纳米磷酸铁锂的制备及电化学性能研究

利用液相沉淀法合成了纳米级磷酸铁,并以此为铁源,通过碳热还原技术制备了粒径均匀的纳米级球形LiFePO4/C正极材料。经热分析(TG-DSC)、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)以及恒电流充放电测试,研究了纳米磷酸铁及纳米磷酸铁锂材料的结构、形貌以及电化学性能。实验结果表明材料的首次放电比容量达161.8 mAh.g-1(0.1C),库仑效率为98.3%;室温下在0.2C、0.5C、1C、2C及5C倍率充放电其首次放电比容量分别为156.5、144、138.9、125.6和105.7 mAh·g-1,材料具有较好的倍率性能。     

多元醇还原法合成锂离子电池正极材料LiFePO_4

以三甘醇为还原剂,Li2CO3和三价铁源FePO4为原料,通过多元醇还原法在低于300℃下直接制备了结晶良好的纯相LiFePO4,无须后续热处理。0.1C首次放电比容量为140.5mAh·g-1。为了进一步改善纯相LiFePO4的电导率,以聚乙烯醇为碳源,在700℃下热处理进行了碳包覆改性,获得了LiFePO4/C复合正极材料。合成的LiFePO4/C在0.1C下放电容量为155mAh·g-1,5C倍率下放电比容量保持在125mAh·g-1,具有很好的倍率性能和循环稳定性。     

不同碳源对多孔球形LiFePO4/C复合材料的影响

采用喷雾干燥-碳热还原法(SDCTM),分别研究了无机和有机碳源对锂离子正极材料LiFePO4/C形貌、结构及其充放电性能的影响。结果表明:以无机碳源炭黑制备的LiFePO4/C呈不规则球形,一次颗粒粒径在800nm左右,比表面积为2m2·g-1,0.1C放电比容量为107.3mAh·g-1。而以有机碳源制备的LiFePO4/C,其形貌较为规则,呈多孔球形结构,具有较高的比表面积和放电比容量。其中,以柠檬酸为碳源制备的多孔球形LiFePO4/C复合材料,其孔径均在50nm左右,比表面积可达32m2·g-1;在室温下,0.1C和10C首次放电比容量分别为158.8和87.2mAh·g-1,具有优异的循环性能和高倍率充放电性能。     

Na掺杂对LiFePO4/C复合正极材料的结构和倍率性能的影响

以Fe(NO3)3,LiNO3,NH4H2PO4和NaNO3为原料,采用简单的液相-碳热还原法合成Li0.97Na0.03FePO4/C复合正极材料.使用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和充放电等测试技术研究了材料的结构及倍率充放电性能.通过循环伏安(CV)曲线和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究电极反应过程中的动力学特点.结果表明,Na掺杂形成了具有橄榄石结构的Li0.97Na0.03FePO4固溶体,并增大了晶格中Li+一维扩散通道,使LiFePO4/C的电荷转移电阻减小了约2/3,Li+扩散系数提高了3～4倍.因此,Li0.97Na0.03FePO4/C首次放电比容量在0.1 C和2 C倍率下分别达到152 mAh g-1和109 mAh g-1,比未掺杂的LiFePO4/C的放电比容量分别提高了4.83%和62.69%.     

纳米级LiFePO_4材料的水热模板法合成及其性能研究

采用水热模板法合成纳米级LiFePO4材料,改变水热反应中表面活性剂(十六烷基三甲基溴化铵)的比例控制样品颗粒生成的大小.SEM测试表明,合成的LiFePO4晶粒尺寸与表面活性剂的配比密切相关,范围在几十到几百nm之间.充放电试验表明,合成的纳米级LiFePO4材料电极具有优良的电化学性能,其0.1C放电最高比容量可达150 mAh/g,而1C和2C放电比容量也分别有140 mAh/g和126 mAh/g.     

锰源对燃烧法制备5V级正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4的影响

以硝酸锰和醋酸锰,采用蔗糖燃烧法制备锂离子电池正极材料LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4通过XRD、SEM、粒径分布测试、循环伏安、恒流充放电测试以及交流阻抗等方法,研究了醋酸锰和硝酸锰对产物的结构、形貌、粒径及电化学性能的影响。XRD测试结果表明样品的结构都为立方尖晶石型,属于Fd3m空间群。不同的锰源对材料的粒径及粒径分布有很大的影响。以醋酸锰为原料制得的材料的粒径较小并且分布更均匀,有利于锂离子的脱出和嵌入从而提高电化学性能。以醋酸锰为锰源制得的LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4在3.6~5.2 V的充放电电压范围内的电化学性能更好,1C(1C=140.0 mA.g-1)倍率的首次放电容量为144.5 mAh.g-1,循环100周后容量保持率为96%,在3C,5C,10C以及20C的放电容量分别为136.3,132.0,124.7以及96.6 mAh.g-1。     

新型碳热还原法制备复合正极材料LiFePO4/C

以FePO4为前驱体,采用碳热还原法合成了复合正极材料LiFePO4/C。考察了煅烧温度、煅烧时间,碳含量等因素对LiFePO4组成和电化学的影响,结果表明,600℃煅烧24 h,碳含量为10%时,LiFePO4具有最佳的电化学性能,其首次放电容量为146 mAh.g-1,循环15次后容量还维持在141 mAh.g-1。     

WO_3纳米棒/石墨烯复合材料的制备及电化学储锂性能

以氯化钨和氧化石墨烯(GO)为原料,乙醇为溶剂,一步合成了WO3纳米棒/石墨烯纳米复合材料(WO3/RGO).将WO3/RGO纳米复合材料用于锂离子电池负极,并通过充放电测试、循环伏安(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)技术综合考察了该材料的储锂性能.结果显示,在0.1C(1C=638 mA?g-1)倍率下,复合物的首次放电比容量达到761.4 mAh?g-1,100次循环后可逆容量仍保持在635 mAh?g-1,保持率为83.4%.即使在5C倍率下容量仍高达460 mAh?g-1.由此说明,WO3/RGO纳米复合物具有优异的循环稳定性及倍率性能,可望用于高性能锂离子电池.     

球磨微波法制备Li3V2（PO4）3/C及其电化学性能表征

本文采用球磨微波法合成锂离子电池正极材料Li3V2(PO4)3/C,并研究了微波辐射时间对样品电化学性能的影响.结果表明,640 W微波辐射18 min合成的材料,结晶度高,粒径小而均匀.该电极5C倍率下首次放电比容量达101.3 mAh·g-1,300周期循环,其放电比容量仍保持100.8 mAh·g-1,展示出良好的应用前景.     

Ag掺杂LiFePO_4/C正极材料的结构及电化学性能

用真空固相反应与液相还原结合的方法,合成了锂离子电池正极材料——金属银掺杂的覆碳磷酸铁锂(LiFePO4/Ag/C),用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、循环伏安、交流阻抗等技术研究其结构、形貌及电化学性能。结果表明,该正极材料为橄榄石型晶体、类球形颗粒(粒径范围约为0.5~2.0μm);Ag掺杂能使合成的LiFePO4颗粒粒径更小、分布更均匀,有效地提高其电化学循环性能;LiFePO4/Ag/C电极0.1C倍率充放的首次放电比容量为138.2mAh/g,50次循环的放电比容量为130.1mAh/g,最高放电比容量为148.3mAh/g;LiFePO4/Ag/C正极材料具有良好的锂离子传导性能,其锂离子扩散系数(DLi+)为8.94×10-15cm2/s。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。