Optical-optical double-resonance spectroscopy of BaO: The low-lying states

Optical-optical double-resonance (OODR) induced photoluminescence into the lowest excited electronic states of BaO—a³Σ⁺, A¹Σ⁺, b³Π, and $\text{A′}{}^1\text{Π}$—from C¹Σ⁺ is described. These low-lying states are deperturbed to obtain spectroscopic constants and potential energy curves:

     

2.

Problem of Interactions: Gravitational Interactions     

S. S. Sannikov-Proskuryakov 《Russian Physics Journal》2001,44(12):1310-1315

Within the framework of a new approach to the problem of particles [1], gravitational interactions are considered. Interactions of this type are associated with the degeneracy of states of a relativistic bi-Hamiltonian system T _3,1 underlying the given approach. Within the framework of this approach, there is a clearly defined difference between the gravitation and the metric theory of space-time.     

3.

Electronic spectrum of the BaO molecule     

R.S. Kolman  L. Schoonveld  S. Sundaram 《Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer》1981,25(5):445-452

The emission spectrum of the BaO molecule corresponding to B → X transitions has been studied experimentally using a d.c. arc with barium electrodes in an oxygen atmosphere. No Q branches were observed. This result implies a Σ¹ → Σ¹ transition for the system. In addition, the data on the singlet system, A′¹Π → X¹Σ, have been reviewed to establish valid molecular constants for the states involved and Frank-Condon factors and r-centroids corresponding to wavefunctions for a Morse potential have been calculated using these constants.     

4.

Problem of Interactions: Electromagnetic Interactions of Particles     

S. S. Sannikov-Proskuryakov 《Russian Physics Journal》2001,44(12):1304-1309

Proceeding from the dynamic theory of particles proposed in [1], electromagnetic interactions of charged particles are examined. The existence of interactions of this type is associated with the degeneracy of the ground state of a relativistic bi-Hamiltonian system U _e(1) underlying the given theory.     

5.

Homopolymers with Intrachain Interactions     

J. K. Percus 《Journal of statistical physics》2002,106(1-2):357-368

     

6.

Interactions of charmed mesons with nucleons     

A. Sibirtsev 《Nuclear Physics A》2001,680(1-4):274-279

     

7.

Ostwald Ripening in Two Dimensions: Treatment with Pairwise Interactions     

Boris Levitan  Eytan Domany 《Journal of statistical physics》1998,93(3-4):501-510

Ostwald ripening is the last stage of the evolution of a system with two coexisting phases. It is a relatively simple nonequilibrium phenomenon with several interesting features. For example, as the system coarsens it goes through a scaling state, one which looks the same (up to an overall length scale, which grows) at all times. The dynamics of the problem can be mapped, in two dimensions, onto an evolving Coulomb system. In this work we present a brief summary of a novel theoretical approach to this problem, based on an analytic derivation (using a mean-field approach) of an effective two-body interaction between droplets of the minority phase. The resulting interacting many-body dynamics is solved by a very efficient numerical algorithm, allowing us to follow the evolution of more than 10⁶ droplets on a simple workstation. The results are in excellent agreement with recent experiments.     

8.

Phase Transitions with Four-Spin Interactions     

Joel L. Lebowitz  David Ruelle 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》2011,304(3):711-722

Using an extended Lee-Yang theorem and GKS correlation inequalities, we prove, for a class of ferromagnetic multi-spin interactions, that they will have a phase transition (and spontaneous magnetization) if, and only if, the external field h = 0 (and the temperature is low enough). We also show the absence of phase transitions for some nonferromagnetic interactions. The FKG inequalities are shown to hold for a larger class of multi-spin interactions.     

9.

Lump Interactions with Plane Solitons     

Stepanyants  Yu. A.  Zakharov  D. V.  Zakharov  V. E. 《Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics》2022,64(10):665-680

Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics - We analyze in detail the interactions of two-dimensional solitary waves called lumps and onedimensional line solitons within the framework of the...     

10.

Pseudo-Differential Operators with Point Interactions     

ALBEVERIO  S.  KURASOV  P. 《Letters in Mathematical Physics》1997,41(1):79-92

Point interactions for pseudo-differential operators are studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a pseudo-differential operator to have nontrivial point perturbations are given. The results are applied to the construction of relativistic spin zero Hamiltonians with point interactions.     

