Improved averaging method for turbulent flow simulation. Part I: Theoretical development and application to Burgers' transport equation

This is the first of two articles intended to develop, apply and verify a new method for averaging the momentum and mass transport equations for turbulence. The new method is based on Gaussian filtering in both the spatial and temporal domains. Application is made to the problem of momentum and scalar transport in a one-dimensional transient Burgers' flow field. No actual calculations, with the averaged equations, are presented in this paper. However, an ‘exact’ solution of the one-dimensional flow situation is presented as an economical tool for verifying the performance of the different turbulence models. In the second paper calculations are performed with the averaged one-dimensional equations on coarse grids, and the results are compared to the exact or fully simulated data with a statistical verification procedure.     

脑Willis环的一维血流动力学及氧输运特性的数值研究

Willis环是大脑侧枝循环的重要组成部分, 研究其血流动力学特性以及氧输运规律对脑缺血疾病的认知和预防有着非常重要的作用. 该文旨在利用一维血流动力学模型模拟整个Willis环的流量变化和压力分布, 并建立动脉内氧输运的一维模型以模拟Willis 环内氧分压的变化规律, 为研究脑组织内血液流动和氧输运打下基础. 首先, 基于弹性圆管内的一维非线性流动方程和状态方程建立血流动力学模型, 在一维对流扩散方程的基础上, 考虑由管腔向壁面的扩散和壁面细胞的新陈代谢消耗推导出氧输运特性方程. 通过 Lax-Wendroff两步法对血流动力学方程进行离散, 而在进行对流扩散方程的离散时, 则运用迎风格式. 通过数值计算得到了正常情况下Willis环各个血管任意位置的流量、压力和氧分压的变化曲线, 正常情况下各个位置的氧分压处于稳定的平衡状态. 最后, 还通过此模型进一步模拟了右侧颈内动脉狭窄对各个血管内流动的影响. 当狭窄程度达到80%时, 中脑动脉的流量和压力会明显下降, 造成其供应区域的血流减少. 同时, Willis环右侧血管内的氧分压会大大降低, 而左侧血管的氧分压会出现上升趋势, 但幅度要小于右侧血管降低的幅度.     

Improved averaging method for turbulent flow simulation. Part II: Calculations and verification

This is the second of two articles intended to develop, apply and verify a new method for averaging the momentum and mass transport equations for turbulence. Part I presented the theoretical development of a new space-time filter (STF) averaging procedure. The new method, as well as all existing averaging procedures, are applied to the one-dimensional transient equations of momentum and scalar transport in a Burgers' flow field. Dense-grid ‘exact’ results from the unaveraged equations are presented to depict the dynamic behaviour of the flow field and serve as a basis for verifying the coarse-grid STF predictions. In this paper, a finite difference procedure is used to numerically solve the new STF averaged equations, as well as the other forms of the averaged equations derived in Part I. All averaged equations are solved on the same coarse grid. The velocity and scalar fields, predicted from each equation form, are intercompared according to a verification procedure based on the statistical and spectral properties of the results. It is found that the new STF procedure improves coarse-grid dynamic predictions over the existing methods of averaging.     

State space approach to unsteady magnetohydrodynamics natural convection heat and mass transfer through a porous medium saturated with a viscoelastic fluid

A technique of the state space approach and the inversion of the Laplace transform method are applied to dimensionless equations of an unsteady one-dimensional boundary-layer flow due to heat and mass transfer through a porous medium saturated with a viscoelastic fluid bounded by an infinite vertical plate in the presence of a uniform magnetic field is described. Complete analytical solutions for the temperature, concentration, velocity, and induced magnetic and electric fields are presented. The inversion of the Laplace transforms is carried out by using a numerical approach. The proposed method is used to solve two problems: boundary-layer flow in a viscoelastic fluid near a vertical wall subjected to the initial conditions of a stepwise temperature and concentration and viscoelastic fluid flow between two vertical walls. The solutions are found to be dependent on the governing parameters including the Prandtl number, the Schmidt number, the Grashof number, reaction rate coefficient, viscoelastic parameter, and permeability of the porous medium. Effects of these major parameters on the transport behavior are investigated methodically, and typical results are illustrated to reveal the tendency of the solutions. Representative results are presented for the velocity, temperature, concentration, and induced magnetic and electric field distributions, as well as the local skin-friction coefficient and the local Nusselt and Sherwood numbers.     

