Synthesis and Characterization of Sterically Encumbered Derivatives of Aluminum Hydrides and Halides: Assessment of Steric Properties of Bulky Terphenyl Ligands

The synthesis and characterization of several sterically encumbered monoterphenyl derivatives of aluminum halides and aluminum hydrides are described. These compounds are [2,6-Mes(2)C(6)H(3)AlH(3)LiOEt(2)](n)() (1), (Mes = 2,4,6-Me(3)C(6)H(2)-), 2,6-Mes(2)C(6)H(3)AlH(2)OEt(2) (2), [2,6-Mes(2)C(6)H(3)AlH(2)](2) (3), 2,6-Mes(2)C(6)H(3)AlCl(2)OEt(2) (4), [2,6-Mes(2)C(6)H(3)AlCl(3)LiOEt(2)](n)() (5), [2,6-Mes(2)C(6)H(3)AlCl(2)](2) (6), TriphAlBr(2)OEt(2) (7), (Triph = 2,4,6-Ph(3)C(6)H(2)-), [2,6-Trip(2)C(6)H(3)AlH(3)LiOEt(2)](2) (8) (Trip = 2,4,6-i-Pr(3)C(6)H(2)-), 2,6-Trip(2)C(6)H(3)AlH(2)OEt(2) (9), [2,6-Trip(2)C(6)H(3)AlH(2)](2) (10), 2,6-Trip(2)C(6)H(3)AlCl(2)OEt(2) (11), and the partially hydrolyzed derivative [2,6-Trip(2)C(6)H(3)Al(Cl)(0.68)(H)(0.32)(&mgr;-OH)](2).2C(6)H(6) (12). The structures of 2, 3a, 4, 6, 7, 9a, 10a, 10b, 11, and 12 were determined by X-ray crystallography. The structures of 3a, 9a, 10a, and 10b, are related to 3, 9, and 10, respectively, by partial occupation of chloride or hydride by hydroxide. The compounds were also characterized by (1)H, (13)C, (7)Li, and (27)Al NMR and IR spectroscopy. The major conclusions from the experimental data are that a single ortho terphenyl substituent of the kind reported here are not as effective as the ligand Mes (Mes = 2,4,6-t-Bu(3)C(6)H(2)-) in preventing further coordination and/or aggregation involving the aluminum centers. In effect, one terphenyl ligand is not as successful as a Mes substituent in masking the metal through agostic and/or steric effects.     

Polarography of Alkali Metal Complexes of Macrotetrolides: Alkyl Substituents and Complex Stability

Abstract

The stability constants determined experimentally were correlated with Gibbs energies of ion—ligand interaction on the electrostatic level. Total charges on individual ligand atoms were calculated using the extended Hückel method (EHT). The inductive effect of the methyl group caused an increase of the stability constants for the macrotetrolides.     

A Systematic Study of Structure and E−H Bond Activation Chemistry by Sterically Encumbered Germylene Complexes

