不同分子质量木质素磺酸钠对煤粉的分散作用研究

应用超滤分级方法,将木质素磺酸钠分成不同分子量范围的级分。傅立叶红外光谱（FTIR）分析结果表明,分子量为5 000～10 000的木质素磺酸钠分子中亲水基团如羟基、酚羟基、磺酸根质量分数最大,随着分子量的增加,亲水基团质量分数降低。实验结果发现分子量为10 000～50 000的木质素磺酸钠级分在煤粒表面的吸附等温线近似为L型,吸附量较大,并且使煤粒的表面动电电位（ζ电位）达到-52 mV,在各个级分中对盘江煤具有最好的分散降黏作用。进一步得出结论,分散剂的分散降黏作用与其在煤粒表面的吸附量和ζ电位的高低密切相关。     

DCC偶联法合成腈代乙酰胺

研究了DCC偶联法由腈代乙酸与取代胺合成腈代乙酰胺的新方法。在等摩尔的腈代乙酸、取代胺的溶液中,滴加等摩尔的DCC,然后加热回流反应,TLC跟踪。粗品用适当的溶剂重结晶或层析得到产品腈代乙酰胺,产品用mp、IR和NMR测试技术表征。结果表明,伯胺、仲胺、芳胺等均可用本法简便地制得相应的腈代乙酰胺,收率52%~90%,纯度≥95%。     

萘二磺酸钠转化产物催化合成双酚S及精制

采用阳离子交换树脂将2,6-萘二磺酸钠转化为2,6-萘二磺酸并用于双酚S(BPS)合成,研究了转化时间、温度、树脂用量等条件对反应的影响。较优的转化条件为:将2,6-萘二磺酸钠完全溶解后,加入用量为理论值37倍的001×7型强酸性聚苯乙烯系阳离子交换树脂,常温转化24 h,用转化产物催化合成的BPS粗品收率为93.5%,BPS质量分数为92.3%。采用水-吸附剂体系进行精制,不添加有机试剂,BPS产品质量分数高,操作简单,易于工业化。较优的精制条件为:7 g BPS粗品加热溶于300 g去离子水后,加入0.5 g海泡石、0.2 g活性炭,回流搅拌1 h,过滤后潮品再加热溶于180 g去离子水中,加入0.3 g海泡石,回流搅拌1 h,得白色产品,BPS质量分数可达99.7%。精制水可循环套用且可提高BPS产品收率至82.9%。     

溶剂浮选法分离富集淫羊霍提取液中淫羊霍苷

应用溶剂浮选法对淫羊霍提取液中的淫羊霍苷进行分离富集,并用高效液相色谱法测定淫羊霍苷的含量。考察了浮选溶剂的用量、氮气流速、浮选液pH值、浮选时间和电解质NaCl浓度对浮选效率的影响,并与泡沫浮选法以及溶剂萃取法进行了比较。结果表明溶剂浮选法分离富集的效果最好,泡沫浮选法次之,溶剂萃取法最差,富集倍数分别为6.4、5.9和1.4倍,收率分别为64.4%、58.8%和28.4%。     

木质素基阴-阳离子表面活性剂的制备及用作农药水悬浮剂分散剂

以木质素磺酸钠(SL)为原料,通过亲电取代反应将聚乙二醇(PEG600)接枝到SL分子中制得木质素磺酸钠聚氧乙烯醚(SL-PEG).对SL-PEG进行结构表征,发现SL-PEG分子中含有较多的聚氧乙烯醚结构单元,重均分子量最大达到32900;接枝反应主要发生在SL的酚羟基上,其酚羟基含量由1.17 mmol·g-1下降至最小0.30 mmol·g-1.将SL-PEG与十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)通过静电自组装方法制备木质素基阴-阳离子表面活性剂CA-SL.分别研究CA-SL的表面活性和溶液行为,发现CA-SL可使水溶液的表面张力降低至38.75 m N·m-1,其在水溶液中的临界聚集浓度可达0.0050~0.0065 g·L-1,远低于SL.将CA-SL作为分散剂制备吡虫啉和烯酰吗啉水悬浮剂,考察其分散稳定性能.结果表明,CA-SL具有良好的砂磨及分散效果,在热贮过程中能有效遏制2种悬浮剂的膏化和颗粒粗化现象,悬浮剂的稳定性良好.     