Effects of magnetohydrodynamic flow past a vertical plate with variable surface temperature

An analysis is performed to study the magnetohydrodynamic flow of an electrically conducting, viscous incompressible fluid past a semi-infinite vertical plate with variable surface temperature under the action of transversely applied magnetic field. The heat due to viscous dissipation and the induced magnetic field are assumed to be negligible. The dimensionless governing equations are unsteady, two-dimensional, coupled and non-linear governing equations. It is found that the magnetic field parameter has a retarding effect on the velocities of air and water.     

一维六方准晶中纳米尺度开裂孔洞的III型断裂力学

研究了一维六方准晶中纳米尺度开裂孔洞的Ⅲ型断裂力学问题。基于复变弹性理论和表面弹性理论获得了考虑表面效应时椭圆孔边裂纹的应力场、应力强度因子和能量释放率的解析表达;讨论了缺陷尺寸、裂纹/孔洞比、耦合系数和施加载荷对应力强度因子和能量释放率的影响。研究表明：考虑表面效应且缺陷的尺寸在纳米尺度时,声子场和相位子场的无量纲应力强度因子以及无量纲能量释放率具有明显的尺寸依赖;裂纹相对尺寸较小时,表面效应对声子场和相位子场的无量纲应力强度因子影响较小;纳米尺度时无量纲能量释放率随耦合系数的增加而增大;耦合系数一定时,无量纲能量释放率受到椭圆孔尺寸影响;随着声子场载荷的增大,无量纲能量释放率先减小后增加,最后趋于稳定;无量纲能量释放率随相位子场载荷的增大单调减小,非常小和非常大的声子场载荷(或相位子场载荷)屏蔽了相位子场载荷(或声子场载荷)的影响。     

一维六方准晶中纳米尺度开裂孔洞的III型断裂力学

研究了一维六方准晶中纳米尺度开裂孔洞的Ⅲ型断裂力学问题。基于复变弹性理论和表面弹性理论获得了考虑表面效应时椭圆孔边裂纹的应力场、应力强度因子和能量释放率的解析表达;讨论了缺陷尺寸、裂纹/孔洞比、耦合系数和施加载荷对应力强度因子和能量释放率的影响。研究表明：考虑表面效应且缺陷的尺寸在纳米尺度时,声子场和相位子场的无量纲应力强度因子以及无量纲能量释放率具有明显的尺寸依赖;裂纹相对尺寸较小时,表面效应对声子场和相位子场的无量纲应力强度因子影响较小;纳米尺度时无量纲能量释放率随耦合系数的增加而增大;耦合系数一定时,无量纲能量释放率受到椭圆孔尺寸影响;随着声子场载荷的增大,无量纲能量释放率先减小后增加,最后趋于稳定;无量纲能量释放率随相位子场载荷的增大单调减小,非常小和非常大的声子场载荷(或相位子场载荷)屏蔽了相位子场载荷(或声子场载荷)的影响。     

Performance modeling and analysis of blood flow in elastic arteries

Nomenclature　　τ　　wallshearstressγshearrateτy yieldstressηc Cassonviscosityktheconsistencyindexnnon_Newtonianindexτp shearstressofthepthelementωangularvelocityRvessel’sradiusCwavespeedM　　magneticparameter (Hartmannnumber)u,w　velocitycomponentinther_andz_directions,respectivelyP　　pressureα　　unsteadinessparameter k , R meanparametersTp relaxationtimeofthepthelementρ densityIntroductionTheimportancetoatherogenesisofarterialflowphenomenasuchasflowseparation ,recirculationands…     