A series of new germylene compounds has been synthesized offering systematic variation in the σ‐ and π‐capabilities of the α‐substituent and differing levels of reactivity towards E?H bond activation (E=H, B, C, N, Si, Ge). Chloride metathesis utilizing [(terphenyl)GeCl] proves to be an effective synthetic route to complexes of the type [(terphenyl)Ge(ER_n)] ( 1 – 6 : ER_n=NHDipp, CH(SiMe₃)₂, P(SiMe₃)₂, Si(SiMe₃)₃ or B(NDippCH)₂; terphenyl=C₆H₃Mes₂‐2,6=Ar^Mes or C₆H₃Dipp₂‐2,6=Ar^Dipp; Dipp=C₆H₃iPr₂‐2,6, Mes=C₆H₂Me₃‐2,4,6), while the related complex [{(Me₃Si)₂N}Ge{B(NDippCH)₂}] ( 8 ) can be accessed by an amide/boryl exchange route. Metrical parameters have been probed by X‐ray crystallography, and are consistent with widening angles at the metal centre as more bulky and/or more electropositive substituents are employed. Thus, the widest germylene units (θ>110°) are found to be associated with strongly σ‐donating boryl or silyl ancillary donors. HOMO–LUMO gaps for the new germylene complexes have been appraised by DFT calculations. The aryl(boryl)‐germylene system [Ar^MesGe{B(NDippCH)₂}] ( 6 ‐Mes), which features a wide C‐Ge‐B angle (110.4(1)°) and (albeit relatively weak) ancillary π‐acceptor capabilities, has the smallest HOMO–LUMO gap (119 kJ mol^?1). These features result in 6 ‐Mes being remarkably reactive, undergoing facile intramolecular C?H activation involving one of the mesityl ortho‐methyl groups. The related aryl(silyl)‐germylene system, [Ar^MesGe{Si(SiMe₃)₃}] ( 5 ‐Mes) has a marginally wider HOMO–LUMO gap (134 kJ mol^?1), rendering it less labile towards decomposition, yet reactive enough to oxidatively cleave H₂ and NH₃ to give the corresponding dihydride and (amido)hydride. Mixed aryl/alkyl, aryl/amido and aryl/phosphido complexes are unreactive, but amido/boryl complex 8 is competent for the activation of E?H bonds (E=H, B, Si) to give hydrido, boryl and silyl products. The results of these reactivity studies imply that the use of the very strongly σ‐donating boryl or silyl substituents is an effective strategy for rendering metallylene complexes competent for E?H bond activation.     

Heavy Alkali Metal Manganate Complexes: Synthesis,Structures and Solvent-Induced Dissociation Effects

Rare examples of heavier alkali metal manganates [{(AM)Mn(CH₂SiMe₃)(N^‘Ar)₂}_∞] (AM=K, Rb, or Cs) [N^‘Ar=N(SiMe₃)(Dipp), where Dipp=2,6-iPr₂-C₆H₃] have been synthesised with the Rb and Cs examples crystallographically characterised. These heaviest manganates crystallise as polymeric zig-zag chains propagated by AM⋅⋅⋅π-arene interactions. Key to their preparation is to avoid Lewis base donor solvents. In contrast, using multidentate nitrogen donors encourages ligand scrambling leading to redistribution of these bimetallic manganate compounds into their corresponding homometallic species as witnessed for the complete Li - Cs series. Adding to the few known crystallographically characterised unsolvated and solvated rubidium and caesium s-block metal amides, six new derivatives ([{AM(N^‘Ar)}_∞], [{AM(N^‘Ar)⋅TMEDA}_∞], and [{AM(N^‘Ar)⋅PMDETA}_∞] where AM=Rb or Cs) have been structurally authenticated. Utilising monodentate diethyl ether as a donor, it was also possible to isolate and crystallographically characterise sodium manganate [(Et₂O)₂Na(ⁿBu)Mn[(N^‘Ar)₂], a monomeric, dinuclear structure prevented from aggregating by two blocking ether ligands bound to sodium.     

Metal Complexes of Mesitylphosphine: Synthesis, Structure, and Spectroscopy

A series of primary phosphine homoleptic complexes [ML(4)](n)()(+)X(n)() (1, M = Ni, n = 0; 2, M = Pd, n = 2, X = BF(4); 3, M = Cu, n = 1, X = PF(6); 4, M = Ag, n = 1, X = BF(4); L = PH(2)Mes, Mes = 2,4,6-Me(3)C(6)H(2)] was prepared from mesitylphosphine and Ni(COD)(2), [Pd(NCMe)(4)][BF(4)](2), [Cu(NCMe)(4)]PF(6), and AgBF(4), respectively. Reactions of 1-4 with MeC(CH(2)PPh(2))(3) (triphos) or [P(CH(2)CH(2)PPh(2))(3)] (tetraphos) afforded the derivatives [M(L')L](n)()(+)X(n)() (L' = triphos; 6, M = Ni, n = 0; 7, M = Cu, n = 1, X = PF(6); 8, M = Ag, n = 1, X = BF(4); L' = tetraphos; 9, M = Pd, n = 2, X = BF(4)). Addition of NOBF(4) to 1 yielded the nitrosyl compound [NiL(3)(NO)]BF(4), 5. The solution structure and dynamics of 1-9 were studied by (31)P NMR spectroscopy (including the first reported analyses of a 12-spin system for 1-2). Complexes 1, 3, 6, and 7.solvent were characterized crystallographically. The structural and spectroscopic studies suggest that the coordination properties of L are dominated by its relatively small cone angle and that the basicity of L is comparable to that of more commonly used tertiary phosphines.     