聚酰胺-胺树枝状高分子的柱色谱提纯研究

采用发散法合成了0.5～4.0代(G)聚酰胺-胺(PAMAM)树枝状高分子,通过薄层色谱分析产物组成,并进一步选用柱色谱法对半代产物进行了提纯与精制.用红外,核磁,高效液相色谱(HPLC)和热重分析等方法对提纯后产物进行了表征.结果表明,提纯得到的各PAMAM产物具有较完整的分子结构,小分子含量很少;且0.5GPAMAM产物HPLC测试纯度达到97.81%.     

N,N-二乙基胺乙基取代瓜尔胶的合成及结构表征

在碱催化条件下,利用N,N-二乙基氯乙胺盐酸盐与瓜尔胶和羟丙基瓜尔胶一步法合成得到N,N-二乙基胺乙基瓜尔胶和N,N-二乙基胺乙基羟丙基瓜尔胶。结果显示合成过程中温度、反应时间、羟丙基取代度及溶剂等因素对产品分子量和N,N-二乙基胺乙基取代度有影响。通过红外光谱和核磁法对N,N-二乙基胺乙基瓜尔胶和羟丙基N,N-二乙基胺乙基瓜尔胶的分子结构进行了分析,并通过碳谱对N,N-二乙基胺乙基在瓜尔胶分子链中糖环上的取代分布进行了分析。     

快速溶剂萃取柚皮中的黄酮类化合物

采用快速溶剂萃取法从柚子皮中提取出黄酮类化合物,考察了不同的提取溶剂、提取时间、提取温度、循环次数等提取条件下的提取效果,并与微波法、超声波法及索氏提取法进行了对比.结果表明,快速溶剂萃取法提取柚子皮中的黄酮类化合物,在提取溶剂用量、提取时间和提取效率等方面,均优于传统的提取方法,且自动化程度高,为进一步开发利用柚子皮的药用价值提供了参考.     

疏水缔合聚合物重均分子量的测定

采用毛细管法和荧光探针法研究了疏水缔合聚合物在不同甲酰胺浓度和盐浓度的溶剂中的特性黏数和疏水缔合作用强度.找到可以消除缔合作用和聚电解质效应的溶剂条件,用静态光散射法测定疏水缔合聚合物的重均分子量.结果表明,NaCl能够有效的屏蔽聚电解质效应,但是不能消除缔合作用,而且由于NaCl增加了溶液的极性,会进一步促进疏水缔合作用,疏水缔合聚合物以聚集体形态存在溶液中,因此,在NaCl溶剂中测得的疏水缔合聚合物的重均分子量不是真实分子量;而甲酰胺可以完全破坏疏水缔合作用,使聚合物分子以单分子态分散在溶液中,进而测得疏水缔合聚合物的真实分子量.当溶剂中的NaCl浓度为0.2 mol/L、甲酰胺体积分数为50%时,可准确测定疏水缔合聚合物的重均分子量.当缔合作用消除后再改变甲酰胺浓度,测得的重均分子量不再变化;聚电解质效应消除后,盐离子浓度的变化不会再改变测得的重均分子量结果.     

阶段洗脱吸附层析法分离茶多酚咖啡碱

茶叶提取液经大孔吸附树脂二级阶段洗脱层析分离茶多酚咖啡碱.研究了α酸作咖啡碱洗脱剂的可行性及洗脱效果,解决了酸性溶液中茶多酚及咖啡碱的分析方法问题.确定XDA-1树脂为吸附剂,α酸及85%乙醇二级阶段洗脱层析分离茶多酚咖啡碱的优惠工艺.研究了XAD-7树脂再生α酸回收咖啡碱的工艺条件,形成了全树脂法生产茶多酚咖啡碱的新工艺.所得茶多酚产品纯度可达93.83%,咖啡碱含量为2.78%,收率可达13%.本工艺过程简单,避免使用有毒溶剂,安全无污染.     

