On some conditions for detonation initiation downstream of a perforated plate

An experimental study is presented of the influence of detonation wave parameters and detonation product composition upstream of a perforated plate on the onset of detonation downstream. Experiments were performed in detonation tube 106 mm in diameter, separated into two sections by a perforated plate combined with a diaphragm. The tube was equipped with pressure sensors and a semi-cylindrical smoked foil. Hydrogen–air mixtures with different hydrogen concentrations were used upstream and downstream of the perforated plate. It is shown for mixtures containing 25 and 34 % of hydrogen in air that the onset of detonation downstream depends on detonation parameters upstream of the perforated plate. An increase in the initial pressure upstream of the plate leads to detonation initiation immediately downstream. The variation of mixture composition upstream of a perforated plate does not affect on detonation initiation downstream under the present experimental conditions.     

Constant Reynolds number turbulence downstream of an orificed perforated plate

Quasi-isotropic turbulence was experimentally produced in a wind tunnel via an orificed, perforated plate (OPP) at 10.5 m/s. The OPP consists of a lattice arrangement of 38.1 mm holes occupying 57% of the plate area. The OPP turbulence was found to be homogeneous over the cross section normal to the mean flow with Gaussian-like turbulence fluctuation. The isotropy of the turbulence field as portrayed by the streamwise/lateral turbulence intensity ratio was found to be approximately 1.1. The OPP turbulence is essentially self-preserving wherein the Taylor microscale Reynolds number remains nearly constant and the lateral velocity correlations collapse into a single curve.     

爆轰波透射孔栅形成的高速爆燃波的结构和行为

以实验为主,研究光滑直管中乙炔氧气爆轰波透射孔栅形成的高速爆燃波结构和行为。实验以基于纹影平台的高速转鼓摄影记录孔栅下游近场内初始爆燃波的结构和发展,并以压力传感器跟踪其后继走向。研究发现,高速爆燃波是前驱激波和火焰的组合结构,随着初始压力的提升,它分别表现为紧随于前驱激波的层流和湍流燃烧火焰。入射爆轰胞格尺度小于或与孔栅扰动尺度相当时,湍流燃烧在下游近场迅速形成;层流结构的爆燃波通常无法抵制背景稀疏波而走向衰弱,而湍流燃烧结构可发生加速和向爆轰的转捩;他们之间存在一个不稳定的临界状态,高速爆燃波得以以0.5~0.6倍CJ爆轰速度传播较长距离,这一状态对应于双间断Rankine-Hugoniot关系的等容燃烧解。     

Generation of cracks in a perforated reinforced plate

A problem of fracture mechanics on crack nucleation in a reinforced plate attenuated by a periodic system of circular holes is considered. Crack nucleation is modeled by a pre-fracture band in the plastic flow state with a constant stress, which is considered as a region of attenuated bonds between material particles. Determining unknown parameters characterizing the emerging crack reduces to solving a singular integral equation. The condition of crack emergence is formulated with allowance for the criterion of the limiting opening of the faces of the material pre-fracture band. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 170–180, November–December, 2008.     

孔板扰动对爆轰波胞格结构特性影响的实验研究

实验采用稳定预混气2H₂+O₂+3Ar及不稳定预混气C₂H₂+5N₂O和CH₄+2O₂,在圆形爆轰管内通过烟膜手段记录了爆轰波的胞格结构,得到了胞格尺寸与初始压力之间的关系式;研究了胞格结构在扰动上下游的变化过程,分析了胞格不稳定性对胞格结构特征的影响,获得了爆轰波经过扰动后重新恢复至平衡状态的特征尺度。结果表明：爆轰波经过扰动后,对于稳定预混气,在扰动下游主胞格结构变得不规则,没有出现次生胞格;对于不稳定预混气,扰动下游伊始爆轰波的次生模态被抑制,由于爆轰波自身的不稳定性,随后出现了局部爆炸点及精细胞格结构;爆轰波在扰动下游传播了一段距离后恢复至平衡状态,该长度在8～15倍之间的胞格尺寸范围内变化,并且随初始压力的变化趋势并不明显。研究结果反映出爆轰波经过孔板扰动后恢复至平衡态所需的长度与爆轰波流体动力学厚度相当。

     

Semi-theoretical analyses of the concrete plate perforated by a rigid projectile

Based on the three-stage perforation model, a semi-theoretical analysis is conducted for the ballistic performances of a rigid kinetic projectile impacting on concrete plates. By introducing the projectile resistance coefficients, dimensionless formulae are proposed for depth of penetration (DOP), perforation limit thickness, ballistic limit velocity, residual velocity and perforation ratio, with the projectile nosed geometries and projectile-target interfacial friction taken into account. Based on the proposed formula for DOP and lots of penetration tests data of normal and high strength concrete targets, a new expression is obtained for target strength parameter. By comparisons between the results of the proposed formulae and existing empirical formulae and large amount of projectile penetration or perforation tests data for monolithic and segmented concrete targets, the validations of the proposed formulae are verified. It is found that the projectile-target interfacial friction can be neglected in the predictions of characteristic ballistic parameters. The dimensionless DOP for low-to-mid speed impacts of non-flat nosed projectiles increases almost linearly with the impact factor by a coefficient of 2/(πS). The anti-perforation ability of the multilayered concrete plates is dependent on both the target plate thickness and the projectile impact velocity. The variation range of the perforation ratio is 1–3.5 for concrete targets.     

