Soft-x-ray laser interferometry of a pinch discharge using a tabletop laser

We have used a tabletop soft-x-ray laser and a wave-front division interferometer to probe the plasma of a pinch discharge. A very compact capillary discharge-pumped Ne-like Ar laser emitting at 46.9 nm was combined with a wave division interferometer based on Lloyd's mirror and Sc-Si multilayer-coated optics to map the electron density in the cathode region of the discharge. This demonstration of the use of tabletop soft-x-ray laser in plasma interferometry could lead to the widespread use of these lasers in the diagnostics of dense plasmas.     

Refractive microlens array for wave-front analysis in the medium to hard x-ray range

We report an alternative approach to x-ray wave-front analysis that uses a refractive microlens array as a Shack-Hartmann sensor. The sensor was manufactured by self-assembly and electroplating techniques and is suitable for high-resolution wave-front analysis of medium to hard x rays. We demonstrate its effectiveness at an x-ray energy of 3 keV for analysis of x-ray wave-front perturbations caused by microscopic objects. The sensor has potential advantages over other methods for x-ray phase imaging and will also be useful for the characterization of x-ray beams and optics.     

Automatic alignment of a Kirkpatrick-Baez active optic by use of a soft-x-ray Hartmann wavefront sensor

We present what we believe to be the first automatic alignment of a synchrotron beamline by the Hartmann technique. Experiments were performed, in the soft-x-ray range (E=3 keV, lambda=0.414 nm), by using a four-actuator Kirkpatrick-Baez (KB) active optic. A system imaging the KB focal spot and a soft-x-ray Hartmann wavefront sensor were used alternatively to control the KB optic. The beam corrected with the help of the imaging system was used to calibrate the wavefront sensor. With both closed loops, we focused the beam into a 6.8 microm x 9 microm FWHM focal spot.     

Hartmann wave-front scanner

A wave-front sensor is described that uses a programmable moving aperture to scan an incoming wave front. The position of the diffraction spot is recorded behind an objective lens with a two-dimensional sensor and gives an estimate of the local slope at the aperture position. Then the wave front is reconstructed by processing of the slope data. The device is basically a programmable Hartmann wave-front sensor. Compared with a microlens Shack-Hartmann wave-front sensor, its much longer focal length provides higher resolution, although real-time operation is lost. A practical implementation of the new scanner with a liquid-crystal television as the programmable aperture is presented.     

高分辨力哈特曼传感器的快速波面重构和拼接

建立哈特曼传感器的模型,证明在高空间分辨力下,可以采用Hudgin模型进行波面重构,避免了采用Fried模型带来的复杂性。对哈特曼子孔径缺失破坏连续性的问题进行了分析,介绍了相应的边缘处理算法。完成了基于离散傅里叶变换的波面重构算法数值模拟,实现了波面的无损重构。针对实际应用中输入波面在被遮挡处不连续的问题,提出了基于最小二乘解的拼接方案,实现了非连续波面拼接。分析了影响波面重构速度的主要因素,提出了提高波面重构性能的方法。     

20单元双压电片变形镜对Zernike像差空间拟合能力的实验研究

利用20单元双压电片变形镜和13×13阵列哈特曼波前传感器所构成的闭环自适应光学系统,实验测试了双压电片变形镜对3～20项静态Zernike像差的空间校正能力,并将实验结果与仿真计算结果进行了对比.最后分析了哈特曼传感器与双压电片变形镜之间的对准误差对实验结果的影响.研究表明,除了少数几项外,双压电片变形镜对3～20项Zernike像差的拟合误差都小于0.5,各项Zernike仿真和实验结果之差平均小于0.1.计算表明,与严格对准的理想情况相比,双压电片变形镜对3～20项Zernike像差中大多数项的拟合误差都随着失配程度的增加而增大,对准精度对于高阶像差拟合效果的影响尤其严重.     

平行光管气流扰动的液晶自适应光学校正

利用液晶自适应光学技术,建立了一套验证系统.使用哈特曼传感器为波前探测器件,反射式的LCOS液晶器件为波前校正器件,以闭环控制校正方式工作.初步实现了波前PV值从1.02λ下降到0.37λ（λ＝633 nm）的校正准确度,成像质量明显提高.系统的调制传递函数由校正前的不到10 lp/mm提高到了校正后的超过50 lp/mm.     

