Al2O3孔结构对纳米HZSM-5基催化剂改质FCC汽油性能的影响

采用NH₃-TPD、FT-IR、N₂吸附-脱附等手段对两种不同来源的氧化铝样品进行了表征。结果表明,两种Al₂O₃的总酸量及酸强度没有明显差别,酸类型均以Lewis酸为主,其中,Al₂O₃ (b)的平均孔径及孔体积较大。在固定床微型反应装置上考察了以两种Al₂O₃为载体制备的纳米HZSM-5基催化剂改质全馏分FCC汽油的性能。实验结果表明,以大孔Al₂O₃为载体的HZSM-5基催化剂具有较好的降烯烃、芳构化、异构化活性及稳定性。改性纳米HZSM-5负载的LaNiMo催化剂对FCC汽油的300 h评价结果表明,烯烃饱和率为83%,脱硫率为87%,同时维持了油品的辛烷值。     

Pd/Al2O3催化剂制备的研究

乙酸、丙酸、正丁酸、百二酸、马来酸、柠檬酸和H₂PdCl₄在γ-Al₂O₃上的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附规律。H₂PdCl₄在Al₂O₃上的平衡吸附量受溶液pH值的影响,在pH1.9-3.2范围内,pH值愈高,平衡吸附量愈大。多元有机酸对H₂PdCl₄在Al₂O₃上吸附的抑制作用比一元酸大,这一性质决定了由H₂PdCl₄溶液浸渍Al₂O₃时用多元酸(除马来酸外)作竞争吸附剂,可使Pd在Al₂O₃球上呈蛋白型和蛋黄型分布。     

负载Pd基碳二选择加氢催化剂上乙炔加氢反应的原位红外光谱研究

以乙烯和乙炔为探针分子, 采用原位红外光谱技术研究了Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃和Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂上乙炔加氢反应, 通过乙炔吸附, 乙炔和氢的共吸附和交替吸附表征了催化剂表面吸附物种的变化. 结果表明, 在Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃催化体系中, 乙炔在Pd-Ag/Al₂O₃和Pd/Al₂O₃催化剂有着不同的吸附性能, 另外, 加氢反应会导致在催化剂表面形成由长分子链的烷烃组成的碳氢化合物层, 该吸附层与绿油有着相似的红外光谱特征, 最关键的是乙炔和氢的吸附顺序和碳氢化合物层的生成量之间存在着一定的关系, 这将直接影响催化剂的加氢性能.     

模拟烟气气氛下矿物元素组分对砷的吸附特性研究

利用气相砷吸附反应实验装置,研究了300-900℃条件下CaO、Fe₂O₃、MgO、Al₂O₃、K₂SO₄及钙铁混合吸附剂在模拟烟气气氛下的As₂O₃（g）吸附特性。结果表明,在五种单元素吸附剂中,CaO的吸附能力最强,K₂SO₄最弱;随着温度升高,CaO的吸附量先增加,在700℃时略微下降后又增加,Fe₂O₃的吸附量先增加后减少,MgO、Al₂O₃、K₂SO₄的吸附量一直增加;三种比例的钙铁混合吸附剂的吸附效果的实验值相比计算值至少提高了92%,Ca：Fe比为3：1时,吸附效果最好,达到7.91 mg/g。混合后烧结反应导致表面结构改变是吸附效果提升的重要原因。     

金属氧化物吸附剂干法脱除气相As2O3实验研究

利用自制As₂O₃连续发生装置,在固定床反应器上研究了金属氧化物CaO、Fe₂O₃、Al₂O₃对煤燃烧高温烟气中气相砷的吸附特性。600~900 ℃温度的吸附实验结果表明,金属氧化物CaO、Fe₂O₃吸附剂对气相As₂O₃的吸附以化学吸附为主,随着吸附温度的升高,吸附量与吸附效率逐渐减小;3种金属氧化物的气相固砷能力依次为Fe₂O₃ >CaO >Al₂O₃;研究了气相砷浓度对吸附剂固砷量的影响特性,当气相砷体积浓度在4.5×10^-6~13.5×10^-6变化时,不会有吸附饱和的现象发生,当吸附剂种类一定时,吸附效率仅与吸附温度有关,对于不同气相砷浓度保持相同的吸附温度可以获得相同的吸附效率。     