The existence of buckled states on a perforated thin plate

On the basis of the generalized yon Kàrmàn theory for perforated thin plates established in [1, 2], the existence of buckled states for perforated plates subjected to self-equilibrating inplane forces along each edge systematically is investigated. This work completely generalizes the results in [3, 4].     

Limits and mechanism of detonation re-initiation behind a multi-orifice plate

An experimental investigation was performed to establish the dependence of concentration limits of detonation re-initiation behind a multi-orifice plate on mixture composition and initial pressure for hydrogen–air mixtures. The experiments were carried out in detonation tubes of diameter 106 and 141 mm, separated by a multi-orifice plate into two sections. The tubes were equipped with pressure gauges and a semi-cylindrical smoked plate. It is shown that initial pressure has strong influence on the value of concentration limit, especially for lean hydrogen–air mixtures. On the basis of soot records it can be inferred that re-initiation occurs due to two different mechanisms that depend on the mixture sensitivity and properties of the multi-orifice plate.     

Density distribution in rarefied gas flow behind a perforated plate

The relative density distribution in the rarefied CO₂ flow field behind a perforated plate has been experimentally investigated on the range of Knudsen numbers 10^–3 Kn 10^–1. The results of these experiments serve to demonstrate the validity of using the molecular velocity distribution function for determining the relative density on the Knudsen number interval in question. This distribution function was previously employed for calculating the parameters in molecular beams formed by capillary sieves in the free-molecular flow regime [1].Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 183–184, May–June, 1989.     

Some observations of the controlled generation and onset of detonation

Detailed observation of deflagration to detonation transition (DDT) is inherently difficult. This is primarily due to the stochastic nature of flame acceleration and shock formation processes that in most practical situations give rise to the conditions required for detonation to emerge. The present paper describes how shock tube techniques have been used to control the conditions required for the onset of detonation. The paper first outlines some initial experiments involving turbulent flame acceleration before concentrating on experiments in a reflected shock mode. To aid interpretation of the observations the paper also presents a simple gasdynamic analysis of particle trajectories and considers the various physical and chemical processes that could lead to the onset of detonation. Received 27 November 2001 / Accepted 28 January 2002     

On the optimum shape of apertures for a perforated plate subject to bending

The problem of finding the optimum shape of the holes in a perforated plate weakened by a triangular or square lattice of holes and subject to bending is considered by methods based on the theory of functions of a complex variable. The criterion determining the optimum shape of the hole is based on the condition that no stress concentration should occur on the hole contour or, alternatively, that a plastic region should be created around the whole contour of the hole at exactly the same instant.     

Homogenization-based method for bending analysis of perforated plate

Owing to the existence of distributed holes, it is difficult to solve the bending problem of perforated plates by the conventional finite element method. A homogenization-based method for this problem is presented in this paper. As an example, the bending analysis of a circular perforated plate with distributed step-wise cylindrical holes is made. The deflection and the fundamental frequency obtained by present method are in good agreement with experimental data, this implies that the method is effective. This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (19602007) and National Outstanding Youth Foundation (19525206).     

Interaction of circular cylinder wake with a short asymmetrically located downstream plate

This study reveals the interaction patterns of separated shear layers from a circular cylinder with a short downstream plate and their reflection on the frequency and the formation length of the vortices from the cylinder as a function of plate location relative to the cylinder. The effect of horizontal (G/D) and vertical (Z/D) distances between the cylinder and the plate on the near wake is studied via Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (DPIV) in a water channel for Reynolds numbers of 200, 400 and 750, based on the cylinder diameter D. It is shown that the interaction of wake with the plate of length D can be categorized depending on the horizontal and the vertical distances between the cylinder and the plate. For the vertical distance range of Z/D ≤ 0.7, there is a critical horizontal spacing before which the shear layers from the cylinder are inhibited to form vortices in front of the plate. Resulting elongated recirculation region between the plate and the cylinder suggests modification of the absolutely unstable near wake of free circular cylinder in favor of convective instability. Z/D = 0.9 provides a passage from Z/D ≤ 0.7 to ≥1.1 and is associated with a dominant effect on the near-wake characteristics of interaction of shear layers from the cylinder with those from the downstream plate. For Z/D ≥ 1.1, there is again, yet a smaller critical horizontal spacing after which vortices interact with decreased downstream plate interference. In this vertical separation distance range, a gap flow between the plate and the cylinder plays a determining role on the formation length and St number of vortices for small horizontal spacing values.     

Experimental investigation on the distribution uniformity and pressure drop of perforated plate distributors for the innovative spray-type packed bed thermal storage

As an innovative thermal energy technology, the spray-type packed bed has advantages of high efficiency and low cost. A liquid distributor is the key component for the spray-type packed bed for scattering heat-transfer liquid drops evenly. In this study, the distribution performance and pressure drop of the perforated plate distributors of different orifice diameters were studied experimentally. The experimental results indicate that orifice diameter has a greater effect on the distribution performance compared to flow rate. With an increase in flow rate, the flow pattern through the distributor changes from the uncovered drop to the covered drop and then to the jet flow. The covered drop pattern shows the best performance with a good distribution and a small pressure drop simultaneously, which is the design and optimization principle of the distributor for a spray-type packed bed.