快速傅里叶算法在哈特曼夏克传感器波前重构算法中的应用

提出了一种应用快速傅里叶变换算法提高哈特曼－夏克波前传感器波前重构实时性的快速算法，在根据波前斜率值应用最小二乘法估计波前相位的过程中，应用快速傅里叶变换算法进行方程的对角化和相位值的解耗，算法精站度，稳定，空间分辨率越高，算法实时性的优越性就越显著。     

Nearly diffraction-limited laser focal spot obtained by use of an optically addressed light valve in an adaptive-optics loop

We demonstrate correction of laser wave-front distortions by use of an adaptive-optical technique based on a light valve. The setup consists of an achromatic and adjustable-sensitivity wave-front sensor and a wave-front corrector relying on an optically addressed liquid-crystal spatial light modulator. Experimental results with strongly aberrated beams focused close to the diffraction limit are presented for the cw regime. Additional experiments with pulses and measurement of damage thresholds show that this approach is relevant for spatial phase correction of ultraintense laser pulses.     

纯相位液晶空间光调制器拟合泽尼克像差性能分析

纯相位液晶空间光调制器作为波前校正器构成的高分辨率、低能耗、价格低廉、易于控制的自适应光学系统受到越来越多的关注.作为一种新型波前校正器件,它对波前像差的校正能力是反映其在自适应光学系统中应用的一个重要的指标,因此有必要仔细地研究它对各种像差的校正能力,以确定其可能的应用范围.波前校正器对各阶泽尼克像差的拟合效果有效地反映了该器件对不同像差的校正能力.利用256×256像素的纯相位液晶空间光调制器(LC-SLM)产生不同系数的前36项泽尼克像差分析LC-SLM对不同像差的校正能力.讨论了填充因子、离散像素 关键词： 液晶空间光调制器 相位调制 自适应光学 泽尼克多项式     

High-speed horizontal-path atmospheric turbulence correction with a large-actuator-number microelectromechanical system spatial light modulator in an interferometric phase-conjugation engine

Results of atmospheric propagation for a high-speed, large-actuator-number adaptive optics system are presented. The system uses a microelectromechanical system- (MEMS-) based spatial light modulator correction device with 1024 actuators. Tests over a 1.35-km path achieved correction speeds in excess of 800 Hz and Strehl ratios close to 0.5. The wave-front sensor was based on a quadrature interferometer that directly measures phase. This technique does not require global wave-front reconstruction, making it relatively insensitive to scintillation and phase residues. The results demonstrate the potential of large-actuator-number MEMS-based spatial light modulators to replace conventional deformable mirrors.     

Characteristics of a 128 x 128 liquid-crystal spatial light modulator for wave-front generation

Spatial and temporal characteristics of a 128x128 zero-twist nematic liquid-crystal spatial light modulator are investigated for wave-front generation at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. The modulator is found to have the capability of producing at least eight phase levels between 0 and 2pi , and the rate of arbitrary phase modulation is limited to approximately 4.5 Hz. Wave-front generation of the first 55 Zernike polynomials is demonstrated.     

光波相位不连续点的探测

提出了同时利用哈特曼波前传感器测量的子孔径波前斜率和光强数据进行信标光相位复原的改进算法,并在此基础上对实测的斜率数据进行分析,结果表明在强湍流效应情况下,信标光相位中存在不连续点。     

自适应光学系统随机并行梯度下降控制算法实验研究

随机并行梯度下降算法是一种极具应用潜力的自适应光学系统控制算法,具有不依赖波前传感器直接对系统性能指标进行优化的特点。基于32单元变形镜、CCD成像器件等建立自适应光学系统随机并行梯度下降控制算法实验平台。考察算法增益系数和扰动幅度对校正效果和收敛速度的影响,验证随机并行梯度下降算法的基本原理。实验结果表明参量选取合适的情况下,随机并行梯度下降控制算法对静态或慢变化的畸变波前具有较好的校正能力。根据实验结果分析了影响随机并行梯度下降算法校正速度的主要因素。     

X rays from optical-field ionized plasmas at low density

We present results of an experiment in which x rays from an optical-field ionized plasma are generated under well-controlled conditions in a low-pressure gas cell. In this way high-density effects such as electron heating, collisional ionization, and ionization defocusing are avoided. Using N(2) as the medium, we show that many features of the soft-x-ray emission follow theoretical predictions. In particular, higher x-ray intensity is observed on most lines for circularly than for linearly polarized light. However, several Li-like lines show anomalously strong emission for linear polarization. Mechanisms that may be responsible for this effect are discussed.     

