基于衍生化技术的甘油磷脂分析方法研究进展

磷脂是所有生物细胞膜的主要成分,在许多生命活动过程中具有重要的功能。但由于生物样本中的磷脂种类繁多,含量极低,存在基质抑制效应,且结构中缺少易电离的官能团,从而导致对磷脂的定性和定量分析较困难。利用化学衍生化技术对其进行结构修饰可以提高离子化效率、改善色谱分离度且提高质谱(MS)检测的灵敏度和选择性。MS与衍生化方法结合已被广泛用于蛋白组学、糖组学、代谢物等的分析。近年来,这一策略逐渐被应用于脂质组学的分析研究。该文综述了国内外近10年基于衍生化技术的甘油磷脂分析方法及其应用研究进展,以激发衍生化技术在脂质组学分析中的应用潜能。     

代谢组学研究策略与方法的新进展

代谢组学研究的是生物体系受到内在和外在因素刺激产生的内源性代谢变化,可以对那些能描述代谢循环情况的关键化合物进行定性和定量分析.近几年来,代谢组学已经成为生命科学领域一个重要的、有价值的工具,并在不断创新的分析技术推动下稳步发展.虽然代谢组学本身还存在一些不足,但许多研究者以解决问题为出发点,提出了一些新的研究策略、方法和技术.代谢组学发展呈现出整合一体化,定量化和标准化的趋势.本文对代谢组学的概况,现在的发展情况和未来的趋势进行综述.     

液相色谱和质谱联用技术结合化学计量学应用于代谢组学的研究进展

代谢组学作为系统生物学的重要组成部分,已经成为继基因组学、转录组学、蛋白质组学之后兴起的一个新的组学研究热点。准确全面的检测生物体液中浓度较低的代谢物变化是进行代谢组学研究的基础。液相色谱和质谱联用(LC/MS)技术结合化学计量学很好地实现了对大量样品和微量代谢物的快速定性、定量分析,极大地推动了代谢组学的相关研究。本文综述了LC/MS与化学计量学相结合用于代谢组学研究的现状,并对后续的研究进行了展望。     

基于MALDI-TOF-MS的脂质组学研究——鲫鱼受镉暴露的潜在生物标志物

以含镉(Cd)500 μg/L水体中养殖0, 10, 20 d的3组鲫鱼为研究对象, 测定鱼肉中Cd含量, 借助HPLC与MALDI-TOF-MS离线联用技术得到鱼肉磷脂图谱, 并采用偏最小二乘判别分析法(PLS-DA)针对图谱数据开展模式识别分析. 结果表明, 在20 d暴露期内, 鱼肉中Cd含量呈持续上升趋势, 而磷脂酰胆碱(PC)含量在暴露10 d后显著低于正常水平(未受镉暴露)(p<0.05), 暴露20 d后基本恢复到正常水平. PLS-DA分析实现了3组样本的组间判别, 说明磷脂指纹图谱能更好的反映外源Cd对鲫鱼的代谢影响. PC可以作为指示水体Cd对鲫鱼毒害作用的生物标志物. HPLC与MALDI-TOF-MS离线联用技术不仅能定量分析鱼肉中PC总量, 也分离纯化了PC组分, 从而使MALDI-TOF-MS成功用于复杂鱼肉样品的磷脂分析, 适用于脂质组学研究.     

直接进样电喷雾串联质谱法测定草鱼肌肉组织中磷脂

建立了直接进样电喷雾串联质谱测定草鱼肌肉组织中磷脂的方法.以Bligh Dyer法提取总脂质,采用流动注射泵直接进样的方式将样品导人电喷雾离子源,利用串联三重四级杆质谱的母离子扫描和中性丢失扫描功能,通过扫描磷脂的特征性子离子或中性质量丢失实现对磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇、磷脂酰丝氨酸、磷脂酰甘油和磷脂酸六类磷脂的源内分离和鉴定.结果显示,在-定的浓度范围内,磷脂的浓度与磷脂直接进样电喷雾电离后形成准分子离子的响应值呈现良好的线性关系,回收率(67.1％～96.6％)和精密度可以满足生物样品分析的要求.采用本方法测定了草鱼肌肉组织中磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰肌醇和磷脂酰丝氨酸4类磷脂的分子种及含量.本方法前处理简单,定性和定量分析快速准确,可以应用于其它生物样本脂质组学中磷脂的分析.     