A Tale of Biphenyl and Terphenyl Substituents for Structurally Diverse Ketiminato Magnesium,Calcium and Germanium Complexes

In this paper, we have used two N,O‐ketiminato ligands ( L1 and L2 ) with biphenyl and terphenyl substituent on the nitrogen atom. Deprotonation of L1 with KN(SiMe₃)₂ and subsequent reaction with MgI₂ led to a homoleptic dinuclear magnesium complex ( 1 ) with a Mg₂O₂ four‐membered ring. Deprotonation with nBuLi and subsequent reaction with MgI₂ afforded a unusual dinuclear magnesium complex ( 2 ) with a Mg₂O₂ ring. Extension of the ligand for calcium resulted in a trinuclear calcium complex ( 3 ) with six four‐membered Ca₂O₂ rings. We could not isolate any chelating complex when L2 was used as a ligand, and only oxygen bound magnesium ( 4 ) and calcium ( 5 ) adducts were isolated. DFT studies were performed to understand this dissimilar behavior. More diverse results were obtained when lithiated L1 and L2 were treated with germanium dichloride. We were able to stabilize a monomeric germylene monochloride ( 7 ) with L1 . However, with L2 , an unusual ligand scrambling, and a C?C coupling take place, leading to the formation of a secondary carbocation with GeCl₃‐ as a counter‐anion ( 8 ). Besides, a germanium dichloride adduct ( 9 ) bound to the oxygen center of the ligand was obtained as the minor product.     

Synthesis,Structure, and Thermochemical Properties of Alkali Metal Uranoborates

Compounds of the composition ABUO5 (A are alkali metals) were synthesized. Their structure and thermal decomposition were studied, standard enthalpies of formation were determined, and enthalpies of solid-phase reactions of their synthesis from oxides and by ion-exchange reactions were calculated.     

Synthesis,Structure, and Reactivity of Metal Complexes with Alkoxysilylmethyl Ligands

The synthesis and properties of the new metal complexes 1 , 6 – 12 with alkoxysilylmethy substituents (RO–SiR′₂–CH₂–ML_n) is described. The complexes 14 , 15 and 18 with a chloromethylsiloxy ligand were also prepared. These molecules should serve as starting compounds for the synthesis of metallasilaoxetanes. Several reactions which should lead to these new metallacycles have been performed, but it was never possible to isolate them or to proof their existence spectroscopically. However, chloride abstraction from (C₅H₅)₂Ti(Cl)CH₂Si(CH₃)₂O^tBu ( 7 ) by silver cations led to the activation of the Si–O–R group. This indicates an interaction of the oxygen atom with the metal atom, but there was no proof for the intermediate formation of a four membered metallacycle.     