人眼高阶像差校正和视觉分析系统

人眼除具有可用眼镜或接触镜校正的低阶像差(离焦、像散)之外,还普遍存在高阶像差。高阶像差的存在影响着屈光系统的成像质量。为研究高阶像差对视觉功能的影响,利用自适应光学技术,建立了具有校正高阶像差和产生高阶像差双重功能的人眼高阶像差校正和视觉分析系统。介绍了系统实现高阶像差校正和视觉分析的工作原理;阐述了波前校正器、哈特曼波前探测系统、控制系统等关键单元技术;列出了系统对泽尼克模式像差的校正效果,绝大多数像差从0.5λ降低到0.2λ以下;阐明系统功能的实现过程,并给出仿真实验的结果。该系统为进一步研究高阶像差对视功能的影响提供了有效的手段。     

Adaptive-optics correction of a stellar interferometer with a single pyramid wave-front sensor

We investigate the pyramid wave-front sensor's capability to reconstruct in a closed loop, with only one sensor, the wave fronts on both apertures of a stellar interferometer, including the differential piston: The method consists of placing the principal element of this sensor, namely, a refractive-square-based pyramid, in a combined focal plane of the interferometer instead of using two sensors, one for each individual telescope. We show that the sensor signals allow one to measure the wave-front aberrations on both apertures and the differential piston at the same time. The performance of an adaptive-optics loop is computed numerically for the Large Binocular Telescope in terms of differential-piston rejection under several conditions. The results show that atmospheric correction including differential-piston compensation is possible as long as the corrected Strehl ratio at the wave-front sensing wavelength is greater than 20%.     

Linear phase retrieval for wave-front sensing

Phase retrieval from one or more intensity measurements is a potentially powerful and appealing technique for real-time adaptive-optics wave-front sensors. Under the assumption of small wave-front phase excursions, one is able to derive an exact solution to the inverse problem given three or more intensity measurements with known phase offsets. Applications include a high-order wave-front sensor to correct for residual aberrations in an adaptive-optics system in tandem with a low-resolution Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor. The formula can also furnish mathematical insights into the full nonlinear phase-retrieval task.     

Closed-loop aberration correction by use of a modal Zernike wave-front sensor

We describe the practical implementation of a closed-loop adaptive-optics system incorporating a novel modal wave-front sensor. The sensor consists of a static binary-phase computer-generated holographic element, which generates a pattern of spots in a detector plane. Intensity differences between symmetric pairs of these spots give a direct measure of the Zernike mode amplitudes that are present in the input wave front. We use a ferroelectric liquid-crystal spatial light modulator in conjunction with a 4-f system and a spatial filter as a wave-front correction element. We present results showing a rapid increase in Strehl ratio and focal spot quality as the system corrects for deliberately introduced aberrations.     

用于人眼视网膜成像照明的激光消散斑技术研究

以近红外激光(808 nm)作为人眼波前像差探测的信号光和视网膜成像的照明光,液晶空间光调制器(LCOS)作为波前校正器,用哈特曼波前探测器探测人眼像差,构建了人眼像差自适应校正的视网膜成像系统.利用模拟眼分析了激光散斑对相机成像的影响和对哈特曼波前探测器进行像差探测的影响,同时验证了利用旋转散射体的方法消除激光散斑的可行性和有效性;用活体人眼进行了激光消散斑前后照明视网膜进行成像的对比实验,并进一步利用自适应光学技术实现了对人眼像差的动态校正和视网膜细胞的连续成像.校正后,系统波前像差的均方根值小于0.1λ.实验表明激光消散斑后可以同时作为人眼像差探测的信号光和视网膜成像的照明光,从而可以进行连续自适应校正和成像.