Properties of Different Molecular Weight Sodium Lignosulfonate Fractions as Dispersant of Coal‐Water Slurry

Four purified sodium lignosulfonate (SL) samples with different molecular weights were prepared by fractionation using ultrafiltration. The effect of the molecular weights of SL on the apparent viscosity of coal‐water slurry (CWS) was investigated by studying the adsorption amounts and the zeta potentials in the coal‐water interface. The results show that the adsorption behavior of the dispersants in the coal‐water interface is the key factor to affect the dispersing effect, that the higher adsorption amount and compact adsorption film help reduce the viscosity reduction of CWS, and that the zeta potential is also an important factor influenced by the sulfonic group and carboxy contents of the lignosulfonate molecule. Furthermore, SL with a molecular weight ranging from 10000 to 50000 has both a higher adsorbed amount and zeta potential on the coal surface and the best effect on reducing the viscosity of the coal‐water slurry.     

Purification and characterization of cAMP-factor from Streptococcus agalactiae by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and chromatofocusing

CAMP-factor from Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus) was purified 60-fold from the culture supernatant to electrophoretic homogeneity in 57% yield. The purification procedure involved ammonium sulphate precipitation, ultrafiltration, hydrophobic interaction chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose and chromatofocusing on polybuffer exchanger PBE 94. The purified CAMP-factor consists of a single polypeptide chain with an apparent molecular weight of 25 kD and an isoelectric point of 8.9. The properties of the CAMP-factor demonstrated by charge-shift electrophoresis were consistent with those of an amphiphilic polypeptide.     

Influence of demulsifiers of different structures on interfacial dilational properties of an oil-water interface containing surface-active fractions from crude oil

The influences of two commercial demulsifiers that have a straight chain and branch chain, respectively, on the dilational viscoelasticity of an oil-water interfacial film containing surface-active fractions from crude oil were investigated. The branch-chain demulsifier AE-121 could efficiently substitute surface-active fractions of different average molecular weights from the oil-water interface, while straight-chain SP-169 could only efficiently substitute those of large average molecular weight. It was apt to form a mix-adsorption layer with surface-active fractions of small average molecular weight. The results showed that the molecular size (or represented by average molecular weights) of the surface-active fractions was an important factor influencing the reciprocity of demulsifiers and surface-active fractions at the oil-water interface. This effect could be well explained by the difference between sizes of surface-active fraction molecules and vacancies between demulsifier molecules at the interface. The results of SDBS also proved this explanation.     

水溶性超高效聚合物色谱法测定木质素磺酸盐分级分离产物的相对分子质量分布

以木质素磺酸盐及其超滤分级分离产物为研究对象,系统考察了流动相pH值、离子强度等测试条件对超高效聚合物色谱（APC）法分析水溶性天然高分子相对分子质量的影响,并重点探讨了影响分析结果的非体积排阻效应。以pH6.8的0.1 mol/L NaNO₃水溶液为流动相,采用3根Waters水溶性色谱柱串联,进样量为10 μ L,流速为0.5 mL/min,木质素磺酸盐在色谱柱中获得了精细分离,其相对分子质量分布在8个相对分子质量区间。采用优化获得的测试条件表征木质素磺酸盐的超滤分级分离产物,测试结果表明,超滤法分离的3个组分实现了很好的色谱分离,对应的数均相对分子质量（M_n）分别为40410、12208和1516 Da,证明超滤法对木质素磺酸盐实现了高效分离。该方法为木质素磺酸盐分级分离产物的进一步应用提供了测试基础。     

Novel hydrogels from diepoxy‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol)s and aliphatic primary diamines: synthesis and equilibrium swelling studies