脂组学及其研究进展

脂质的生物功能具有多样性,其代谢与多种疾病的发生、发展密切相关.脂质的分析量化对研究疾病发生机理和诊断治疗,以及医药研发有非常重要的生物学意义.分析技术的快速发展,特别是质谱及其联用技术的运用,促使脂质分析不断完善.脂组学就是对生物样本中脂质的整体分析,是代谢组学的重要组成部分,能够促进代谢组学的发展.本文就脂质的生物功能、脂质分析以及脂组学的研究现状作简要评述.     

代谢组学中的分离分析科学*

代谢组学从概念的提出到现在已经有十多年的时间,它已被广泛应用于药物开发、疾病、微生物和植物等生命科学各个领域的研究,成为系统生物学不可或缺的一部分。代谢组学关注生物体系新陈代谢网络下游的小分子,分离分析科学是代谢组学技术平台的重要组成部分,与其它分析化学技术共同肩负着生物样本中代谢物全组分定性、定量的重任。本文结合我们研究组的工作,主要介绍气相色谱、液相色谱以及毛细管电泳等分离分析技术在代谢组中的应用和进展,以期对读者有所启迪。     

胆汁中总磷脂的纸色谱扫描定量分析

类脂化合物是胆汁中的重要组分。约90％的类脂化合物为磷脂,且几乎全是卵磷脂。迄今,胆汁中的磷脂一般都采用薄层色谱法进行分析。本工作采用纸色谱扫描法定量测定胆汁中的总磷脂,得到满意的结果。本方法已成功地用于胆石成因研究。     

液质联用技术用于复杂混合物体系中小分子化合物的分析

复杂混合物体系中化合物类型多样,理化性质各异,对其组成成分进行定性定量分析一直是分析化学研究的热点问题.液相色谱与质谱联用(liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy,LC-MS),尤其是超高效液相色谱(ultra-high performance liquid chromatography,UPLC)结合高分辨质谱(high resolution mass spectrometry,HRMS)是复杂样品分析的有力工具.UPLC能够极大程度提高色谱分离能力和效率,为复杂混合物中各组分的有效分离提供保证;HRMS能够提供高精确的分子质量,提高定性定量分析的可靠性和准确性.本文综述了LC-MS技术在分析典型的复杂混合物体系(尿液、血液、细胞代谢物及天然产物提取物)中小分子化合物组分及含量中的应用,主要从样品制备、数据采集、数据(前)处理、目标化合物的定性定量分析及多样本多变量分析(代谢组学分析)用于差异代谢物(生物标志物)的发现等方面展开,并对LC-MS技术用于复杂混合物样品分析当前存在的问题及未来的发展进行了总结和展望     

基于液相色谱与质谱联用的代谢组学及磷脂轮廓分析在糖代谢异常研究中的应用

糖代谢异常由于其发病率的升高和影响人类的生活质量而日益受到科学研究者的关注。实验中利用液相色谱与质谱(LC-MS)联用技术对糖代谢异常分别进行了代谢组学和磷脂轮廓分析,研究了糖代谢异常中的两个阶段——空腹血糖受损(IFG)和初诊糖尿病(NDD)的代谢差异情况。首先从LC-MS采集到血浆中代谢组学分析及磷脂轮廓分析的原始谱图,通过软件的峰匹配等步骤得到峰表,之后利用多种统计分析方法进行数据分析,通过正交校正的偏最小二乘法(OSC-PLS)对样品进行分型,根据模型的变量重要因子(VIP)、显著性差异检验结果等筛选出差异性代谢物。结果显示: NDD组比IFG组与对照组(N组)比较存在更明显的代谢差异,发生变化的化合物主要为游离脂肪酸、溶血磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、鞘磷脂和磷脂酰胆碱等。     

Mass spectrometry based phospholipidomics of mammalian thymus and leukemia patients: implication for function of iNKT cells