11.

离子与生物分子相互作用的微观动力学理论   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

张丰收 《原子核物理评论》2006,23(1):23-34

对X射线、γ射线、电子、中子、质子和重离子等对生物体系的辐照研究现状进行了评论。重离子辐照中特有的倒转深度剂量分布,即Bragg峰,成为放射治疗的理想工具。通过对重离子辐照生物组织物理过程的分析,提出了重离子与生物分子相互作用的三步物理过程,即核相互作用导致的核碎裂、库仑相互作用的电子激发和生物分子在周围环境相互作用下的弛豫,最终导致生物分子新结构的形成。由于物理过程是后期辐照化学过程、生物过程的基础,因此建立描述离子与生物分子相互作用物理过程的微观动力学理论是十分迫切的。The status of studying biology system therapy with X-rays, γ-rays, neutron, proton, and heavy ions is reviewed. The depth dose profile, called Bragg profile, makes heavy ion an ideal tool for radiotherapy. The physical process of therapy with heavy ions is analyzed and a 3-step interaction processes of heavy ions with biomolecules is proposed, that is, nuclear fragmentation in nuclear interaction, electron excitation in Coulomb interaction, and the biomolecules relaxation in surroundings, finally leads to a new structure of biomolecule. Since this physical process is the base of the following chemical process and biological process, a dynamical microscopic approach is strongly demanded to be built.     

12.

Cutting glass substrates with dual-laser beams     

Junke Jiao  Xinbing Wang 《Optics and Lasers in Engineering》2009,47(7-8):860-864

In order to improve the cutting quality, a dual-laser-beam method was proposed to cut glass substrates in the current study, where a focused CO₂-laser beam was used to scribe a straight line on the substrate, and a defocused CO₂-laser beam was used to irradiate on the scribing line to generate a tensile stress and separate the substrate. The finite-element-method (FEM) software ANSYS was applied to calculate the temperature distribution and the resulting thermal stress filed. Through experimental study, it concluded that the glass substrate can be separated along an expected path with dual-laser beams and the cutting quality can be improved comparing with the cutting using a defocused laser beam alone. The relation between the cutting speed and the defocused laser power was also investigated in cutting glass with this method.     

13.

Self-activated liquid-crystal cells with photovoltaic substrates     

Carns JL  Cook G  Saleh MA  Serak SV  Tabiryan NV  Evans DR 《Optics letters》2006,31(7):993-995

We show that photovoltaic fields are capable of efficiently reorienting liquid crystals, leading to new concepts of optically addressable light modulators. Using an arrangement consisting of a liquid-crystal layer between LiNbO3:Fe photovoltaic substrates, we observed spatial filtering due to self-phase modulation in a planar-oriented cell and nonlinear transmission between crossed polarizers in a twist-oriented cell. These processes do not require an external electric field. The substrates are arranged such that light propagates along the +c axis in each substrate, allowing a secondary process of power transfer to occur through contradirectional photorefractive two-beam coupling.     

14.

Fundamental aspects of NO_x adsorption on BaO     

Henrik Grönbeck  Peter Broqvist 《Surface science》2006,600(2):403-408

The nature of NO₂ and nitrite/nitrate pairs adsorbed on BaO has been studied within the density functional theory. Size effects are investigated by comparing results for the BaO molecule, BaO clusters [(BaO)_x, x = 4, 6, 9, 12] and BaO(1 0 0). The adsorption energies show weak dependence on size, which is a manifestation of the fast size convergence of the BaO electronic structure and the local character of the NO₂ adsorption bond. Nitrite/nitrate pair formation is associated with a significant energy gain. For BaO(1 0 0), the stability of the pair is insensitive to the nitrite-nitrate separation, a finding that demonstrates a surface mediated non-local mechanism of molecular pair formation on oxide surfaces. The results have implications for the understanding of NO_x storage and reduction catalysts.     

15.