被均匀流缓慢调制的有限水深毛细重力波

非线性的存在会产生高次谐波,这些谐波又反作用于原来的低次谐波,使波幅发生缓慢变化,从而产生缓慢调制现象．这里从考虑均匀流作用下的毛细重力水波基本方程出发,在不可压缩、无旋、无黏条件假设下,使用多重尺度分析方法推导出了在均匀流影响下有限深水毛细重力波振幅所满足的非线性Schr?dinger方程(NLSE)．分析了NLSE解的调制不稳定性．给出了毛细重力波调制不稳定的条件和钟型孤立波产生的条件．分析了无量纲最大不稳定增长率随无量纲水深和表面张力的变化趋势．同时给出了无量纲不稳定增长率随无量纲微扰动波数变化的曲线,呈现出了先增大后减小的趋势．最后指出均匀顺流减小了无量纲不稳定增长率及最大增长率,逆流增大了它们．由表面张力作用产生的毛细波及重力与表面张力共同作用产生的毛细重力波,与流的相互作用可以改变海表粗糙度和海洋上层流场结构,进而影响海气界面动量、热量及水汽的交换．了解海表这些短波动力机制,对卫星遥感的精确测量、海气相互作用的研究及海气耦合模式的改进等有重要意义．      

Radiating hydrogen flow in axisymmetric nozzles

A considerable number of studies published in recent years have been devoted to the study of gas in channels and pipes. In view of the complexity of the question and the lack of analytic techniques, individual aspects of the problem are generally considered. The determination of the radiant field characteristics in regions of simple geometric form filled with a stationary radiating-absorbing medium has been carried out in several studies. The articles [1–3] are devoted to the calculation of the radiant field and the temperature field for a given flow of a perfect inviscid nonheat-conducting radiating gas with constant absorption coefficient. The flow is assumed to be irrotational [1, 2] or nearly potential [3]. The authors investigated the accuracy of the solution obtained with the aid of various approximate methods and found that the diffusion approximation yields a small error in calculating the radiation density field and the values of the radiant thermal fluxes for a quite broad class of wall reflecting properties. We may note also [4, 5], in which a calculation is made of one-dimensional steady flow of a viscous heat-conducting radiating perfect gas with constant transport coefficients.In [1–5] the absorption coefficient is considered constant. This assumption simplifies the solution process considerably, since as the independent variables we can take the corresponding optical thicknesses. The study [3] contains a remark that the calculation method proposed there may be used with a variable absorption coefficient. However, this possibility was not used in the calculations presented.For a constant absorption coefficient these studies yield a rather complete analysis of the methods for solving two-dimensional problems in geometrically simple regions in the absence of mechanical motion and one-dimensional problems with motion. They contain results obtained for the exact integral or integrodlfferential equations and present an analysis of the approximate methods. The study [3] considers broader possibilities of solving two-dimensional problems (using the Monte-Carlo method), but the flow is assumed known ahead of time.In the following we present a method for calculating the two-dimensional equilibrium flow of an inviscid non-heat-conducting radiating gas with variable absorption coefficient. As an example, we consider the flow of radiating-absorbing hydrogen in axisymmetric nozzles. It is assumed that the radiation is gray and is in local thermodynamic equilibrium. The transport equation is considered in the diffusion approximation. The nozzles examined have a semi-infinite cylindrical inlet section. The initial gas flow in the cylindrical section is supersonic. In the solution process we determine the radiation density field and all the flow parameters within the nozzle.The author wishes to thank Yu. D. Shmyglevskii for his continued interest in this study.     

Vasculature based model for characterizing the oxygen transport in skin tissues – analogy to the Weinbaum-Jiji bioheat equation

Based on the conceptual three-layer microvascular structure of skin tissues proposed by Weinbaum et al. [20–25] and in analogy to the well known Weinbaum-Jiji (W-J) bioheat equation, a new oxygen transport model was established in this paper, which collectively included the contributions of the vascular geometry and the blood flow condition. The new one-dimensional three-layer oxygen transport model was then applied to predict the average oxygen concentration distribution in skin tissues and numerical solutions for the boundary value problem coupling the three layers were obtained. A simple expression for the tensor diffusivity (D_eff) of oxygen transport over the deep tissue layer was presented, which was orders of magnitude higher than the intrinsic diffusivity (D_t) in tissue without blood flow. Effects of blood flow velocity and vascular geometry to the oxygen transport were investigated. Calculations indicated that the vascular geometry had significant effects on oxygen transport. The oxygen exchange between the arteries and veins was relatively small for the deep tissue layer. Further, the average oxygen concentration gradient appears low in intermediate layer due to large capillary perfusion. The theoretical results were implemented to interpret some previous experimental results and a better understanding on the oxygen transport across the vascularized living tissues was obtained. The strategy proposed in this paper may provide a feasible way to comprehensively characterize the oxygen transport behaviors in living tissues with real and complex vasculature.     

