Vortex sink under conditions of a thermal choking with regard to the real properties of gases

Changes in the formulation of the problem for a vortex source and a vortex sink upon taking into account the change in the heat capacity and the adiabatic exponent for a diatomic gas (for the example of air) in response to an increase in the temperature from 300 K to a few thousands of Kelvin are discussed. A thermal choking is studied for a vortex sink, and critical values of the energy parameter are calculated. It is shown that the minimal radius of the vortex sink decreases upon a heat release. Similarity parameters including the dimensionless circulation (or mass flow), the energy parameter, and the position and thickness of the heat-release region are varied. Errors of the gas model that assumes constant heat capacities and a constant adiabatic exponent are estimated.     

Thermal crisis of a vortex source

The effect of circulation in the field of a bulk vortex source on thermal crisis (flow choking induced by energy supply in a layer in accordance with a known law) is studied. Substantial changes in the value of energy supply parameter and slight variations in the coordinate of the critical cross section in which the velocity of sound is attained are revealed, and the dependence of these parameters on the location and width of the heat-supply region is noted. The possibility of transition to a supersonic flow when the heat release region is near the minimal cross section of the vortex source is analyzed. The difference between the cases of polyatomic and monatomic gases is demonstrated. Distinguishing features of the vortex sink are considered.     

Shock wave in the flow field of a source and a vortex source in the energy supply zone at thermal crisis

Thermal crisis of a vortex source outflowing initially in regime I into a rarefied space (into vacuum) with a transition of the supersonic flow into the subsonic flow in the shock wave, and into a stagnant space in regime II with final stagnation is considered in the model of a perfect gas with a constant heat capacity. The shock wave can be located in the energy supply zone or outside the energy release zone depending on the preset total pressure at infinity. In the absence of circulation, a cylindrical source is compared with a spherical source. The dependences of energy parameters and temperature, as well as the total pressure and density, on the coordinates of the shock wave are considered. The dependences of the critical parameters of the flow in the wake behind the zone on the coordinate of the heat supply zone, its length, and gas circulation in the cylindrical vortex source are analyzed.     

Thermal crisis of a vortex source in a real gas flowing into vacuum with heat supply under constant pressure

Thermal crisis of a vortex source at energy input under constant pressure is investigated. The energy release intensities per unit mass and per unit volume are analyzed for the case of the vortex source flow into vacuum (regime I). Analytical solutions for gasdynamic parameters and an algorithm for constructing the heat release intensity function for different variants of vortex sources are studied. Limitations on the extension of a constant-pressure interval are determined, and the dependences of the energy input area critical coordinates, critical temperature, and energy input parameters on the mass flow, gas circulation, and initial coordinate of the energy input area are obtained. A small correction to the gas specific heat with rising temperature and a significant correction to the specific heat at a stagnation temperature of 1000 K are considered.     

Theoretical analysis of porous radiant burners under 2-D radiation field using discrete ordinates method

This paper describes a theoretical study to investigate the heat transfer characteristics of porous radiant burners (PRBs). In the present work, a 2-D rectangular model is used to solve the governing equations for porous medium and gas flow before the premixed flame to the exhaust gas. The gas and the solid phases are considered in non-local thermal equilibrium and combustion in the porous medium is modeled by considering a non-uniform heat generation zone. The homogeneous porous media, in addition to its convective heat exchange with the gas, may absorb, emit and scatter thermal radiation. The radiation effect in the gas flow is neglected but the conductive heat transfer is taken into account. In order to analyze the thermal characteristics of porous burners, the coupled energy equations for the gas and porous medium in steady condition are solved numerically and the discrete ordinates method (DOM) is used to obtain the distribution of radiative heat flux in the porous media. Finally, the effects of various parameters on the performance of porous radiant burners are examined. The present results are compared with some reported theoretical and experimental results by other investigators and good agreement is found.     