Co/Fe/Al2O3/cordierite催化C3H6选择性还原NO的实验研究

采用溶胶凝胶法和浸渍法制备了负载于蜂窝陶瓷上的Co/Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite催化剂,在陶瓷管流动反应器上对其催化C₃H₆选择性还原NO的性能进行了测试。结果表明,该催化剂表现出最优脱硝性能,在模拟烟气条件下,当反应温度为550 ℃时可实现97%的脱硝效率。Co的引入可显著增强Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite催化剂抗SO₂和H₂O的能力。在模拟烟气中同时引入0.02% SO₂和3% H₂O后,1.5Co/Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite的脱硝性能受影响甚微,当反应温度高于500 ℃时1.5Co/Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite催化C₃H₆还原NO的效率均可达到90%以上;相比之下,未经Co修饰的催化剂Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite脱硝性能受到了严重的抑制,在整个反应温度区间（200-700 ℃）内,其催化C₃H₆还原NO的效率最高不足50%。XRD和SEM表征结果表明,经过适量的Co修饰后的1.5Co/Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite表面变得更疏松,且形成了以钴铁和钴铝双金属氧化物为主要成分的球状晶粒。H₂-TPR结果表明,相比于Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite,1.5Co/Fe/Al₂O₃/cordierite有更好的低温还原性能。Py-FTIR结果表明,Co的引入可使催化剂表面的Lewis酸明显增加,且生成了Brønsted酸。N₂吸附-脱附表征结果表明,Co可增大催化剂的比表面积。     

钙中毒商用SCR脱硝催化剂的再生特性研究

本研究分别选用络合剂氨基三甲叉膦酸(ATMP)、2-膦酸基丁烷-1,2,4-三羧酸(PBTCA)对钙中毒商用SCR脱硝催化剂(V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂)开展了再生方法研究，借助BET、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR和XPS等分析测试方法和实验探究考察了再生前后催化剂的理化特性及再生脱硝性能。结果表明，ATMP与PBTCA具有高效的再生性能，再生催化剂的脱硝效率在400℃下分别从25.8%恢复至89.8%与88.1%。与稀H₂SO₄再生相比，ATMP与PBTCA对催化剂的再生具有更高的除钙率与更低的钒损失率(不足5%)。使用ATMP与PBTCA对催化剂再生可有效恢复催化剂表面的Br?nsted酸性位；催化剂表面的活性钒物种V⁵⁺和表面化学吸附氧O_α明显增加，催化剂整体活性达到最优水平。因此，将络合剂ATMP与PBTCA用于失活SCR脱硝催化剂的再生具有广阔的应用前景。     