New hydrogels were prepared from diepoxy‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol)s of approximate molecular weights 600, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Da and aliphatic primary diamines with different numbers of carbon atoms (ethylenediamine, 1,4‐diaminobutane, hexamethylenediamine, 1,8‐octanediamine, 1,10‐decanediamine, 1,12‐dodecanediamine), in water or ethanol–water mixture, depending on the amine solubility. The swelling behavior of these gels was tested in distilled water/aqueous solution at constant temperature and the equilibrium swelling degree (ESD) was determined for structurally different hydrogels and under various environmental conditions. It was shown that ESD was influenced by the molecular weight of PEG oligomers, amine/epoxy groups mole ratio, amine chain length, temperature, pH, and concentration of salts present in the swelling medium. Higher ESDs were obtained for either longer‐chain PEGs, non‐stoichiometric amine/epoxy groups ratio, shorter amines, acidic pH, lower temperatures, or in the absence of salts. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of 252–302 Da and tentative identification of 316–376 Da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Standard Reference Materials 1649a Urban Dust and 1650b and 2975 Diesel Particulate Matter by accelerated solvent extraction–HPLC-GC-MS

We have assessed and compared the extraction recoveries of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with molecular weights of 252, 276, 278, 300 and 302 from diesel particulate matter (PM) and urban air particles using ultrasonically assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction methods, and evaluated the effects of sample and treatment parameters. The results show that accelerated solvent extraction can extract PAHs more efficiently from diesel PM than ultrasonically assisted extraction. They also show that PAHs are more difficult to extract from diesel PM than from urban air particles. Using toluene and maximum instrumental settings (200 °C, 3,000 psi and five extraction cycles) with 30-min static extraction times > 85% of the analytes were estimated to be extracted from the diesel particles, but four extraction cycles with just 5-min static extraction times under these conditions seem to be sufficient to extract > 95% of the analytes from the urban air particles. The accelerated solvent extraction method was validated using the Standard Reference Materials (SRM) 1649a, Urban Dust, and SRM 2975 and SRM 1650a, Diesel Particulate Matter, from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). PAH concentrations determined by on-line high-performance liquid chromatography–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC-GC-MS) following the developed accelerated solvent extraction method were generally higher than the certified and reference NIST values and concentrations reported in the literature (e.g. the estimated concentration of benzo[a]pyrene in SRM 2975 was 15-fold higher than the NIST-certified value), probably because the extraction recoveries were higher than in previous studies. The developed accelerated solvent extraction method was used to analyse high molecular (HMW) weight PAHs (MW > 302) in the investigated SRMs, and more than 170 (SRM 1649a), 80 (SRM 1650b) and 60 (SRM 2975) potential high molecular weight PAHs were tentatively identified in them, with molecular weights (depending on the SRM sample analysed) of 316, 326, 328, 340, 342, 350, 352, 366, 374 and 376. This is, to our knowledge, the first study to tentatively report PAHs with molecular weights of 316, 326, 328, 342, 350, 352, 366 and 376 in diesel particulate matter. GC-MS chromatograms obtained in selected ion monitoring mode (extracted ions for the abovementioned m/z) and full-scan mass spectra of tentatively identified high molecular weight PAHs are shown in the Electronic supplementary material. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Development of single‐drop microextraction and simultaneous derivatization followed by GC‐MS for the determination of aliphatic amines in tobacco

In this work, for the first time, headspace (HS) single‐drop microextraction and simultaneous derivatization followed by GC‐MS was developed to determine the aliphatic amines in tobacco samples. In the HS extraction procedure, the mixture of derivatization reagent and organic solvent was employed as the extraction solvent for HS single‐drop microextraction and in situ derivatization of aliphatic amine in the samples. Fast extraction and simultaneous derivatization of the analytes were performed in a single step, and the obtained derivatives in the microdrop extraction solvent were analyzed by GC‐MS. The optimized experiment conditions were: sample preparation temperature of 80°C and time of 30 min, HS extraction solvent (the mixture of benzyl alcohol and 2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzaldehyde) volume of 2.0 μL, extraction time of 90 s. With the optimal conditions, the method validations were also studied. The method has good linearity (R² more than 0.99), accepted precision (RSD less than 13%), good recovery (98–104%) and low limit of detection (0.11–0.97 μg/g). Finally, the proposed technique was successfully applied to the analyses of aliphatic amines in tobacco samples of seven different brands. It was further demonstrated that the proposed method offered a simple, low‐cost and reliable approach to determine aliphatic amines in tobacco samples.     

