band frequencies of the transient spectrum show very good agreement with the computed frequencies from BPW91/cc-PVDZ density functional theory calculations for the 2-fluorenylnitrenium ion. Our results confirm the assignment of the approximately 460 nm transient absorption band formed after photolysis of 2-azidofluorene in water/acetonitrile or water solution to the singlet ground electronic state 2-fluorenylnitrenium ion. Our study indicates the 2-fluorenylnitrenium has a large degree of iminocyclohexadienyl cation character with significant delocalization of the charge over both phenyl rings of the fluorene moiety. We compare our results for the 2-fluoreneylnitrenium ion to those previously reported for several other arylnitrenium ions.     

Laser flash photolysis of fluorinated aryl azides in neutral and acidic solutions

Laser flash photolysis of perfluoro-4-biphenyl azide andN-propyl-4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzylamide in acetonitrile, water-acetonitrile mixtures, and HCl-containing solutions was studied. The absorption spectra of primary intermediates, singlet arylnitrenes(2a(S) and2b(S), respectively), were recorded. The absolute rate constants of their intersystem crossing in MeCN were measured, and the corresponding Arrhenius parameters were found from the temperature dependences of the rate constants of isomerization of singlet arylnitrenes2a(S) and2b(S) to azirines. Protonation of singlet arylnitrenes2a(S) and2b(S) was observed, the rate constants of their protonation were measured, and the transient absorption spectra of arylnitrenium ions were recorded. It was shown by quantum-chemical calculations (the hybrid B3LYP method) that the arylnitrenium ions that formed have the singlet ground state and the singlet-triplet gap is ∼20 kcal mol⁻¹. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 49–54, January, 2000.     

Time-resolved resonance Raman and computational investigation of the influence of 4-acetamido and 4-N-methylacetamido substituents on the chemistry of phenylnitrene

A time-resolved resonance Raman (TR(3)) and computational investigation of the photochemistry of 4-acetamidophenyl azide and 4-N-methylacetamidophenyl azide in acetonitrile is presented. Photolysis of 4-acetamidophenyl azide appears to initially produce singlet 4-acetamidophenylnitrene which undergoes fast intersystem crossing (ISC) to form triplet 4-acetamidophenylnitrene. The latter species formally produces 4,4'-bisacetamidoazobenzene. RI-CC2/TZVP and TD-B3LYP/TZVP calculations predict the formation of the singlet nitrene from the photogenerated S(1) surface of the azide excited state. The triplet 4-acetamidophenylnitrene and 4,4'-bisacetamidoazobenzene species are both clearly observed on the nanosecond to microsecond time-scale in TR(3) experiments. In contrast, only one species can be observed in analogous TR(3) experiments after photolysis of 4-N-methylacetamidophenyl azide in acetonitrile, and this species is tentatively assigned to the compound resulting from dimerization of a 1,2-didehydroazepine. The different photochemical reaction outcomes for the photolysis of 4-acetamidophenyl azide and 4-N-methylacetamidophenyl azide molecules indicate that the 4-acetamido group has a substantial influence on the ISC rate of the corresponding substituted singlet phenylnitrene, but the 4-N-methylacetamido group does not. CASSCF analyses predict that both singlet nitrenes have open-shell electronic configurations and concluded that the dissimilarity in the photochemistry is probably due to differential geometrical distortions between the states. We briefly discuss the probable implications of this intriguing substitution effect on the photochemistry of phenyl azides and the chemistry of the related nitrenes.     

Laser flash photolysis of fluorinated aryl azides in neutral and acidic solutions

Laser flash photolysis of perfluoro-4-biphenyl azide andN-propyl-4-azido-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzylamide in acetonitrile, water-acetonitrile mixtures, and HCl-containing solutions was studied. The absorption spectra of primary intermediates, singlet arylnitrenes(2a(S) and2b(S), respectively), were recorded. The absolute rate constants of their intersystem crossing in MeCN were measured, and the corresponding Arrhenius parameters were found from the temperature dependences of the rate constants of isomerization of singlet arylnitrenes2a(S) and2b(S) to azirines. Protonation of singlet arylnitrenes2a(S) and2b(S) was observed, the rate constants of their protonation were measured, and the transient absorption spectra of arylnitrenium ions were recorded. It was shown by quantum-chemical calculations (the hybrid B3LYP method) that the arylnitrenium ions that formed have the singlet ground state and the singlet-triplet gap is ∼20 kcal mol⁻¹. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 49–54, January, 2000.     

Carbazolyl nitrenium ion: electron configuration and antiaromaticity assessed by laser flash photolysis, trapping rate constants, product analysis, and computational studies

Laser flash photolysis of 1-(carbazol-9-yl)-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate generates the carbazolyl nitrenium ion (tau = 333 ns, kobs = 3.0 x 106 M-1s-1) having absorption bands at 570 and 620 nm in CH3CN. The nitrenium ion is found to have reactivity comparable to structurally similar closed-shell diarylnitrenium ions, but spectroscopic evidence favors an open-shell singlet diradical assignment for the observed nitrenium ion. The carbazolyl nitrenium ion is also more reactive than diarylnitrenium ions as a likely result of antiaromatic character. Ab initio and hybrid DFT calculations were performed to address the degree of antiaromaticity in this and similar nitrenium ions through analysis of optimized geometries, nucleus independent chemical shifts, and isodesmic reactions.     

Photogenerated N-methyl-N-1-naphthylnitrenium ion: laser flash photolysis, trapping rates, and product study

N-Methyl-N-1-naphthylnitrenium ion (2) was generated through photolysis of 1-(N-methyl-N-(1-naphthyl)amino)-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (1). Laser flash photolysis (LFP) with time-resolved UV-vis (TRUV) detection as well as photoproduct analysis verified that the expected nitrenium ion was formed cleanly and rapidly following photolysis. Consistent with an earlier study, which used competitive trapping methods (Novak, M. et al. J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 6023-6031), it is found that 2 reacts rapidly with a variety of nucleophiles. The high reactivity of 2 relative to other arylnitrenium ions is discussed in terms of steric and electronic effects.     

Reactions of N-methyl-N-(4-biphenylyl)nitrenium ion with electron-rich arenes: laser flash photolysis and product studies

An arylnitrenium ion, N-methyl-N-(4-biphenylyl)nitrenium ion, was generated through photolysis of 1-(N-methyl-N-4-biphenylyl)amino-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, and its reactions with various donor-substituted arenes (e.g., 1,3,5-trimethoxybenzene, mesitylene, 1,4-dimethoxybenzene, hexamethylbenzene, etc.) were examined using product analysis and laser flash photolysis. In general, trapping of the short-lived nitrenium ion by the arenes leads to three types of products: (1) the parent amine, N-methyl-N-4-biphenylylamine; (2) an ortho-adduct, where the ring position ortho to the nitrenium ion center is bonded to the arene ring; and (3) an N-adduct, where the nitrenium ion nitrogen is bonded to the trap. Laser flash photolysis studies show that the rates of these trapping reactions vary from 10(4) to 10(9) M(-1) s(-1), depending on the structure of the arene trap. These trapping rate constants do not correlate with the one-electron oxidation potential of the arene, nor with the expected stability of a sigma-complex derived from direct electrophilic aromatic substitution. It is argued that the observed rate constants correspond to initial formation of a pi-complex between the arylnitrenium ion and the arene trap. This complex then forms the observed products.