Effect of dopant Cr ions on the dielectric properties of melt-grown ZnSe crystals

The frequency and temperature dependences of the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity of Cr-doped (n _Cr ? 10¹⁸ cm^?3) melt-grown ZnSe crystals have been measured in the low-frequency region. It has been established that such doping reduces the heterogeneity of the dielectric properties and the level of energy losses of ac electric field in a crystalline ingot. The effect of dopant atoms on the dielectric properties has been explained as being caused by formation of defect associates with participation of these atoms and intrinsic crystal defects.     

Growth of Bi-2212 single crystals by a horizontal Bridgman method using different oxygen pressure

We compared the crystallinity of the Bi-2212 single crystals grown by the horizontal Bridgman (HB) method with those grown by the vertical Bridgman (VB) method in terms of resistivity, ρ. It was clarified that crystals far inside the ingot grown by HB method showed the equivalent crystallinity to crystals grown by VB method, whereas crystals near the surface of the ingot grown by HB method showed the similar crystallinity to crystals grown by TSFZ method, which is sensitive to the growth atmosphere.     

Lamellar changes during heat treatment in isotactic polystyrene crystals

In the present investigation, the melting and thickening processes in lamellar crystals of isotactic polystyrene have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that under properly chosen experimental conditions for the polymer, one can continuously follow the physical changes involved during the thickening as well as melting of lamellar crystals on heat treatment. The study of crystals grown at different temperatures reveals that melting of a single lamella starts at various areas. A commonly observed feature is the preferential melting of elastically bent parts of a lamella. It is indicated that the occurrence of melting in the various parts is due to a structural variation along the surface of lamellae resulting in a hindrance of the lamellar thickening process. At particular temperatures, melting of lamellar crystals is followed by recrystallization. The occurrence of a solid-stage thickening process is the major process so far observed during slow heat treatments. Considerable change in surface structure of the crystals grown at different temperatures is clearly reflected during the heat treatment. The rates of heating have marked influence on the resulting morphology of the crystalline superstructures.     

Nature and singularities in the behavior of point defects in doped single crystals of A3B5 compounds

Conclusion In conclusion, It should be stressed that, as follows from the experimental material considered, a characteristic singularity of semiconductor compounds is the stability of the metastable state which occurs during dissociation of the supersaturated solid solution under relatively small supersaturation conditions. The defects being formed here (interstitial atoms, vacancies, their distinct association in the form of complexes or coagulated particles, presegregated, etc.) exert considerable influence on the physical properties of crystals. In the general case, the crystal defectiveness depends on the kind and concentration of the doping impurity, the deviation of the composition from stoichiometry, and the ingot cooling mode during growth.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 7–22, January, 1980.     

Stirring-induced crystallization of polyethylene from Decalin

Stirring-induced solution grown fibrillar crystals of polyethylene have been obtained from solution in Decalin. The crystals were examined by electron microscopy, and their melting and annealing behavior as well as their response to attack by fuming nitric acid were investigated. Crystals formed at lower temperatures exhibit the morphology and properties of conventional shish kebabs. Crystals formed at higher temperatures have a ribbonlike morphology and exhibit different properties from those of conventional shish kebabs.     

Effect of Sc and Yb doping on electrical and luminescence properties of silicon produced by the Stockbarger method

The effect of scandium and ytterbium doping on the electrical and luminescence properties of polycrystalline silicon produced by the Stockbarger method was studied. It is found that the resistivity, the lifetime of minority charge carriers, and the position of the maximum of the low-temperature luminescence band, which are constant along the growth direction for undoped ingots, vary monotonically along the growth direction for doped ingots. Analysis of the photoluminescence spectra and conductivity in different parts of the doped ingots shows that variations in their electrical properties along the growth direction are due to a redistribution of background acceptors, whose concentration decreases steadily from the beginning of an ingot toward its end. The redistribution of the background impurities is related to the formation of background-impurity-doping impurity compounds, for which the distribution coefficients significantly deviate from unity in a silicon melt.     

Studies on the growth aspects and characterization of sodium para-nitro phenolate single crystals for nonlinear optical applications

Using slow evaporation solution growth technique, single crystals of sodium para nitro phenolate have been grown from the solutions prepared from three different molecular ratios of para-nitro phenol and sodium hydroxide. Structural analyses were carried out by powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrum to conform the grown crystals. Thermal stability of the grown crystals was studied by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA). UV–vis spectral analysis has been carried out to find the cut off wavelength of the grown crystals. Variations in the cut off wavelengths have been observed. Nonlinear optical property has been confirmed by Kurtz powder technique. The observed optical properties have confirmed that the molar concentration of para nitro phenol influenced significantly on the linear and nonlinear optical properties.     