Interactions of H with tungsten carbide surfaces: An ab initio study     

F. Marinelli  A. Jelea 《Surface science》2007,601(2):578-587

Adsorption of atomic hydrogen at several coverages on three WC surfaces with occupation of W and C sites is studied using a DFT formalism and generalized gradient approximation. In all three cases, at low coverage, the H adsorption over the W on top site is clearly favoured. Beyond this coverage, the surface occupation of both W and C sites become possible. The calculated adsorption energies ΔE indicate chemisorption. The evolution of the DOS with the coverage is reported. Our results are complemented by determination of surface energies for the (0 0 0 1), (1 0 −1 0) and (1 1 −2 0) surfaces.     

16.

Interactions of an elastic solid with a viscous fluid: Eigenmode analysis     

R. M. S. M. Schulkes 《Journal of computational physics》1992,100(2)

In this paper we study the interaction of a viscous fluid with an elastic solid. Of particular interest are the eigenmodes of the coupled system. Starting from the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid and the linear elasticity equations for the solid, we derive the linear equations governing the motion of the system. It is shown how a variational formulation of the problem may be obtained by re-scaling the displacement unknowns. The finite-element technique is then used to discretize the equations. The resulting quadratic eigenvalue problem is solved by means of an inverse iteration procedure.     

17.

Interactions of transition metal atoms with He     

J.?K?os  M.?F.?Rode  J.?E.?Rode  G.?Cha?asiński  M.?M.?Szcze?niakEmail author 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2004,31(2):429-437

The adiabatic interaction potentials were obtained for the paradigm transition metal-rare gas interactions: Sc(²D)-He and Ti(³F)-He and their di-cations. The ab initio approach included the coupled cluster and multireference configuration interaction methods. He atoms form very weak van der Waals complexes with Sc and Ti with well-depths of ca. 4-5 cm^-1. The interactions are characterized by the nearly-degenerate manifolds of adiabatic states with splittings of the order of 0.1 cm^-1 or less. The anisotropy of the Ti-He interaction is smaller than that for the Sc-He interaction. The origin of the weak anisotropy of these interactions was analyzed. The exchange repulsion was found to be nearly the same in the , and states due to the valence d-electrons being submerged under the doubly filled 4s electron sub-shell. The anisotropy of the total potential is controlled by the weakly-anisotropic dispersion interaction.Received: 24 September 2004, Published online: 23 November 2004PACS: 34.20.-b Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential energy surfaces for collisions - 31.50.Df Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states - 31.15.Ar Ab initio calculations     

18.

Interactions of coherent electromagnetic radiation with nuclei     

J. Odeurs 《Hyperfine Interactions》1996,99(1):421-446

When coherent electromagnetic radiation resonantly couples two levels of a nucleus, the system can emit photons by stimulated and by spontaneous emission. The spontaneous emission spectrum is defined as the Fourier transform of the first-order correlation function of the magnetic or electric field operator. This function can be expressed in terms of one-time and two-time averages of nuclear operators. The one-time averages can be calculated by solving the Bloch-type equations for the matrix elements of the nuclear density operator. Application of the quantum regression theorem permits to calculate two-time averages with the aid of one-time averages and hence the radiated spectrum.     

19.

Interactions of triiodide cluster ion with solvents     

F. S. Zhang  R. M. Lynden-Bell 《The European Physical Journal D - Atomic, Molecular, Optical and Plasma Physics》2005,34(1-3):129-132

An equilibrium molecular dynamics model is developed to investigate the interactions of triiodide cluster ion with solvents. The internal dynamics of the triiodide ion is described by a valence bond model which responds to the field of the classical solvent molecules. The solvent molecules were described by standard classical models with rigid molecules, fixed partial charges on atomic sites and site-site Lennard-Jones interactions. One finds the solvent effects on the I^-₃ are unusually strong as it is a very polarizable species. Protic solvents such as water, ethanol, and methanol that can form hydrogen bonds to lead to the I^-₃ geometry with two unequal bonds and an asymmetric distribution of charges. But for the solvents such as xenon, tetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile, the I^-₃ only illustrates a geometry with two equal bonds. We find that structure changing is induced by local electrostatic attraction between solvent molecules.     

20.