负载型Cu/Al2O3和Cu/ZnO催化剂上CO2加氢的原位FTIR及准原位XPS/HS-LEIS研究

铜基催化剂是工业合成甲醇中常用的催化剂,其主要包含Cu,ZnO,Al₂O₃三种组分,研究各组分在催化合成甲醇过程中的本质作用及其相互间的协同作用不仅是一个催化基础科学问题,同时对于设计和合成新型高性能的铜基催化剂也有重要指导作用.以往的研究主要针对Cu和ZnO二元组分,关于Al₂O₃的作用很少有报道,主要观点认为Al₂O₃起结构助剂的作用.在Cu/Al₂O₃/ZnO(0001)-Zn模型催化体系的研究中,我们发现Al₂O₃具有稳定Cu⁺的能力.为了更接近于实际催化体系,并进一步探索铜基催化剂中载体Al₂O₃及ZnO的作用,我们制备了负载型的5 wt%Cu/Al₂O₃及5 wt%Cu/ZnO催化剂,并通过原位傅里叶变换红外光谱(in situ FTIR)、准原位X射线光电子能谱(ex situ XPS)及高灵敏度低能离子散射谱(HS-LEIS),着重考察H₂还原及CO₂加氢过程中表面吸附物种的转变及催化剂表面结构变化,更深一步理解Cu,ZnO,Al₂O₃三组分在催化CO₂加氢过程中所起的作用及相互间的协同作用.通过XRD,BET和TEM表征,发现采用浸渍负载法制备的、经过焙烧后的5 wt%Cu/Al₂O₃及5 wt%Cu/ZnO催化剂的结构和形貌有明显差别,Al₂O₃载体具有较大的比表面积,CuO在其表面分散性较好,而ZnO的比表面积很小、CuO颗粒也相对较大.Ex situ XPS及HS-LEIS显示,经过H2还原后,Cu在Al₂O₃表面的颗粒粒径略有增大,表面仍有较大比例的Cu⁺物种.以CO为探针分子的FTIR光谱也表明,H2还原后5 wt%Cu/Al₂O₃存在一定量的Cu⁺,而5 wt%Cu/ZnO催化剂还原后形成Cu纳米粒子表面被ZnOx包覆,ex situ XPS及HS-LEIS的深度剖析也证实了上述结果.CO₂加氢过程中,5 wt%Cu/Al₂O₃表面能够形成大量碳酸氢盐及碳酸盐物种并在升温过程中逐渐转变为甲酸盐,表面仍有一定量的Cu⁺;5 wt%Cu/ZnO表面形成的碳酸盐及碳酸氢盐物种含量相对较少,但Cu-ZnOx的协同作用形成活化H2的高活性表面,在室温下就可以生成甲酸盐物种,在随后的升温过程中甲酸盐逐渐转变为甲氧基.通过对比负载型Cu/Al₂O₃及Cu/ZnO催化剂的研究,得以更加深入地理解铜基催化剂中载体在CO₂加氢制甲醇过程中所起的作用:Al₂O₃能较好分散Cu,且能够稳定Cu⁺;相对于ZnO,Al₂O₃具有较强的吸附CO₂能力,能够在表面形成大量的碳酸氢盐物种及碳酸氢盐物种,与表面Cu作用在升温过程中能够生成大量的甲酸盐物种;对于5 wt%Cu/ZnO在H2还原和CO₂加氢过程中Cu表面被ZnOx包覆,其高度缺陷的表面结构能在室温下解离H2.这些结果表明,实际CuZnAlO催化剂上CO₂加氢制备甲醇的活性位点可能包含Cu⁺,Cu0及相邻的具有高度缺陷结构的ZnOx包覆层.     

CO分子在不同类型Al2O3表面的吸附构型和电子结构

采用基于赝势平面波基组的密度泛函理论方法对CO分子在α-Al₂O₃（0001）以及γ-Al₂O₃的（100）、（110C）、（110D）表面上的吸附构型和电子结构进行系统研究.计算结果表明,CO倾向于选取C端吸附在表层Al原子上,并主要通过其5σ轨道与表面发生作用,吸附后部分电子从CO转移到底物,导致各Al₂O₃表面功函均发生不同程度的下降,与气相相比,吸附后CO分子的C-O伸缩振动频率均发生蓝移.通过对比CO在各表面上的吸附情况,可以看出CO可作为检测Al₂O₂不同类型表面活性中心的有效探针分子.     

