Mid infrared band gap properties of 3-dimensional silicon inverse opal photonic crystal

By the solvent vaporization convection self-assembly method, 1.86 μm silica microspheres were assembled into a colloidal crystal template with long-range order. High refractive index silicon was then filled in the voids of the silica template by the low pressure chemical vapor deposition method. A 3-dimensional silicon inverse opal photonic crystal was obtained with a photonic band gap simulated by a plane wave expansion method. Its micro modality and photonic band gap properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform IR spectrometer. There was a good agreement between the measured spectra and the simulated results. The tilt-angle reflectance spectra showed that an obvious reflection peak at 3319 nm stayed in existence with different incidence directions. This result proved that silicon inverse opal has a complete photonic band gap in the mid infrared range. This study opens up an opportunity to create Si-based photonic crystal devices for atmosphere mid infrared photodetection.     

Fabrication of near infrared metallodielectric photonic crystal using metal-coated dielectric spheres

A metallodielectric photonic crystal with photonic band gaps in near infrared regime has been constructed using layer-by-layer stacking of two-dimensional micro-size metal-coated dielectric spheres array. In transmission spectra two photonic band gaps are observed at 1.38 μm and 2.46 μm, which are in agreement with theoretical calculations. Experimental results show that the photonic band gaps can be realized with about ten layers. The structure with metallic microspheres provides us a novel way for fabrication of near infrared metallic photonic crystals.     

传输可见光的空芯光子带隙光纤的研究

利用全矢量平面波展开法(FVPWM)对采用改进的两次堆积法制备的空芯光子带隙光纤进行了数值模拟.在特定传播常数β下,光纤在500—1000 nm的波段内出现多条宽窄不同的有效光子带隙.依据有效折射率的不同,部分带隙中的空气-导模将以不同的形式存在.经过实验测试,发现测得的带隙位置相对于模拟结果向短波段发生了较明显的移动,主要原因被认为是光纤结构的纵向不均匀性和包层节点处间隙孔的存在. 关键词： 空芯光子带隙光纤 全矢量平面波展开法 有效光子带隙 空气-导模     

Large photonic band gaps and strong attenuations of two-segment-connected Peano derivative networks

In this Letter, based on ancient Peano curves we construct four kinds of interesting Peano derivative networks composed of one-dimensional (1D) waveguides and investigate the optical transmission spectra and photonic attenuation behavior of electromagnetic (EM) waves in one- and two-segment-connected networks. It is found that for some two-segment-connected networks large photonic band gaps (PBGs) can be created and the widths of large PBGs can be controlled by adjusting the matching ratio of waveguide length and are insensitive to generation number. Diamond- and hexagon-Peano networks are good selectable structures for the designing of optical devices with large PBG(s) and strong attenuation(s).     

Experimental verification of enhanced electromagnetic field intensities at the photonic stop band edge of 3D polystyrene photonic crystals using Z-Scan technique

Enhancement of nonlinear absorption of polystyrene (PS) was investigated using 3D PS photonic crystals (PCs) with Z-scan technique. The Z-scan experiment was carried out at 532 nm in the picosecond (ps) regime. The transmittance of the PC was found to get modified because of the nonlinear absorption of PS particularly when 532 nm is near the photonic stop band (PSB) edge of PC. Calculations show that the field gets enhanced by 1.4 times the input field intensity within the crystal when the 532 nm wavelength falls at the PSB edge while keeping the crystal at an angle of 35°.     

Optical properties of high-order band gaps in one-dimensional photonic crystal

Plane wave expansion method and transfer matrix method have been used to study the optical properties of eighty ninth photonic band gaps (PBGs) in one dimensional photonic crystal (1DPCs) with a form of Si (air|Si)₈. The results show that high order PBGs (HR-PBGs) in normalize dispersion curves have slower convergence speed than low order PBGs (LR-PBGs) and appear periodic detergency phenomena with the increasing of Λ/λ values (where Λ is the constant of one dimensional lattice and λ is wavelength) and their band widths and central wavelengths are more sensitive to fabrication errors than that of LR-PBG. Finally, some special forms of Si (air|Si)₈ structure with input and output rib waveguides are fabricated on Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) materials by semiconductor micromachining technology. By measuring and analyzing their insertion loss spectra, we demonstrate that the HR-PBGs of 1DPCs also have the potential application in integration optics.     