Thermalization time of thin metal film heated by short pulse laser

Based on the hyperbolic two-step heat conduction model, using the Laplace transform and numerical inverse transform method (Riemann-sum approximation method), the thermal behaviour of thin metal films has been studied during femtosecond pulse laser heating. Also the thermalization time, which is the time for the electron gas and solid lattice to reach thermal balance, has been studied in detail. The values of thermalization time for silver (Ag), gold (Au), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) are obtained. The effects of material parameters of the thin metal film on the thermalization time are considered for the four kinds of metals by changing one of the parameters and regarding the other parameters as constant. For a typical metal material, the order of the thermalization time is of the order of hundreds of picoseconds. The thermalization time decays exponentially with the increase of phonon－electron coupling factor or electron gas thermal conductivity, and it increases linearly with the increase of the ratio of lattice heat capacity to electron gas heat capacity. However, the relaxation time of the electron gas has very little effect on the thermalization time.     

Calculation of the drag and heat transfer from a sphere in the gas flow in a cylindrical channel

A numerical experiment on the simulation of heat transfer from a sphere to a gas flow in a cylindrical channel in the Stokes and transient flow regimes has been described. Radial and axial profiles of the gas temperature and the dependences of drag coefficient C_d of the body and Nusselt number Nu on Reynolds number Re have been calculated and analyzed. The problem of the influence of the early drag crisis for a sphere on its heat transfer to the gas flow has been considered. The estimation of this phenomenon has shown that the early drag crisis of the sphere in a strongly turbulent flow causes a reduction in heat transfer from the sphere to the gas by three to six times (in approximately the same proportion as for its drag coefficient).     

Quenching Properties of an Arc in a Double Flow with a Vortex

The effect of a vortex in a gas flow on an air-blast arc is investigated. The radial density of a vortex in the compressible flow is evaluated with a simple model. The experiments show that the width of a low pressure channel on the axis of the nozzle is comparable to the theoretical values. The measured electric field strength profile is strongly influenced by the presence of such a vortex. In addition, the thermal interrupting capability is drastically lowered by vortex superimposed on the axial gas flow.     

准稳态法测量液体比热容的实验研究

建立了准稳态量热计,通过测量纯水和正庚烷的比热容,对量热器进行了检验。比热容的测量结果与文献标准值比较,最大偏差不超过1.0％,表明量热器具有较高的精度和稳定性。在此基础上测量了含氧燃料添加剂碳酸二甲酯及可作为蓄热介质石腊的比热容,为混合燃料的设计和空调余热利用提供基础数据。     

Heat capacity of isolated clusters

The character of interaction between thermal (vibrational) and configurational cluster excitations is considered under adiabatic conditions when a cluster is a member of a microcanonical ensemble. The hierarchy of equilibration times determines the character of atomic equilibrium in the cluster. The behavior of atoms in the cluster can be characterized by two effective (mean) temperatures, corresponding to the solid and liquid aggregate states, because the typical time for equilibration of atomic motion is less than the transition time between aggregate states. If the cluster is considered for a time much longer than the typical dwell time in either phase, then it is convenient to characterize the system by only one temperature, which is determined from the statistical-thermodynamic long-time average. These three temperatures are not far apart, nor are the cluster heat capacities evaluated on the basis of these definitions of temperature. The heat capacity of a microcanonical ensemble may be negative for two coexisting phases if the mean temperature is defined in terms of the mean kinetic energy, rather than as the derivative of energy with respect to microcanonical entropy. However, if the configurational excitation energy is smaller than the total excitation energy separating the phases, then the two-state model predicts a positive heat capacity under either definition of temperature. Moreover, if the cluster is sufficiently large, then the maximum values of the microcanonical and canonical heat capacities are equal.     

Ordered states and structural transitions in a system of Abrikosov vortices with periodic pinning

A system of Abrikosov vortices in a quasi-two-dimensional HTSC plate is considered for various periodic lattices of pinning centers. The magnetization and equilibrium configurations of the vortex density for various values of external magnetic field and temperature are calculated using the Monte Carlo method. It is found that the interaction of the vortex system with the periodic lattice of pinning centers leads to the formation of various ordered vortex states through which the vortex system passes upon an increase or a decrease in the magnetic field. It is shown that ordered vortex states, as well as magnetic field screening processes, are responsible for the emergence of clearly manifested peaks on the magnetization curves. Extended pinning centers and the effect of multiple trapping of vortices on the behavior of magnetization are considered. Melting and crystallization of the vortex system under the periodic pinning conditions are investigated. It is found that the vortex system can crystallize upon heating in the case of periodic pinning.     