In previous studies phospholipids have been proved to be involved in biochemical, physiological, and pathological processes. As a special class of phospholipids, peroxisome-derived lipids (PDLs) have been proved to be potential ligands of invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells in recent studies. Here, on the basis of phospholipidomics, we focused on the relative quantity of PDLs extracted from mammalian thymus or bone marrow using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (MS). In phospholipid analysis, we identified 12 classes of phospholipids and accounted for their relative quantities by comparing their relative abundances in the MS¹ map. Our results show that PDLs are present in mammalian thymus as well as mouse spleen and liver. Interestingly, the relative quantity of PDLs extracted from human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) bone marrows is higher than that extracted from bone marrow of healthy donors. Our results may help to explain the close correlation between PDLs and iNKT cell function in thymus, spleen, liver, and especially in leukemia patients. We think that our phospholipidomics work may reveal a function of iNKT cells.     

Rapid identification of erythrocyte phospholipids in Sprague–Dawley rats by ultra high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry

A rapid, sensitive, and reliable approach for analyzing five kinds of erythrocyte phospholipids in Sprague–Dawley rats was provided by ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry with MassLynx^TM MassFragment. Improving conventional high performance liquid chromatography techniques, ultra high performance liquid chromatography integrated with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry offers high sensitivity and increased analytical speed by using columns packed with sub‐2 μm particles (1.7 μm), which allows a faster separation to be achieved. Through this method, 83 phospholipids were tentatively characterized based on their mass spectra and tandem mass spectra, as well as by matching the in‐house formula database within a mass error of 5 ppm, including 40 phosphatidylcholines, 24 phosphatidyl ethanolamines, three phosphatidylinositols, six phosphatidylserines, and ten sphingomyelins. Our present results proved that the established method could be used to qualitatively analyze complex erythrocyte phospholipids in Sprague–Dawley rats and provide a useful data base for pharmacology and phospholipidomics to seek potential biomarkers of disease prediction.     

超高效液相色谱-静电轨道阱质谱同时筛查定量饲料中的31种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留

建立了超高效液相色谱-静电轨道阱质谱法检测饲料中31种氨基甲酸酯类农药残留的检测方法和目标化合物的质谱数据库。饲料样品经100 mol/L HCl-甲醇(1∶3)提取,高速离心,经稀释后进样分析。采用Thermo Syncronis C18色谱柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,3μm)作为固定相,0.1%甲酸和0.1%甲酸乙腈作为流动相进行梯度洗脱。质谱采用正离子扫描,以1对母离子和子离子的精确质量数进行定性,以母离子的峰面积进行定量分析。31种氨基甲酸酯类化合物在最优化条件下分离良好,在定量范围内线性良好,相关系数(r2)大于0.98,回收率达50.6%~109%,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于8.9%。该方法具有简便、快速、灵敏、准确等特点,适用于饲料中氨基甲酸酯类化合物的同时定性筛查和定量分析。     

Analysis of protein phosphorylation by mass spectrometry

Phosphorylation is one of the most frequently occurring post-translational modifications in proteins. In eukaryotic cells, protein phosphorylation on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues plays a crucial role as a modulator of protein function. A comprehensive analysis of protein phosphorylation involves the identification of the phosphoproteins, the exact localization of the residues that are phosphorylated and the quantitation of phosphorylation. In this short review we will summarize and discuss the methodologies currently available for the analysis and full characterization of phosphoproteins with special attention at mass spectrometry-based techniques. In particular, we will discuss affinity-based purification of phosphopeptides coupled to MALDI-TOF analysis, their detection using mass mapping and precursor ion scan, identification of modified sites by MS/MS and quantitation analysis     

Quantitation of suspected allergens in fragrances part II. Evaluation of comprehensive gas chromatography-conventional mass spectrometry

The European legislation requires that fragranced products are evaluated for their content in 24 compounds that are suspected to be skin sensitizers. Their quantitation in fragrance concentrates may not be achieved with GC-flame ionization detection (FID), due to the complexity of these mixtures and even comprehensive GC-FID does not provide sufficient resolution. This paper reports the first example of quantitation based on the hyphenation of comprehensive GC with a low-cost quadrupole MS. A detection frequency of 30.7 Hz can be obtained by monitoring a single ion. This allows a satisfactory evaluation of the area sum over the 2-3 modulations of a given compound and linear calibration curves are obtained. Analyses are completed within 35 min.     