Interactions of germanium atoms with silica surfaces     

Scott K. Stanley 《Applied Surface Science》2005,252(4):878-882

GeH₄ is thermally cracked over a hot filament depositing 0.7-15 ML Ge onto 2-7 nm SiO₂/Si(1 0 0) at substrate temperatures of 300-970 K. Ge bonding changes are analyzed during annealing with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ge, GeH_x, GeO, and GeO₂ desorption is monitored through temperature programmed desorption in the temperature range 300-1000 K. Low temperature desorption features are attributed to GeO and GeH₄. No GeO₂ desorption is observed, but GeO₂ decomposition to Ge through high temperature pathways is seen above 750 K. Germanium oxidization results from Ge etching of the oxide substrate. With these results, explanations for the failure of conventional chemical vapor deposition to produce Ge nanocrystals on SiO₂ surfaces are proposed.     

	$\text{a}{}^3\text{Σ}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$	$\text{A}{}^1\text{Σ}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$	$\text{b}{}^3\text{Π}$	$\text{A′}{}^1\text{Π}$
$\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{(}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{)}$	16 596(3)	16 807.345(10)	17 502.6(10)	17 619.7(2)
$\text{ω}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{(}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{)}$	469.0(7)	499.620(19)	447.62(8)	447.95(22)
$\text{ω}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{x}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{(}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{)}$	1.48(4)	1.716(8)	2.287(12)	2.139(8)
$\text{ω}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{y}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{× 10}{}^2\text{(}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{)}$		2.14(9)		1.02(3)
$\text{B}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{(}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{)}$	0.2594(5)	0.2583908(26)	0.22426(16)	0.22385(16)
$\text{α}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{× 10}{}^3\text{(}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{)}$	1.44(5)	1.111(3)	1.18(4)	1.15(4)
$\text{γ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{× 10}{}^6\text{(}\text{cm}{}^{\mathrm{?1}}\text{)}$		7.0(7)		?4.0(21)
$\text{R}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>e</mtext>}}\text{(}\text{A}\text{?}\text{)}$	2.1294(20)	2.133512(11)	2.2901(8)	2.2922(8)

Problem of Interactions: Gravitational Interactions

Within the framework of a new approach to the problem of particles [1], gravitational interactions are considered. Interactions of this type are associated with the degeneracy of states of a relativistic bi-Hamiltonian system T _3,1 underlying the given approach. Within the framework of this approach, there is a clearly defined difference between the gravitation and the metric theory of space-time.     

Electronic spectrum of the BaO molecule

The emission spectrum of the BaO molecule corresponding to B → X transitions has been studied experimentally using a d.c. arc with barium electrodes in an oxygen atmosphere. No Q branches were observed. This result implies a Σ¹ → Σ¹ transition for the system. In addition, the data on the singlet system, A′¹Π → X¹Σ, have been reviewed to establish valid molecular constants for the states involved and Frank-Condon factors and r-centroids corresponding to wavefunctions for a Morse potential have been calculated using these constants.     

Problem of Interactions: Electromagnetic Interactions of Particles

Proceeding from the dynamic theory of particles proposed in [1], electromagnetic interactions of charged particles are examined. The existence of interactions of this type is associated with the degeneracy of the ground state of a relativistic bi-Hamiltonian system U _e(1) underlying the given theory.     

Ostwald Ripening in Two Dimensions: Treatment with Pairwise Interactions

Ostwald ripening is the last stage of the evolution of a system with two coexisting phases. It is a relatively simple nonequilibrium phenomenon with several interesting features. For example, as the system coarsens it goes through a scaling state, one which looks the same (up to an overall length scale, which grows) at all times. The dynamics of the problem can be mapped, in two dimensions, onto an evolving Coulomb system. In this work we present a brief summary of a novel theoretical approach to this problem, based on an analytic derivation (using a mean-field approach) of an effective two-body interaction between droplets of the minority phase. The resulting interacting many-body dynamics is solved by a very efficient numerical algorithm, allowing us to follow the evolution of more than 10⁶ droplets on a simple workstation. The results are in excellent agreement with recent experiments.     

Phase Transitions with Four-Spin Interactions

Using an extended Lee-Yang theorem and GKS correlation inequalities, we prove, for a class of ferromagnetic multi-spin interactions, that they will have a phase transition (and spontaneous magnetization) if, and only if, the external field h = 0 (and the temperature is low enough). We also show the absence of phase transitions for some nonferromagnetic interactions. The FKG inequalities are shown to hold for a larger class of multi-spin interactions.     