Performance Analysis and Optimization of a Series Heat Exchangers Organic Rankine Cycle Utilizing Multi-Heat Sources from a Marine Diesel Engine

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is an effective way to recycle waste heat sources of a marine diesel engine. The aim of the present paper is to analyze and optimize the thermoeconomic performance of a Series Heat Exchangers ORC (SHEORC) for recovering energy from jacket water, scavenge air, and exhaust gas. The three sources are combined into three groups of jacket water (JW)→exhaust gas (EG), scavenge air (SA)→exhaust gas, and jacket water→scavenge air→exhaust gas. The influence of fluid mass flow rate, evaporation pressure, and heat source recovery proportion on the thermal performance and economic performance of SHEORC was studied. A single-objective optimization with power output as the objective and multi-objective optimization with exergy efficiency and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) as the objectives are carried out. The analysis results show that in jacket water→exhaust gas and jacket water→scavenge air→exhaust gas source combination, there is an optimal heat recovery proportion through which the SHEORC could obtain the best performance. The optimization results showed that R245ca has the best performance in thermoeconomic performance in all three source combinations. With scavenge air→exhaust, the power output, exergy efficiency, and LCOE are 354.19 kW, 59.02%, and 0.1150 $/kWh, respectively. Integrating the jacket water into the SA→EG group would not increase the power output, but would decrease the LCOE.     

声弛豫过程影响下的气体平衡态热容合成方法及其在气体检测中的应用

声扰动形成的分子振动弛豫过程使得气体热容成为依赖于声频率的有效热容,导致随频率变化的声速频散和声弛豫吸收。本文基于单弛豫过程合成算法,提出一种基于两频点声速和声吸收测量值的气体平衡态热容合成方法。该方法两个测量声频点只需在声弛豫吸收显著的频率范围即可分别合成可激发气体分子内外自由度热容,并有效消除声弛豫过程对气体平衡态热容测量结果的影响。对于室温下由CO₂、CH₄、Cl₂、N₂和O₂组成的多种气体,合成的气体热容值与基于Planck-Einstein公式的热力学理论计算结果相符,相比实验数据最大相对误差为3.51%。合成的转动和振动热容还可应用于气体分子几何结构、振动频率大小和混合气体摩尔分数的检测。      

Fractional electric charge of a magnetic vortex at nonzero temperature

An ideal gas of two-dimensional Dirac fermions in the background of a pointlike magnetic vortex with arbitrary flux is considered. We find that this system acquires fractional electric charge at finite temperatures and determine the functional dependence of the thermal average and quadratic fluctuation of the charge on the temperature, the vortex flux, and the continuous parameter of the boundary condition at the location of the vortex.     

Influence of polydisperse distributions of both primary particle and aggregate size on soot temperature in low-fluence LII

An improved aggregate-based low-fluence laser-induced incandescence (LII) model has been developed. The shielding effect in heat conduction between aggregated soot particles and the surrounding gas was modeled using the concept of the equivalent heat transfer sphere. The diameter of such an equivalent sphere was determined from direct simulation Monte Carlo calculations in the free molecular regime as functions of the aggregate size and the thermal accommodation coefficient of soot. Both the primary soot particle diameter and the aggregate size distributions are assumed to be lognormal. The effective temperature of a soot particle ensemble containing different primary particle diameters and aggregate sizes in the laser probe volume was calculated based on the ratio of the total thermal radiation intensities of soot particles at 400 and 780 nm to simulate the experimentally measured soot particle temperature using two-color optical pyrometry. The effect of primary particle diameter polydispersity is in general important and should be considered. The effect of aggregate size polydispersity is relatively unimportant when the heat conduction between the primary particles and the surrounding gas takes place in the free-molecular regime; however, it starts to become important when the heat conduction process occurs in the near transition regime. The model developed in this study was also applied to the re-determination of the thermal accommodation coefficient of soot in an atmospheric pressure laminar ethylene diffusion flame. PACS 44.05.+e; 61.46.Df; 65.80.+n     