Maxwell泥床上线性长波衰减的研究

用Maxwell模型作为非牛顿泥床本构,建立了一组新的Boussinesq型方程组,以描述波-泥相互作用下水波的传播. 基于该方程,解析给出了一维线性长波衰减率的表达式. 当泥层模型退化到牛顿流体时,该结果与前人文献的结果一致. 当无量纲松弛时间λ较大时,衰减率随泥深近似地出现周期性的极值现象,这些极值位置对应泥层中各阶模态的衰减率峰值.      

Numerical investigation of the influence of gravity on flutter of cantilevered pipes conveying fluid

We have carried out a numerical investigation of the three dimensional nonlinear dynamics of a cantilevered pipe conveying fluid in the presence of gravity. The pipe may be misaligned at the clamped end with respect to gravity, and the effects of this misalignment are the main objects of the present investigation. The problem has been formulated using the Cosserat rod model. First, we have computed the equilibrium solutions and used them to experimentally validate both the Cosserat model and the constitutive law. Then, we have analyzed the occurrence of flutter, via Hopf bifurcation, for critical values of the relevant parameters of the problem, such as fluid to total mass ratio, dimensionless flow rate, dimensionless gravity and misalignment angle. The influence of the equilibrium solution on flutter has been explored, and the results of the linear stability analysis show that the stabilizing or destabilizing effect of fluid flow, either in or out of the plane of the pipe, depend crucially on the misalignment. We have also computed the non-linear periodic behavior after flutter instability by two different methods: the first one is by solving the full nonlinear equations by direct integration in time and space, while the second one is by assuming the time dependence given by an appropriate ansatz. Circular periodic orbits have then been studied and found that its loss of stability via Hopf bifurcation gives rise to stable planar periodic orbits. Finally, we have also computed the multiply periodic and chaotic behaviors which take place for sufficiently large values of the flow rate.     

Lie group analysis for thermophoretic and radiative augmentation of heat and mass transfer in a Brinkman-Darcy flow over a flat surface with heat generation

A boundary layer analysis is presented to investigate numerically the effects of radiation,thermophoresis and the dimensionless heat generation or absorption on hydromagnetic flow with heat and mass transfer over a flat surface in a porous medium.The boundary layer equations are transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equations using scaling group of transformations and they are solved numerically by using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method with shooting technique for some values of physical parameters.Comparisons with previously published work are performed and the results are found to be in very good agreement.Many results are obtained and a representative set is displayed graphically to illustrate the influence of the various parameters on the dimensionless velocity,temperature and concentration profiles as well as the local skin-friction coefficient,wall heat transfer,particle deposition rate and wall thermophoretic deposition velocity.The results show that the magnetic field induces acceleration of the flow,rather than deceleration(as in classical magnetohydrodynamics(MHD) boundary layer flow) but to reduce temperature and increase concentration of particles in boundary layer.Also,there is a strong dependency of the concentration in the boundary layer on both the Schmidt number and mass transfer parameter.     

Dynamic scaling of unsteady shear-thinning non-Newtonian fluid flows in a large-scale model of a distal anastomosis

Dimensional analysis has been applied to an unsteady pulsatile flow of a shear-thinning power-law non-Newtonian liquid. An experiment was then designed in which both Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids were used to model blood flow through a large-scale (38.5 mm dia.), simplified, rigid arterial junction (a distal anastomosis of a femorodistal bypass). The flow field within the junction was obtained by Particle Imaging Velocimetry and near-wall velocities were used to calculate the wall shear stresses. Dimensionless wall shear stresses were obtained at different points in the cardiac cycle for two different but dynamically similar non-Newtonian fluids; the good agreement between the measured dimensionless wall shear stresses confirm the validity of the dimensional analysis. However, blood exhibits a constant viscosity at high-shear rates and to obtain complete dynamic similarity between large-scale experiments and life-scale flows, the high-shear viscosity also needs to be included in the analysis. How this might be done is discussed in the paper.     