Lump Interactions with Plane Solitons

Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics - We analyze in detail the interactions of two-dimensional solitary waves called lumps and onedimensional line solitons within the framework of the...     

Pseudo-Differential Operators with Point Interactions

Point interactions for pseudo-differential operators are studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions for a pseudo-differential operator to have nontrivial point perturbations are given. The results are applied to the construction of relativistic spin zero Hamiltonians with point interactions.     

离子与生物分子相互作用的微观动力学理论

对X射线、γ射线、电子、中子、质子和重离子等对生物体系的辐照研究现状进行了评论。重离子辐照中特有的倒转深度剂量分布,即Bragg峰,成为放射治疗的理想工具。通过对重离子辐照生物组织物理过程的分析,提出了重离子与生物分子相互作用的三步物理过程,即核相互作用导致的核碎裂、库仑相互作用的电子激发和生物分子在周围环境相互作用下的弛豫,最终导致生物分子新结构的形成。由于物理过程是后期辐照化学过程、生物过程的基础,因此建立描述离子与生物分子相互作用物理过程的微观动力学理论是十分迫切的。The status of studying biology system therapy with X-rays, γ-rays, neutron, proton, and heavy ions is reviewed. The depth dose profile, called Bragg profile, makes heavy ion an ideal tool for radiotherapy. The physical process of therapy with heavy ions is analyzed and a 3-step interaction processes of heavy ions with biomolecules is proposed, that is, nuclear fragmentation in nuclear interaction, electron excitation in Coulomb interaction, and the biomolecules relaxation in surroundings, finally leads to a new structure of biomolecule. Since this physical process is the base of the following chemical process and biological process, a dynamical microscopic approach is strongly demanded to be built.     

Cutting glass substrates with dual-laser beams

In order to improve the cutting quality, a dual-laser-beam method was proposed to cut glass substrates in the current study, where a focused CO₂-laser beam was used to scribe a straight line on the substrate, and a defocused CO₂-laser beam was used to irradiate on the scribing line to generate a tensile stress and separate the substrate. The finite-element-method (FEM) software ANSYS was applied to calculate the temperature distribution and the resulting thermal stress filed. Through experimental study, it concluded that the glass substrate can be separated along an expected path with dual-laser beams and the cutting quality can be improved comparing with the cutting using a defocused laser beam alone. The relation between the cutting speed and the defocused laser power was also investigated in cutting glass with this method.     

Self-activated liquid-crystal cells with photovoltaic substrates

We show that photovoltaic fields are capable of efficiently reorienting liquid crystals, leading to new concepts of optically addressable light modulators. Using an arrangement consisting of a liquid-crystal layer between LiNbO3:Fe photovoltaic substrates, we observed spatial filtering due to self-phase modulation in a planar-oriented cell and nonlinear transmission between crossed polarizers in a twist-oriented cell. These processes do not require an external electric field. The substrates are arranged such that light propagates along the +c axis in each substrate, allowing a secondary process of power transfer to occur through contradirectional photorefractive two-beam coupling.     

Fundamental aspects of NOx adsorption on BaO

The nature of NO₂ and nitrite/nitrate pairs adsorbed on BaO has been studied within the density functional theory. Size effects are investigated by comparing results for the BaO molecule, BaO clusters [(BaO)_x, x = 4, 6, 9, 12] and BaO(1 0 0). The adsorption energies show weak dependence on size, which is a manifestation of the fast size convergence of the BaO electronic structure and the local character of the NO₂ adsorption bond. Nitrite/nitrate pair formation is associated with a significant energy gain. For BaO(1 0 0), the stability of the pair is insensitive to the nitrite-nitrate separation, a finding that demonstrates a surface mediated non-local mechanism of molecular pair formation on oxide surfaces. The results have implications for the understanding of NO_x storage and reduction catalysts.     

Interactions of H with tungsten carbide surfaces: An ab initio study

Adsorption of atomic hydrogen at several coverages on three WC surfaces with occupation of W and C sites is studied using a DFT formalism and generalized gradient approximation. In all three cases, at low coverage, the H adsorption over the W on top site is clearly favoured. Beyond this coverage, the surface occupation of both W and C sites become possible. The calculated adsorption energies ΔE indicate chemisorption. The evolution of the DOS with the coverage is reported. Our results are complemented by determination of surface energies for the (0 0 0 1), (1 0 −1 0) and (1 1 −2 0) surfaces.     