Asymmetric acyloin condensation catalysed by phenylpyruvate decarboxylase. Part 2: Substrate specificity and purification of the enzyme

Phenylpyruvate decarboxylase from Achromobacter eurydice was used to catalyse the asymmetric acyloin condensation of phenylpyruvate 1 with various aldehydes 2 to produce optically active acyloins PhCH₂COCH(OH)R 3. The specific activity of the phenylpyruvate decarboxylase enzyme was increased by a factor of 332 after its purification. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was shown to be 150 kDa by gel filtration chromatography, while SDS gel electrophoresis showed two sub-units with molecular weights of 90 and 40 kDa. The acyloin condensation yield decreased with increasing chain length for straight chain aliphatic aldehydes from 76% for acetaldehyde to 24% for valeraldehyde. The e.e.s of the acyloin products were 87–98%. Low yields of acyloin products were obtained with chloroacetaldehyde (13%) and glycoaldehyde (16%). Indole-3-pyruvate was a substrate of the enzyme and provided acyloin condensation product 3-hydroxy-1-(3-indolyl)-2-butanone 5 with acetaldehyde in 19% yield, while benzoylformate was not a substrate for the enzyme.     

Optimization of an α‐(Amino acid)‐N‐carboxyanhydride polymerization using the high vacuum technique: Examining the effects of monomer concentration,polymerization kinetics,polymer molecular weight,and monomer purity

l ‐Ornithine‐based poly(peptides) have been widely utilized in the field of drug delivery, however few studies have been conducted examining the details of polymerization. In this article, the effects of monomer concentration, polymerization kinetics, polymer molecular weight and monomer purity were investigated using l ‐carboxybenzyl (Cbz)‐ornithine as a model monomer. The mechanism of polymerization herein follows the normal amine mechanism to produce poly(peptides) having controlled molecular weights, known chain ends and a narrow polydispersity index (PDI). A preferred monomer concentration range was determined, which required minimal polymerization times and allowed for predictable and reproducible molecular weights with narrow PDIs. The impact of monomer purity on the polymerization was established and monomer purification conditions are reported, which produce high‐purity monomer after a single recrystallization. Additionally, the optimized polymerization conditions and monomer purification protocol were combined with a sequential monomer addition technique to produce high molecular weight poly(ornithine) with a narrow PDI and known chain ends. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014 , 52, 1385–1391     

Determination of aliphatic amines by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after in-syringe derivatization with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride

A simple and highly sensitive gas chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of low molecular weight short-chain aliphatic amines (SCAAs) after their simultaneous extraction and in-syringe derivatization with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride (PFBOC). Derivatization of the low molecular weight aliphatic amines in bicarbonate buffer of pH 10.5 with PFBOC was followed by immersed solvent microextraction. Derivatization conditions, including reagent concentration, reaction pH, ionic concentration of buffer, reaction time, stirring rate, reaction temperature and extraction solvent, have been investigated for method optimization. Linearity was studied within range of 0.15 pg ml⁻¹–50 ng ml⁻¹. The correlation coefficients were between 0.9934 and 0.9999. Detection limit of derivatized amines proved to be in the range of 0.117–1.527 pg ml⁻¹, and the intraday and interday relative standard deviation (RSD) values were less than 8% with respect to peak area. The method was applied for analysis of lake, river and industrial waste water. The recoveries of extraction from lake, river and industrial waste water samples, which have been spiked with different levels of aliphatic amines, were in the range of 68–99%, 63–102% and 62–105%, respectively.