Change in optical properties of CuI crystals upon annealing in vacuum

Copper iodide crystals with different compositions of crystalline defects have been prepared using the developed technique for their synthesis and annealing in vacuum with subsequent quenching. The spectra of absorption, excitation, and photoluminescence of the CuI crystals, as well as their electrical resistance, have been analyzed. It has been found that the optical properties of the crystals change as a result of the increase in the number of point defects and inclusions of the second phase in the samples after high-temperature annealings (as compared to low-temperature annealings). This effect is caused by the deviation of the composition of the material from stoichiometry during annealing in vacuum.     

Synthesis and study the influence of yttrium doping on band structure,optical, non-linear optical and dielectric results for Ca12Al14O33 (C12A7) single crystals grown using traveling-solvent floating zone (TSFZ) method

Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃(C12A7)and Y_0.02Ca_11.98Al₁₄O₃₃(Y-C12A7)single crystals were grown by using the traveling-solvent floating zone(TSFZ)method.The temperature was increased to avoid the bubbles and cracks which may be formed during the preparation of the ingot material.We have started with the flux higher than the normal to avoid the bubbles and make good treatment for the solid-liquid interface.The structures of both Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃(C12A7)and Y_0.02Ca_11.98Al₁₄O₃₃(Y-C12A7)were studied by using x-ray diffraction(XRD).Optical properties for C12A7 and Y-C12A7 single crystals have been studied in order to determine the optical parameters such as optical energy gap(Eg),refractive index n,oscillating energy(Eo),dispersion energy(Ed),volume energy loss function(VELF),and surface energy loss function(SELF).Finally,a new result for these samples is that the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility(χ(3))was determined.The results have been discussed with effect of Y-doping on the C12A7 single crystals for optical and industrial applications.     

Nonlinear optical properties of dibenzoylmethanate boron difluoride crystals

Nonlinear optical properties of dibenzoylmethanate boron difluoride crystals have been discovered. The optical properties of bulk crystals and microcrystals are different. The bands observed in the luminescence spectrum of the bulk crystals can be interpreted as follows: the narrow band at 530 nm is ascribed to second harmonic generation; the wide band at 460 nm is caused by multiphoton excitation processes. A specific difference in nonlinear optical properties of the bulk crystals and microcrystals is the absence of the band related to the multiphoton excitation processes in the luminescence spectrum of microcrystals. Therefore, in the case of dibenzoylmethanate boron difluoride crystals, a size dependence of not only luminescent, but also of nonlinear optical properties, is discovered for the first time, which is promising for the development of new optical materials.     

Synthesis,growth and characterization of 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-4-nitrophenylhydrazone single crystals

4-Dimethylaminobenzaldehyde-4-nitrophenylhydrazone (DANPH) single crystals exhibit polymorphism such as DANPH-G form (greenish red) and DANPH-R form (red). The different polymorphic phases of the grown crystals have been identified by X-ray diffraction studies. The functional groups of the crystals have been identified by FT-IR study. Crystallographically independent environment of polymorphs has been confirmed by NMR study. The thermal properties such as melting and decomposition temperatures of the compound have been analyzed. Optical constants of DANPH polymorph crystals have been calculated.     

Spatial investigation of an iron-doped indium phosphide ingot

A whole Czochralski-grown iron-doped indium phosphide ingot was investigated by various techniques, all along the growth axis. Scanning photoluminescence, secondary ion mass spectroscopy and sheet resistance techniques were used. The average photoluminescence intensity and the iron concentration were found to be correlated. Samples of the ingot were annealed and implanted. For low ion-implantation doses, the electrical properties were mainly dependent on the initial properties of the ingot.     

Metal colloids in ionic crystals

Small metallic particles with diameters in the range 1–100 nm have interesting properties which can sometimes be very different from those of bulk metals. Such colloidal particles play an important part in fields which range from catalysis to radiation damage in compound solids, and also have an intrinsic interest since in some respects they can be regarded as a state of matter intermediate between that of a molecule and a solid. In ionic crystals colloids can be produced either by irradiation or by the introduction of a stoichiometric excess of the metal constituent. In either case the colloids form as a result of the aggregation of fundamental point defects, but it is only fairly recently that a reasonably coherent picture of these processes has emerged and the properties of the colloids have been related to those of small metallic particles studied for other reasons. This review discusses the progress which has been made through the use of a large number of different techniques to study the properties of colloids in ionic crystals and related media such as glasses. Particular emphasis is placed on the optical, magnetic resonance and kinetic properties of colloids, and on the discussion of results in the wider context of the physics of small particles.     

Specific features of luminescence of radiation-colored α-Al2O3 single crystals

Results of a comparative study on specific features of luminescence of thermochemical and radiation-colored crystals of aluminum oxide have been described. It is shown that crystals containing oxygen vacancies of different origins have identical main optical properties. A vacancy or vacancy-impurity origin of deep traps has been assumed. Some specific features of thermoluminescence (TL), which are common for both types of crystals, such as the dependence of the TL output on the heating rate and the occupancy of deep traps described by the model of interactive trap system, have been established.     