Alkali Metal Compounds of Hydroquinone: Synthesis and Crystal Structure

A number of novel routes to the alkali metal compounds of hydroquinone M₂[p‐C₆H₄O₂] (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) and M[p‐C₆H₄O(OH)] (M = K, Rb, Cs) have been synthetically explored. The selective synthesis of the alkali 4‐hydroxyphenolates and 1, 4‐phenylenediolates is based on optimized reaction conditions (solvents, temperatures). All compounds were structurally characterized by means of powder X‐ray diffraction using Rietveld profile refinement including C—C and C—O bond distance restraints. The atomic arrangement of M₂[p‐C₆H₄O₂](M = Na, K) (tetragonal, space group: P4₂/ncm) is characterized by infinite pillars of [M₂^[3]O₂^[3]]‐units along the c axis connected by [p‐C₆H₄O₂]^2—‐anions with stacking direction along c. The coordinatively unsaturated alkali metals, surrounded by three oxygen atoms, exhibit symmetrical (K) as well as asymmetrical (Na) interactions with the phenylene rings. M[p‐C₆H₄O(OH] (M = K, Rb) (tetragonal, space group: P4/n) forms hydrogen‐bridged linear chains of [p‐C₆H₄O(OH)]^—‐anions along the c direction. The phenylene planes of neighboring chains have an almost orthogonal arrangement while the interchain planes are parallel. K and Rb are fourfold coordinated by two different oxygen coordination spheres.     

氮杂大环双核铜锌金属配合物的合成结构及溶液中配位稳定性研究

在合成模型化合物之前 ,有必要先了解合成的大环配体在溶液中与金属离子的配位行为及其稳定性 ,以便选择不同结构的大环配体和控制反应的 p H值合成出结构和催化性能较好的模型化合物 [1～ 3] .本文报道了大环配体与 Cu( )和 Zn( )形成的配合物 ,对其结构和溶液中的配位稳定性进行了研究 .1　实验部分1 .1　试剂与仪器配体 L以 2 ,6-吡啶二甲醛和二乙烯三胺为原料 ,按文献 [4]报道的方法经 2 + 2合成得到 .其纯度经元素分析、红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和质谱鉴定 .其它试剂均为分析纯 . p H滴定采用二次蒸馏水 .Perkin- Elmer 2 4 0型元…     

Synthesis and Metal Complexes of Thiourea Ligands Containing Carbohydrate‐Derived Substituents

Two glucose‐derived thiourea derivatives, 2a and 2b , were prepared by addition of the corresponding amino sugars to a solution of 4‐nitrobenzoyl isothiocyanate (Scheme 1). The thioureas were isolated as colorless solids in good yields and were fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, optical rotation, elemental analysis, and also by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Attempts to obtain Cu^II and Ni^II bis(chelate) complexes with these thioureas failed. However, the C(1)‐protected thiourea derivative 2a reacted with orthopalladated acetato‐bridged dimers to afford the corresponding monomeric Pd^II complexes 3 and 4 (Scheme 2). In these compounds, the thiourea coordinates to the metal as monoanionic O,S chelate ligand, which was confirmed by X‐ray crystallography.     

铟（Ⅲ）的碱金属卤化物与冠醚配合物的合成及表征

在萃取研究过程中,合成了10种由四溴(或碘)合铟(Ⅲ)配阴离子与苯并-15-冠-5或二苯并-18-冠-6合钾(或钠)配阳离子相结合所形成的新型固体配合物。经元素分析、红外光谱及差热-热重等方法对配合物进行了表征。通过与相应的冠醚碱金属苦味酸盐配合物结构性质的对比,较合理地解释了这两类萃取体系之间存在的某些差别。     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚二聚和三聚表面活性剂的合成及表面性质

合成了系列壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚二聚表面活性剂(DNP)和三聚表面活性剂(TNP), 用核磁共振、红外光谱和元素分析等手段对其结构进行了表征, 并用表面张力法和稳态荧光法对DNP和TNP的表面性能进行了研究. 结果表明, 随着氧乙烯(EO)单元数的增长, DNP和TNP的临界胶束浓度(cmc)值逐渐增大; DNP和TNP的cmc值较相应的单体壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚表面活性剂(NP)明显降低, 显示了较高的表面活性、吸附能力和润湿能力.     