Interactions of an elastic solid with a viscous fluid: Eigenmode analysis

In this paper we study the interaction of a viscous fluid with an elastic solid. Of particular interest are the eigenmodes of the coupled system. Starting from the Navier-Stokes equations for the fluid and the linear elasticity equations for the solid, we derive the linear equations governing the motion of the system. It is shown how a variational formulation of the problem may be obtained by re-scaling the displacement unknowns. The finite-element technique is then used to discretize the equations. The resulting quadratic eigenvalue problem is solved by means of an inverse iteration procedure.     

Interactions of transition metal atoms with He

The adiabatic interaction potentials were obtained for the paradigm transition metal-rare gas interactions: Sc(²D)-He and Ti(³F)-He and their di-cations. The ab initio approach included the coupled cluster and multireference configuration interaction methods. He atoms form very weak van der Waals complexes with Sc and Ti with well-depths of ca. 4-5 cm^-1. The interactions are characterized by the nearly-degenerate manifolds of adiabatic states with splittings of the order of 0.1 cm^-1 or less. The anisotropy of the Ti-He interaction is smaller than that for the Sc-He interaction. The origin of the weak anisotropy of these interactions was analyzed. The exchange repulsion was found to be nearly the same in the , and states due to the valence d-electrons being submerged under the doubly filled 4s electron sub-shell. The anisotropy of the total potential is controlled by the weakly-anisotropic dispersion interaction.Received: 24 September 2004, Published online: 23 November 2004PACS: 34.20.-b Interatomic and intermolecular potentials and forces, potential energy surfaces for collisions - 31.50.Df Potential energy surfaces for excited electronic states - 31.15.Ar Ab initio calculations     

Interactions of coherent electromagnetic radiation with nuclei

When coherent electromagnetic radiation resonantly couples two levels of a nucleus, the system can emit photons by stimulated and by spontaneous emission. The spontaneous emission spectrum is defined as the Fourier transform of the first-order correlation function of the magnetic or electric field operator. This function can be expressed in terms of one-time and two-time averages of nuclear operators. The one-time averages can be calculated by solving the Bloch-type equations for the matrix elements of the nuclear density operator. Application of the quantum regression theorem permits to calculate two-time averages with the aid of one-time averages and hence the radiated spectrum.     

Interactions of triiodide cluster ion with solvents

An equilibrium molecular dynamics model is developed to investigate the interactions of triiodide cluster ion with solvents. The internal dynamics of the triiodide ion is described by a valence bond model which responds to the field of the classical solvent molecules. The solvent molecules were described by standard classical models with rigid molecules, fixed partial charges on atomic sites and site-site Lennard-Jones interactions. One finds the solvent effects on the I^-₃ are unusually strong as it is a very polarizable species. Protic solvents such as water, ethanol, and methanol that can form hydrogen bonds to lead to the I^-₃ geometry with two unequal bonds and an asymmetric distribution of charges. But for the solvents such as xenon, tetrahydrofuran, methyltetrahydrofuran, and acetonitrile, the I^-₃ only illustrates a geometry with two equal bonds. We find that structure changing is induced by local electrostatic attraction between solvent molecules.     

Interactions of germanium atoms with silica surfaces

GeH₄ is thermally cracked over a hot filament depositing 0.7-15 ML Ge onto 2-7 nm SiO₂/Si(1 0 0) at substrate temperatures of 300-970 K. Ge bonding changes are analyzed during annealing with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Ge, GeH_x, GeO, and GeO₂ desorption is monitored through temperature programmed desorption in the temperature range 300-1000 K. Low temperature desorption features are attributed to GeO and GeH₄. No GeO₂ desorption is observed, but GeO₂ decomposition to Ge through high temperature pathways is seen above 750 K. Germanium oxidization results from Ge etching of the oxide substrate. With these results, explanations for the failure of conventional chemical vapor deposition to produce Ge nanocrystals on SiO₂ surfaces are proposed.