Magnetic property improvement of niobium doped with rare earth elements

A new idea is proposed by the PKU group to improve the magnetic properties of the Type-II superconductor niobium.Rare earth elements like scandium and yttrium are doped into ingot niobium during the smelting processes. A series of experiments have been done since 2010. The preliminary testing results show that the magnetic properties of niobium materials have changed with different doping elements and proportions while the superconductive transition temperature does not change very much. This method may increase the superheating magnetic field of niobium so as to improve the performance of the niobium cavity, which is a key component of SRF accelerators. A Tesla-type single-cell cavity made of scandium-doped niobium is being fabricated.     

多原子半无限晶体中表面极化子的内部激发态

研究多原子半无限晶体中电子与表面光学(SO)声子耦合强,而与体纵光学(LO)声子耦合弱的极化子的激发态性质.采用线性组合算符和幺正变换方法导出与SO声子耦合强而与LO声子耦合弱情形下极化子的基态能量、第一内部激发态能量和激发能量.结果表明,多原子半无限晶体中与SO声子耦合强,而与LO声子耦合弱的极化子的基态能量、第一内部激发态能量不仅包含不同支LO声子和不同支SO声子与电子耦合的能量,而且也包含不同支SO声子之间相互作用贡献的附加能量.激发能量与体纵光学声子无关.     

Optical properties of some fluoride compounds and their application to dosimetry

Effects of β, X and VUV irradiation on the optical properties have been studied in various simple and complex fluoride crystals by using optical absorption, X- and UV-excited luminescence (XL and PL), thermoluminescence (TL) and photo-transferred TL (PTTL) techniques. In most tested crystals, the main TL peaks with the same thermal activation energies appear after VUV as well as after X or β irradiation, thus indicating that the same traps are induced by the different types of radiation. The TL excitation spectra generally show absorption maxima on the long wavelengths tail of the fundamental absorption. Within this study, various dosimetric properties, as well as the possible application of the crystals as sensitive radiation detectors and dosimeters for the VUV have also been investigated. The TL sensitivities of the various studied materials have been compared to that of the classic dosimeter TLD-100 (LiF:Mg,Ti). For example, the sensitivity of SrF₂:Pr³⁺ has been found to be the highest among the examined crystals and at a dose of 90 Gy its response is higher by a factor of ～3 than that of TLD-100. The sensitivity of CsGd₂F₇:Pr³⁺ and KYF₄:Pr³⁺ are slightly higher than that of TLD-100, whereas that of nanostructured CaF₂:ZnO crystals is about twice that of TLD-100, but the sensitivity of LiF:Eu is much lower. The SrF₂:Pr³⁺ crystals also showed some important dosimetric properties.     

Galvanomagnetic effects in graphite—I: Low field data and the densities of free carriers

Measurements of the galvanomagnetic properties of highly-oriented pyrolytic graphite have been made in the field range 0.001–1.5 T at 298, 77.4 and 4.2 K, with selected measurements to higher fields and ～1.2K. Specimens of graphite were chosen with properties approximating those of purified natural crystals (single crystals) of graphite. Attention is drawn to differences in the properties of these materials. The data are analyzed with particular emphasis on the density of free carriers and its dependence on temperature, since earlier work had shown that experimental results were appreciably different from theoretical predictions.     

Multi-sample loading technique for comparative physical property measurements in the diamond-anvil cell

ABSTRACT

We present a method to perform improved measurements of the effects of chemical variability on physical properties of single-crystal samples in the diamond-anvil cell by employing a multi-sample approach. By customizing the sizes and shapes of the samples using a focused ion beam machine the simultaneous loading of relatively large crystals into a single sample chamber becomes feasible. To illustrate the potential of this approach, elastic properties of four single crystals of ringwoodite with different chemical compositions have been measured at high pressure. Our results suggest that the multi-sample approach allows for the quantification of small effects of chemical variations, such as iron and hydrogen incorporation, on physical properties. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility of using the multi-sample approach to load several crystals with different crystallographic orientations of the same material into one sample chamber in order to map out the direction dependence of anisotropic physical properties.     

多晶硅中的氧碳行为及其对太阳电池转换效率的影响

认识及控制多晶硅中杂质行为对于实现低成本、高效率多晶硅太阳电池有着重要的意义.利用红外光谱技术研究了定向凝固多晶硅锭中不同部位材料热处理前后的氧浓度、碳浓度变化,结合少子寿命、光电转换效率、内量子效率等电池性能,探索不同含量的氧、碳杂质对电池性能影响的物理机制.提出一种考虑碳影响的氧沉淀生长模型,并模拟了热处理后氧沉淀的尺寸分布和数量.研究发现,碳除了使利用硅锭顶部材料制备得到的电池转换效率降低外,还是决定氧沉淀作用的重要因素.由于碳含量多造成中部材料氧沉淀的尺寸大、数量多,引起缺陷,增加复合,而碳在底部 关键词： 氧 碳 太阳电池 转换效率