Synthesis and Structure of Hetropolyoxometal-supported Transition Metal Complexes

The chemistry of metal-oxo compounds has been extensively and intensively studied for over a hundred years because of their theoritical importance and practical application^[1]. Recent advance has afforded a study of inorganic or organometallic complexes containing metal-oxo anions^[2]. Herein, the synthesis and structural characterization of two heteropolyoxomolybdnum-supported transition metal complexes (H₂bpy)_0.5Ni(H₂O)₅[Mo₅P₂O₂₃]Ni(Hbpy)(H₂O)₄ (1) and (H₂bpy)_0.5Co(H₂O)₅[Mo₅P₂O₂₃]Co(Hbpy) (H₂O)₄(2) are reported.     

N,N-二苄基二硫代氨基甲酸金属配合物的合成、晶体结构及其热稳定性研究

报道了四种二苄基二硫代氨基甲酸金属配合物 [Cd(DBTC) 2 ] 2 ( 1) ,[Hg(DBTC) 2 ] ( 2 ) ,[Nd(DBTC) 3 ·2H2 O]和 [Nd (DBTC) 3 (HMPA) 2 ] ( 3 ) (DBTC =N ,N 二苄基二硫代氨基甲酸 ;HMPA =六次甲基磷酰胺 )的合成及其红外光谱 .配合物 1～3的晶体结构用X射线晶体衍射分析确定 .配合物 1,C3 0 H2 8N2 CdS4,Mr=65 7.18,单斜晶系 ,空间群P2 1/n ,a =1.110 98( 4 )nm ,b =1.5 63 2 5 ( 5 )nm ,c =1.66695 ( 5 )nm ,β =97.92 2 0 ( 10 )° ,Z =4,R =0 .0 44 ,wR1=0 .0 91.2 ,C3 0 H2 8N2 HgS4,Mr=745 3 7,正交晶系 ,空间群Pbcn ,a =1.64 73 8( 1)nm ,b =1.864 18( 14 )nm ,c =0 .940 0 0 ( 6)nm ,Z =4,R =0 .0 3 87,wR1=0 0 965 .3 ,C57H78N9NdO2 P2 S6,Mr=13 19.82 ,单斜晶系 ,空间群P2 1/c ,a =1.3 0 3 89( 9)nm ,b =3 .470 8( 3 )nm ,c=3 .12 10 ( 2 )nm ,β =96.5 2 7( 2 )° ,Z =8,R =0 .10 2 3 ,wR1=0 .2 2 0 3 .1为二聚体 ,中心离子的配位结构为扭曲的四方锥 ;2和 3均为单核配合物 ,但中心离子的配位结构不同 ,2为扭曲的四面体 ,而 3则为变形的十二面体 .配合物的热重分析结果表明配合物 1,2在加热失重的过程中可能伴随有升华现象 ,有望作为MOCVD的前驱物     

Cobaltocenium Carboxylate Transition Metal Complexes: Synthesis,Structure, Reactivity,and Cytotoxicity

Cobaltocenium carboxylate is an unusual betaine that functions as a formally neutral carboxylate ligand with late transition metal centers comprising Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Ag⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Hg²⁺, and Rh⁺. Structurally, a rich coordination chemistry is observed – from simple monomeric homoleptic complexes to heteroleptic dimeric, trimeric, and polymeric compounds, as shown by X‐ray diffraction of 11 compounds. Chemically, thermal decarboxylation was investigated aiming at the formation of cobaltocenium‐carbene transition metal complexes, in analogy to such chemistry of imidazolium carboxylate betaines. Cytotoxicity studies of cobaltocenium carboxylate transition metal complexes were performed to evaluate the medicinal bioorganometallic potential of these compounds. While cobaltocenium carboxylate was inactive, its complexes with Ag⁺, Cd²⁺, and Hg²⁺ triggered significant cytotoxic effects.     