Young’s modulus of PS/CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript> composite with core/shell structure microspheres measured using atomic force microscopy

Organic–inorganic composite microspheres with PS as a core and CeO₂ as a shell were synthesized by in situ chemical precipitation method. The size of PS core was 117, 163, 206, and 241 nm, respectively, and the shell thickness was about 10 nm. The CeO₂ shell was composed of a large number of nanoparticles, of which the size was 4–6 nm. Atomic force microscopy was employed to probe the mechanical properties of core–shell structured ceria-coated polystyrene (PS/CeO₂) composite microspheres. On the basis of Hertz’s theory of contact mechanics, compressive moduli were measured by the analysis of force–displacement curves captured on the microsphere samples. For a fixed CeO₂ shell thickness, the Young’s modulus of composite microspheres increased with an increase of PS core size. The calculated Young’s moduli (E) values of composites for 136, 185, 242, and 261 nm in diameter were 5.78 ± 0.9, 7.23 ± 1.3, 11.46 ± 1.7, and 14.54 ± 1.4 GPa, respectively. The results revealed the effect of the CeO₂ shell on the elastic deformation of the PS core. This approach will provide fundamental insights into the actual role of organic/inorganic core/shell composite abrasives in chemical mechanical polishing.     

Absolute photonic band gaps of two-dimensional square-lattice photonic crystals with Taiji-shaped dielectric rods

A novel structure of two-dimensional (2D) square-lattice photonic crystal (SLPC) composed of Taiji-shaped dielectric rods imbedded in air is constructed and the properties of absolute photonic band gap (PBG) are theoretically analyzed in both the number and width by Plane Wave Expansion Method (PWM). By comparing the absolute PBGs in 2D SLPCs consisting of four shapes of rods with different symmetries (circle, button, semicircle and Taiji) at the same filling ratio, we find that both the number and width of absolute PBG significantly increase with the breaking of scatterer's symmetry, and the Taiji-shaped rods with the poorest symmetry can attain both the most number and the largest width of absolute PBGs. Additionally, we also study the influence of dielectric constant ε and three geometric parameters of Taiji-shaped scatterer on the absolute PBG and discover that the SLPC with Taiji-shaped rods can generate at most nine absolute PBGs and the largest absolute PBG with the width 0.0485 (ωa/2πc).     

Study on the anisotropic photonic band gaps in three-dimensional tunable photonic crystals containing the epsilon-negative materials and uniaxial materials

In this paper, the properties of anisotropic photonic band gaps (PBGs) for three-dimensional (3D) photonic crystals (PCs) composed of the anisotropic positive-index materials (the uniaxial materials) and the epsilon-negative (ENG) materials with body-centered-cubic (bcc) lattices are theoretically studied by a modified plane wave expansion (PWE) method, which are the uniaxial materials spheres inserted in the epsilon-negative materials background. The anisotropic photonic band gaps (PBGs) and one flatbands region can be achieved in first irreducible Brillouin zone. The influences of the ordinary-refractive index, extraordinary-refractive index, filling factor, the electronic plasma frequency, the dielectric constant of ENG materials and the damping factor on the properties of anisotropic PBGs for such 3D PCs are studied in detail, respectively, and some corresponding physical explanations are also given. The numerical results show that the anisotropy can open partial band gaps in such 3D PCs with bcc lattices composed of the ENG materials and uniaxial materials, and the complete PBGs can be obtained compared to the conventional 3D PCs containing the isotropic materials. The calculated results also show that the anisotropic PBGs can be manipulated by the parameters as mentioned above except for the damping factor. Introducing the uniaxial materials into 3D PCs containing the ENG materials can obtain the larger complete PBGs as such 3D PCs with high symmetry, and also provides a way to design the tunable devices.     