Al2O3改性CuO/Fe2O3催化剂水煤气变换反应性能

采用分步共沉淀法制备了不同Al₂O₃含量(0%-15% (w))的CuO/Fe₂O₃催化剂, 并进行水煤气变换反应(WGSR)评价测试. 制得的催化剂中含有复合物CuFe₂O₄, 其晶粒尺寸, 氧化还原性质和表面Cu分散通过相应表征手段加以研究. X 射线粉末衍射(XRD), 拉曼(Raman)光谱, N₂物理吸附, N₂O分解和CO₂程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD)等表征技术说明适量Al₂O₃的加入可以促进尖晶石CuFe₂O₄发生由四方相向立方相的转变, 阻止催化剂中Cu烧结, 增大表面Cu分散, 增加弱碱性位点的数量. 此外, 采用H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)技术探究改性的CuO/Fe₂O₃催化剂的还原性能. 关联结果发现, Al₂O₃掺杂在增大铜物种的耗氢量, 降低其还原温度方面起着重要的作用. 即Al₂O₃的添加促进CuO/Fe₂O₃催化剂中铜铁物种之间的协同作用. 结合活性测试和表征结果,适量的Al₂O₃ (10%(w))改性的催化剂具有较小的Cu颗粒尺寸、较大的Cu分散、较强的还原性能、较多数量的弱碱性位点, 因此具有更好的初始活性和热稳定性.     

Adsorption of PBTCA on Alumina Surfaces and Its Influence on the Fractal Characteristics of Sediments

The adsorption of 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (PBTCA) on Al(2)O(3) powder has been studied as a function of pH and concentration. The adsorption density of PBTCA is found to decrease with an increase of pH. Zeta potential measurements show that the addition of PBTCA results in a dramatic increase in the absolute zeta potential, as well as a shift of the isoelectric point to the more acidic region. PBTCA considerably enhances the stability of the alumina suspension via an electrostatic mechanism. The surface properties of alumina suspensions are examined by using Auger electron microscopy and FTIR analysis. Chemical interactions take place at the solid/water interface by forming complexes between Al(3+) ions and PBTCA. The dispersing ability of PBTCA is believed to be related to its high adsorption ability and the high number of dissociable protons. The morphology of the sediments is observed with scanning electron microscopy. It is found that the sediment surfaces exhibit fractal characteristics. The fractal dimension values of sediments are correlated with PBTCA concentration in the experimental range. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Am(III) adsorption on oxides of aluminium and silicon: effects of humic substances,pH, and ionic strength

The adsorption of Am(III) (total concentration 10(-9) mol/l) on alumina, silica, and hematite was studied by a batch technique. The effects of pH, ionic strength, and humic substances on the adsorption of Am(III) on alumina and silica were investigated, and the adsorption isotherms of Am(III) on alumina and silica at different pH values were determined. It was found that compared with the adsorption of Am(III) on alumina, the adsorbability of silica on the basis of mass is less, the relative adsorption rate on silica is slower, the sensitivity of adsorption on silica to ionic strength is less, the dependence of adsorption on silica on pH is gentler, and consequently that the adsorption characteristics of Am(III) on alumina and silica are distinctly different. The negative effect of fulvic acid on the adsorption on silica and the positive effect of humic acid on the adsorption on alumina were found. In contrast to the Am(III) adsorption on alumina and silica, a tremendously high adsorbability of Am(III) on hematite was found. The sequence of adsorbabilities of Am(III) on the basis of mass is Fe2O3 > Al2O3 > SiO2.     

Interaction between low molecular weight organic acids and hydroxyapatite with different degrees of crystallinity

In this study, two types of hydroxyapatite (HAP) with different degrees of crystallinity were prepared by a sol-gel method and a chemical precipitation method. Influences of crystallinity on the adsorption and dissolution properties of HAP, and the release of phosphorus (total phosphorus) during the adsorption of organic acid were investigated. Results showed that crystallinity had a great effect on the adsorption capacity and dissolution properties of HAP, as well as the adsorption mechanisms of organic acids on HAP surfaces. The poorly crystallized (the degree of crystallinity X_c = 0.23) HAP adsorbed greater amounts of oxalic, citric, or malic acid than the well crystallized (X_c = 0.86) HAP, and the former could release more phosphorus in the presence of organic acids. The adsorption capacity of oxalic acid was much higher than citric and malic acids on both the well and the poorly crystallized HAP, which was due to the strong coordination of oxalic acid with calcium on HAP surface, and that physical adsorption was more inclined to dominate the adsorption of malic or citric acid on the well crystallized HAP. These findings might be of importance in understanding the effects of crystallinity and organic acid binding on the dissolution of calcium phosphates and the adsorption characteristics of HAP.     