Solid and Solution Structural Studies of Dimeric and Tetrameric Molybdenum（VI） Malate Complexes

Reactions of potassium molybdate with racemic malic acid （H3mal = C4H6O5） result in the isolation of two mesomeric molybdenum malate complexes K8[（MoO2）2O（R-mal）2][（MoO2）2O（Smal）2]-4H2O 1 and （Him）2K6[（MoO2）4O3（R-mal）2][（MoOE）4O3（S-mal）2]-8H2O 2. Complex 1 belongs to the monoclinic system, space group C2/c with a = 14.8637（3）, b = 6.9544（1）, c = 19.6783（5）A, β = 100.081（2）°, V = 2002.70（7） A^3, Mr = 1452.88, Z = 2, F（000） = 1416, T = 173 K, Dc = 2.409 g/cm3, fl（MoKa＇） = 2.167, R = 0.0283 and wR = 0.0733.2 is of triclinic system, space group P1^- with a = 8.7707（2）, b = 9.3310（3）, c = 17.9093（7）A, α= 83.781（3）, β = 85.626（2）, y= 84.822（2）°, V = 1447.84（8）A^3, Mr = 2160.68, Z = 1, F（000） = 1048, T = 173 K, Dc = 2.478 g/cm^3,μ（MoKα） = 2.230, R = 0.0234 and wR = 0.0584.1 is the first isolated dinuclear molybdenum（VI） malato complex in 1：1 molar ratio. The molybdenum atoms in the two complexes are six-coordinated in an approximately octahedral geometry. Two malates coordinate tridentately with the Mo atom via their α-alkoxy, α-carboxy and α-carboxy groups in 1 and 2. β-Carboxy group in 2 further links with the other two Mo atoms to give a tetrameric unit. The solution ^1H and ^13C NMR spectra indicate that dimeric malate molybdenum in 1 dissociates partly in solution and exists in an equilibrium with tetrameric species, while 2 is stable and retains its tetrameric structure without any dissociation.     

Synthesis, Characterization and Structure of 3d Metal Nitrate Complexes with 1,8-Naphthyridine-N-Oxide

The complexes of 3d metal(Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) nitrates with 1 , 8-naphthyridine-N-oxide (NAPYO) were synthesized. The melting points and solubilities of the new complexes were determined and all the complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, UV spectra and molar conductance. The structures of both nickel complex and copper complex were determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction analyses.     

Synthesis,Structure, and Reactivity of a Dimeric Zinc(I) Compound Stabilized by a Sterically Demanding Diiminophosphinate Ligand

The new sterically demanding aminoiminophosphorane Ph₂P(?NDip)(NHDip) (Dip=C₆H₃‐2,6‐iPr₂; LH, 1 ) has been prepared as a precursor to the potassium complex [LK] ( 2 ) and a series of heteroleptic zinc(II) complexes, namely [(LZnBr)₂] ( 3 ), [LZnMe] ( 4 ), [LZnEt] ( 5 ), and [(LZnI)₂] ( 6 ). The products have been obtained either through a salt metathesis route by using complex 2 and ZnBr₂ to give compound 3 , through a direct reaction of ligand precursor 1 and ZnR₂ (R=Me or Et) yielding complexes 4 or 5 , respectively, or through iodination of complexes 4 or 5 by using I₂ to afford compound 6 . Reduction of the heteroleptic zinc(II) halide complexes 3 or 6 by using a dimeric magnesium(I) compound as a selective, stoichiometric, and soluble reducing agent afforded the new zinc(I) dimer [(LZn)₂] ( 7 ) in good yield. Compounds 1 – 7 were crystallographically and spectroscopically characterized and the coordination behavior of the diiminophosphinate ligand has been investigated and compared with related CN‐based ligands. An initial reactivity study has been carried out on [(LZn)₂] ( 7 ) by using small‐scale reactions and the oxidative addition of small alkyl halides across the Zn? Zn bond has been found to generate equimolar amounts of the alkyl complexes 4 or 5 and the halide complexes 3 or 6 , respectively.