基元配置对二维光子晶体不同能带之间带隙的调节和优化

介绍一种方法来调节和优化二维光子晶体不同能带之间的带隙.在单胞中任意位置增加一个基元,可以调节不同能带之间的带隙.而且固定两个基元的最佳位置,调节两个基元柱体边长,可以找到一个合适的配置,使各自的带隙相对带宽达到更大值.同时结果也表明双基元情况下,不同能带之间带隙优化对系统对称性要求不同,频率越高处的带隙优化要求系统对称性越低. 关键词： 光子晶体 带隙 配置 对称性     

Propagation effects in a polymer-based photonic liquid crystal fiber

In this paper propagation effects induced by thermal tuning of photonic band gaps (PBGs) in a polymer photonic crystal fiber (Pol-PCF) infiltrated with a specially designed liquid crystal (LC) are observed. When temperature increases PBGs in the transmission spectrum are narrowing and moving towards shorter wavelengths. However, when the temperature approaches the nematic-isotropic phase transition, PBGs are getting wider and shift back towards longer wavelengths.     

High Miller-index photonic bands in synthetic opals

We present a detailed study of high Miller-index (h k l) photonic bands in a-SiO₂ synthetic opals. Polarized light transmission spectra of opals were studied in a wide wavelength range for all high symmetry directions on the Brillouin zone (BZ) in the face-centered cubic (fcc) lattice. It is shown that under the conditions of low dielectric contrast the dispersion of high Miller-index photonic bands is described well by the calculated dependences of Bragg wavelengths diffracted from the (h k l) crystallographic planes of the fcc lattice.     

Real-space observation of photonic nanojet in dielectric microspheres

The three-dimensional real-space observation of photonic nanojet in different microspheres illuminated by a laser is reported. The finite-difference time-domain technique is used to perform the three-dimensional numerical simulation for the dielectric microspheres. The key parameters of photonic nanojet are measured by using a scanning optical microscope system. We reconstruct the three-dimensional real-space photonic nanojets from the collected stack of scanning images for polystyrene microspheres of 3 μm, 5 μm, and 8 μm diameters deposited on a glass substrate. Experimental results are compared to calculations and are found in good agreement with simulation results. The full width at half-maximum of the nanojet is 331 nm for a 3 μm microsphere at an incident wavelength of 633 nm. Our investigations show that photonic nanojets can be efficiently imaged by a microsphere and straightforwardly extended to rapidly distinguish the nano-objects in the far-field optical system.     

Huge photonic band gaps with strong attenuations resulted from quasi-one-dimensional waveguide networks composed of triangular fundamental loops

In order to design systems generating large photonic band gaps (PBGs), in this paper we construct interesting quasi-one-dimensional (quasi-1D) periodic triangular, diamond, and tetrahedral networks composed of 1D waveguides and triangular fundamental loops. The optical frequency band structures and photonic attenuation behaviors of electromagnetic (EM) waves propagating in the three kinds of one- and two-segment-connected (1SC and 2SC) networks without dissipation are, respectively, investigated and we find that huge PBGs can be produced in the middle of a frequency period and the widths of the largest PBGs can be controlled by adjusting the matching ratio of waveguide length. When the ratio equals 2:1, the width of the hugest PBG resulted in tetrahedral network reaches 0.73 times of a frequency period and is about 1.16 times of the best result reported previously. The average attenuations of the largest PBGs are very strong and increase rapidly with the increment of the number of unit cell. This makes our designed networks with very few unit cells exhibit wonderful PBG features and they can be realized in experiments easily. It may be useful for the designing of optical devices with large PBG and strong attenuation.     