高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用分析PPMP衍生化的壳寡糖

以1-(4-异丙基)苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(PPMP)为衍生化试剂在氨水介质中对壳寡糖链进行衍生化,衍生化产物用RP-HPLC分离和ESI-MS分析。结果表明在确定的衍生化条件下,PPMP和壳寡糖的衍生化产物主要为单分子衍生物,此单分子PPMP衍生物在ESI-MS的正负离子模式下均有较好的响应,并且在RP-HPLC柱上能够实现很好的分离。据此建立了PPMP柱前衍生HPLC/ESI-MS在线联用检测壳寡糖混合物组成的方法。该法可作为壳寡糖样品在质量控制、构效关系研究等方面的方法参考。     

Glow discharge mass spectrometry-a powerful technique for the elemental analysis of solids

A high resolution glow discharge mass spectrometer for the elemental analysis of solids is described. The analytical performance is reviewed and results are presented on a wide range of materials illustrating elemental and concentration coverage, quantitation and detection limits. Comparisons with other techniques are made.     

Development and validation of an LC–MS/MS Method for the quantitation of heparan sulfate in human urine

Heparan sulfate is a linear polysaccharide and serves as an important biomarker to monitor patient response to therapies for MPS III disorder. It is challenging to analyze heparan sulfate intact owing to its complexity and heterogeneity. Therefore, a sensitive, robust and validated LC–MS/MS method is needed to support the clinical studies for the quantitation of heparan sulfate in biofluids under regulated settings. Presented in this work are the results of the development and validation of an LC–MS/MS method for the quantitation of heparan sulfate in human urine using selected high‐abundant disaccharides as surrogates. During sample processing, a combination of analytical technologies have been employed, including rapid digestion, filtration, solid‐phase extraction and chemical derivatization. The validated method is highly sensitive and is able to analyze heparan sulfate in urine samples from healthy donors. Disaccharide constitution analysis in urine samples from 25 healthy donors was performed using the assay and demonstrated the proof of concept of using selected disaccharides as a surrogate for validation and quantitation.     

A single run LC-MS/MS method for phospholipidomics

Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry has been compared to shotgun analysis with the objective of finding the best compromise for a single run analysis of whole cell phospholipids. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC), normal phase (NP), and reversed phase (RP) liquid chromatography were evaluated with reference phospholipids belonging to phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS) classes. NP-HPLC- and RP-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS were applied to yeast phospholipidome analysis, using a wild-type strain and two strains defective for acyltransferases that are known to be involved in de novo phospholipid synthesis or phospholipid remodeling. The MRM mode was used for relative quantitation of individual compounds based on reference phospholipids bearing fatty acid chains with an odd number of carbon atoms. Combined LC-MS/MS was found superior to shotgun analysis, leading to a larger number of quantified species than shotgun analysis. Finally, RP-HPLC-MS/MS was the preferred method for its higher selectivity, robustness, and better repeatability.     

CE combined with rolling circle amplification for sensitive DNA detection

Here we describe an assay which combines CE with rolling circle amplification (RCA) for sensitive DNA detection and quantification. RCA is an isothermal DNA replication technique that generates a long ssDNA with tandem repeats. It requires simpler temperature control in reaction and offers higher sequence specificity and greater quantitation capability compared to other amplification technologies. In this study, RCA amplified the DNA target via a circular template, and the product was digested into monomers for CE analysis. Less than 2 fmol of the DNA target could easily be detected using this RCA-CE assay and the assay has a dynamic range of two orders of magnitudes. Moreover, simultaneous detection of both the target DNA and the internal standard was achieved by designing two padlock probes with different sizes, which could significantly improve the quantification accuracy. The RCA-CE assay is easy to perform, readily adaptable for detection of multiple targets because of the high resolution power of CE, and is compatible with other applications employing RCA as a signal amplification tool. Additionally, this assay can be used with a capillary array system to perform sensitive, high-throughput genetic screening.