Displacement of hexanol by the hexanoic acid overoxidation product in alcohol oxidation on a model supported palladium nanoparticle catalyst

This work characterizes the adsorption, structure, and binding mechanism of oxygenated organic species from cyclohexane solution at the liquid/solid interface of optically flat alumina-supported palladium nanoparticle surfaces prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The surface-specific nonlinear optical vibrational spectroscopy, sum-frequency generation (SFG), was used as a probe for adsorption and interfacial molecular structure. 1-Hexanoic acid is an overoxidation product and possible catalyst poison for the aerobic heterogeneous oxidation of 1-hexanol at the liquid/solid interface of Pd/Al(2)O(3) catalysts. Single component and competitive adsorption experiments show that 1-hexanoic acid adsorbs to both ALD-prepared alumina surfaces and alumina surfaces with palladium nanoparticles, that were also prepared by ALD, more strongly than does 1-hexanol. Furthermore, 1-hexanoic acid adsorbs with conformational order on ALD-prepared alumina surfaces, but on surfaces with palladium particles the adsorbates exhibit relative disorder at low surface coverage and become more ordered, on average, at higher surface coverage. Although significant differences in binding constant were not observed between surfaces with and without palladium nanoparticles, the palladium particles play an apparent role in controlling adsorbate structures. The disordered adsorption of 1-hexanoic acid most likely occurs on the alumina support, and probably results from modification of binding sites on the alumina, adjacent to the particles. In addition to providing insight on the possibility of catalyst poisoning by the overoxidation product and characterizing changes in its structure that result in only small adsorption energy changes, this work represents a step toward using surface science techniques that bridge the complexity gap between fundamental studies and realistic catalyst models.     

The Adsorption and Photocatalytic Decomposition of Citric Acid on Pt/TiO_2

The adsorption and photocatalutic decomposition of citric acid on both Pt/TiO2 powder and n-TiO2 single crystal electrode were studied in aqueous solutions of various pH. It was found that citrate ions were chemisorbed on TiO2, which could increase the interfacial capacity and the filling factor of photocurrent-potential curves. The quantity of adsorption, slope of mott-Shottky plot and the rate of photocatalytic decomposition of citric acid were found to depend strongly on pH of solution. The phot ocatalytic decomposition of citric acid was discussed in light of its adsorption on TiO2.     

聚天冬氨酸的合成

缓蚀阻垢;热稳定性;水解稳定性;生物降解性;聚天冬氨酸的合成     

Modeling the adsorption of citric acid onto Muloorina illite and related clay minerals