Structure and stability of vortices in dilute Bose-Einstein condensates at ultralow temperatures

We compute the structure of a quantized vortex line in a harmonically trapped dilute atomic Bose-Einstein condensate using the Popov version of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mean-field theory. The vortex is shown to be (meta)stable in a nonrotating trap even in the zero-temperature limit, thus confirming that weak particle interactions induce for the condensed gas a fundamental property characterizing "classical" superfluids. We present the structure of the vortex at ultralow temperatures and discuss the crucial effect of the thermal gas component to its energetic stability.     

固体火箭尾舱对流加热机理

对某型固体火箭尾舱热环境进行了研究,发现尾舱热环境存在明显的天地差异,通过数值仿真结果分析了对流热环境产生的机理.在真实飞行环境下,火箭尾舱外部绕流产生的激波和发动机喷流激波之间存在剪切层,剪切层与尾舱连通,在激波与剪切层的相互作用下形成非定常漩涡结构,是尾舱内对流加热的来源.剪切层的强弱与对流热流的大小密切相关,根据对流热流产生机理,对一种减小对流热流的结构形式进行了研究,通过减弱火箭尾部的剪切层,大幅减小了对流热流,固体火箭尾舱热环境得到明显改善.      

Mathematical modeling of rotation effects on conjugate heat and mass transfer at a high-enthalpy flow around a spherically blunted cone at incidence

Some methods of thermal regime control for three dimensional flows around a body due to the simultaneous impact of body rotation around the longitudinal axis, mass ablative surface, and heat transfer flow in the body shell material are considered. The solution to the dual formulation allows us to take into account the impact of nonisothermal shell wall on the characteristics of heat and mass transfer in the boundary layer. The effect of the body rotation and the injection of cooler gas on the characteristics of heat and mass exchange in a thermal protection material is analyzed.     

Dimensional scaling of flame propagation in discrete particulate clouds

The critical dimension necessary for a flame to propagate in suspensions of fuel particles in oxidiser is studied analytically and numerically. Two types of models are considered: First, a continuum model, wherein the individual particulate sources are not resolved and the heat release is assumed spatially uniform, is solved via conventional finite difference techniques. Second, a discrete source model, wherein the heat diffusion from individual sources is modelled via superposition of the Green's function of each source, is employed to examine the influence of the random, discrete nature of the media. Heat transfer to cold, isothermal walls and to a layer of inert gas surrounding the reactive medium are considered as the loss mechanisms. Both cylindrical and rectangular (slab) geometries of the reactive medium are considered, and the flame speed is measured as a function of the diameter and thickness of the domains, respectively. In the continuum model with inert gas confinement, a universal scaling of critical diameter to critical thickness near 2:1 is found. In the discrete source model, as the time scale of heat release of the sources is made small compared to the interparticle diffusion time, the geometric scaling between cylinders and slabs exhibits values greater than 2:1. The ability of the flame in the discrete regime to propagate in thinner slabs than predicted by continuum scaling is attributed to the flame being able to exploit local fluctuations in concentration across the slab to sustain propagation. As the heat release time of the sources is increased, the discrete source model reverts back to results consistent with the continuum model. Implications of these results for experiments are discussed.     

A numerical analysis on flow field and heat transfer by interaction between a pair of vortices in rectangular channel flow

This paper is a numerical study of the effect of flow field and heat transfer created by interactions between a pair of vortices generated by a vortex generator in a rectangular channel flow. In order to analyze the vortices produced by the vortex generator, the pseudo-compressibility method is introduced into the Navier–Strokes (NS) equation of a three-dimensional unsteady, incompressible viscous flow. A two-layer k–ε turbulence model is used on the flat plate three-dimensional turbulence boundary to predict the turbulence characteristics of the vortices. The computational results accurately predict the vortex characteristics, which are related to Reynolds stress, turbulent kinetic energy, and flow field. Also, in the prediction of thermal boundary layers, skin friction characteristics, and heat transfers, the present results are reasonably close to the experimental results obtained by other researchers.