多孔硅镍钝化处理的光致发光谱研究

报道了对多孔硅在NiCl2中电解钝化处理的一种新方法,观测了经不同时间处理后多孔硅的光致发光谱,其光谱表明,恰当的处理条件,可使峰值强度增大约2．5倍,峰值波长蓝移33nm,分析了现象发生的原因是由于多孔硅表面的SiHx中的H被Ni替换成SiNix的结果。     

Extremely low optical transmittance in the stopbands of photonic crystals

We demonstrate extremely low transmittance characteristics of photonic crystals (PhCs) with a finite thickness in specific photonic bandgaps (PBGs) through numerical simulation, and clarify its origin. Some of the PhCs support decaying Bloch eigenmodes, whose propagation constant (real part of the Bloch wavenumber) as well as their decay constant (imaginary part) changes with frequency inside the bandgap. Such a class of modes can interfere destructively at the exit end of the crystal depending on their round-trip phase change, which creates comb-like valleys in their transmission spectra.     

二氧化硅胶体球自组装光子晶体的研究

光子晶体由于具有光子带隙和光子局域等一系列优异的光学特性而受到了人们广泛的关注。由于采用胶体颗粒自组装法制备光子晶体制备工艺简单,所需要的费用也较低,因此已成为制备可见光至红外波段三维光子晶体的一种简便有效的方法。采用垂直沉积法制得了三维光子晶体薄膜,并用扫描电子显微镜和紫外-可见光-近红外分光光度计对其显微结构和光学特性进行了详细的研究。结果表明,自组装薄膜在三维方向上都具有有序结构,其密排面平行于载波片的表面。制备的光子晶体薄膜具有明显的光子带隙特性,带隙中心波长为956nm。研究了带隙中心波长同入射线与密排面法线夹角之间的变化关系,其结果与理论值吻合得很好。     

Fabrication and annealing analysis of three-dimensional photonic crystals

Three-dimensional face-centered-cubic (fcc) photonic crystals (PhCs) are fabricated on quartz substrate using vertical deposition technique, and followed by annealing in a temperature range of 200-700 °C. The monodispersed SiO₂ microspheres with a diameter of 220 nm in colloidal solution are synthesized using tetraethylorthosilicate as a precursor material. The as grown opal structure exhibits a strong photonic band gap (PBG) around 450 nm in the transmission spectrum. We find that the position of PBG peak in the spectrum is relevant to incident angle of light. Moreover, it is very sensitive to annealing temperature. It quickly shifts to short wavelength direction with annealing temperature increasing. The effect results from the decrease in refraction index due to the moisture evaporation in silica microspheres.     

From Zn microspheres to hollow ZnO microspheres: A simple route to the growth of large scale metallic Zn microspheres and hollow ZnO microspheres

Large scale metallic Zn microspheres and hollow ZnO microspheres are synthesized by thermal evaporation and vapor transport by heating a ZnO/graphite mixture at 1000 °C. Firstly, metallic Zn microspheres are fabricated with diameters in the range of 1–10 μm. The Zn microspheres are then annealed at 600 °C in air, which form hollow semiconducting ZnO microspheres. EDX and XRD spectra reveal that the oxidized material is indeed ZnO. Room temperature photoluminescence spectra of the oxidized material show a sharp peak at 380 nm and a wider broad peak centered at 490 nm. This growth mechanism is discussed and further investigated for other metallic and metal oxide microstructures.     

Polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites prepared by suspension polymerization and their electrorheological behavior

Polystyrene and polystyrene/multi-wall carbon nanotube composites, PS/MWNT, with MWNT content up to 1 wt.% were prepared in the form of microspheres through in situ suspension polymerization. The morphology of the fraction of 32–64 μm was examined by SEM and TEM microscopy. On the surface of the spheres the presence of MWNT was not observed. The microspheres intersections showed the structure of aggregates of sintered beads a few micrometers in size with heterogeneous interface. No MWNT material was observed inside the beads; it seemed to be situated in the heterogeneous phase of microspheres. Suspensions of PS/MWNT in silicone oil show electrorheological effect, whose intensity strongly depends on MWNT content in composite microspheres.