The adsorption of citric acid onto goethite, kaolinite, and illite was measured as a function of pH (adsorption edges) and concentration (adsorption isotherms) at 25 degrees C. The greatest adsorption was onto goethite and the least onto illite. Adsorption onto goethite was at a maximum below pH 5 and decreased as the pH was increased to pH 9. For kaolinite, maximum adsorption occurred between pH 4.5 and pH 7, decreasing below and above this pH region, while for illite maximum adsorption occurred between about pH 5 and pH 7, decreasing at both lower and higher pH. ATR-FTIR spectra of citrate adsorbed to goethite at pH 4.6, pH 7.0, and pH 8.8 were compared with those of citrate solutions between pH 3.5 and pH 9.1. While the spectra of adsorbed citrate resembled those of the fully deprotonated solution species, there were significant differences. In particular the C[bond]O symmetric stretching band of the adsorbed species at pH 4.6 and 7.0 changed shape and was shifted to higher wave number. Further spectral analysis suggested that citrate adsorbed as an inner-sphere complex at pH 4.6 and pH 7.0 with coordination to the surface most probably via one or more carboxyl groups. At pH 8.8 the intensity of the adsorbed bands was much smaller but their shape was similar to those from the deprotonated citrate solution species, suggesting outer-sphere adsorption. Insufficient citric acid adsorbed onto illite or kaolinite to provide spectroscopic information about the mode of adsorption onto these minerals. Data from adsorption experiments, and from potentiometric titrations of suspensions of the minerals in the presence of citric acid, were fitted by extended constant-capacitance surface complexation models. On the goethite surface a monodentate inner-sphere complex dominated adsorption below pH 7.9, with a bidentate outer-sphere complex required at higher pH values. On kaolinite, citric acid adsorption was modeled with a bidentate outer-sphere complex at low pH and a monodentate outer-sphere complex at higher pH. There is evidence of dissolution of kaolinite in the presence of citric acid. For illite two bidentate outer-sphere complexes provided a good fit to all data.     

中孔复合锆-铝氧化物微球的制备及其正相色谱性能研究

复合氧化物通常表现出与单一氧化物不同的物理化学性质（如晶体结构、孔结构和表面性质等方面）,已广泛用作催化剂、吸附剂和离子交换剂。1993年,Kaneko等采用共沉淀法制备的SiO2-TiO2,SiO2-Al2O3等复合氧化物的环境保护、痕量富集、氨基酸分离等方面取得较好的应用效果。但复合氧化物作为液相色谱固定相的研究很少报道。近年来,我们从制备、表征到正相、反相色谱性能等方面对MgO-ZrO2和SiO2-ZrO2复合氧化物作为色谱填料进行了系统的研究,发现MgO和SiO2掺杂可以有效地改善ZrO2的孔结构,提高柱效。本文用溶胶－凝胶方法制备了质量投料比m（硝酸铝）：m（氧氯化锆）＝20：64的ZrO2-Al2O3复合氧化物微球,考察酸腐蚀前后其晶形、表面酸碱性和孔容、孔径的变化,以及它们的正相色谱性能。     

Effects of Citric Acid Concentration and Activation Temperature on the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes

A series of Ni-La-Mg catalyst samples were prepared by citric acid complex method, and carbonnanotubes were synthesized by catalytic decomposition of CH4 on these catalysts. The effects of the citricacid concentration and the activation temperature on catalytic activity were investigated by CO adsorption,TEM and XRD techniques. The experimental results showed that the particle size of the catalysts preparedthrough gel auto-combustion varied with the concentration of citric acid. Therefore carbon nanotubes with different diameters were obtained correspondingly. The effect of activation temperature on the activity of catalyst was negligible from 500 to 700℃, but it became pronounced at lower or higher temperatures.     

不同硅铝比ZSM-5的合成及其吸附脱除柴油中苯胺和吡啶的性能

合成了一系列不同硅铝比的ZSM-5分子筛,采用XRD、FT-IR、ICP、SEM、NH_3-TPD和N_2吸附-脱附等方法对其进行了表征,研究了不同硅铝比ZSM-5分子筛对模拟柴油中苯胺和吡啶的吸附脱除性能。结果表明,所合成的ZSM-5分子筛均具有典型MFI结构;与合成原料混合物中的硅铝比相比,实际硅铝比稍有降低。ZSM-5分子筛的酸量随硅铝比的增加而降低,硅铝比较小的ZSM-5(1)和ZSM-5(2)的吸附脱除苯胺或吡啶的效果明显优于其他样品,并且所有样品吸附脱除吡啶的效果均优于苯胺。ZSM-5(2)上苯胺和吡啶的吸附等温线符合Langmuir-Freundlich混合模型。