Thermohydrodynamic conditions at the peak flux of horizontal heaters in superfluid liquid helium II at zero net mass flow

Measurements of the peak flux (at the onset of film boiling) in He II are used as a diagnostic tool to investigate the non-classical thermohydrodynamics of superfluid liquid helium for horizontal heaters at zero net mass flow. Data for the single horizontal cylinder in a large pool of He II are approximately accounted for by a power law describing the dimensionless nonclassical superfluid transport number as a function of the fourth root of the dimensionless thermo-mechanical driving potential. Results for transport in narrow vertical cylinders (with insulated walls and lower end closed) are approximately described on the basis of the Gorter-Mellink transport equations. The saturation hypothesis is used which postulates local onset of boiling when vapor-liquid equilibrium is reached at the heater.     

Influence of temperature dependent conductivity of a nanofluid in a vertical rectangular duct

Natural convective heat transfer and fluid flow in a vertical rectangular duct filled with a nanofluid is studied numerically assuming the thermal conductivity to be dependent on the fluid temperature. The transport equations for mass, momentum and energy formulated in dimensionless form are solved numerically using finite difference method. Particular efforts have been focused on the effects of the thermal conductivity variation parameter, Grashof number, Brinkman number, nanoparticles volume fraction, aspect ratio and type of nanoparticles on the fluid flow and heat transfer inside the cavity. It is found that the flow was enhanced for the increase in Grashof number, Brinkman number and aspect ratio for any values of conductivity variation parameter and for regular fluid and nanofluid. The heat transfer rate for regular fluid is less than that for the nanofluid for all governing parameters.     

Why do we have a bronchial tree with 23 levels of bifurcation?

A simple one-dimensional mass transfer model has been proposed for the oxygen transport through a bronchial tree to alveolar tissues as well as the carbon dioxide removal from the tissues in the human respiratory system. The proposed model mathematically describes the mass transfer between the airway inlet and the red blood cell interior in the pulmonary capillaries. The quasi steady one-dimensional analysis based on the model reveals that the bronchial tree is constructed such that it promotes the easiest access to the external air. Naturally, there exists the optimal number of the bifurcation levels, namely, 23, that yields the minimum overall mass transfer resistance for the mass transport from the external air to the red blood cells.     

xistence condition of one-dimensional self-similar motion of ideal gas

流体力学自相似运动的外延判据不太完备,对微分方程组做无量纲化处理后,得到以空间相 对坐标\xi和距离$r$为自变量的理想气体一维自相似运动微分方程的基本物理特 征量解函数,它们具有Y(\xi ,r ) = y ( \xi )r^{C_Y }的形式,即对于确定 的\xi, 特征量函数Y ( \xi ,r )具有空间标度不变性. 这种标度不变性是理 想气体一维不定常流自相似运动的存在条件.     

Frictional resistance to accelerated flow in a tube

A study is made of the development of the flow of a viscous incompressible fluid from the state of rest in a circular cylindrical tube with constant pressure gradient. The tangential frictional stress at an arbitrary point of the flow is found as a function of the pressure gradient and the ratio of the values, averaged over the flow, of the accelerations corresponding to the considered time and the initial time. An analysis is made of the exact solution of the linear equation [1], which shows that the development of the drag forces in the case of viscous flow is determined by a characteristic time which depends on the kinematic viscosity and the tube radius. The value of the hydraulic friction drag coefficient for the unsteady flow is determined more accurately by introducing a correction that takes into account the velocity profile of the flow. The equations of motion are analyzed, and six different cases of development of the flow are described for the characteristic values of the dimensionless numbers. These cases determine the methods of calculation of one-dimensional problems. This question has not been fully clarified in earlier work [2, 3].