Fruits of ribes, rubus, vaccinium and prunus genus. Metal contents and genome

The production of fruits of genus Ribes, Rubus, Vaccinium and Prunus is particularly important in mountain communities. The contents of macro- and microelements in fruits from different cultivars of blueberry (Vaccinium corimbosus L.), red currant (Ribes rubrum L.), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and cherry (Prunus avium L.) were determined. The anthocyanin and total polyphenol contents of the fruits were also determined. The results were analyzed with statistical methods. By using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) the various genera of the fruits were found to be differentiable on the basis of their metal contents. Multivariate statistical analysis, performed using principal component analysis (PCA), confirms that the different fruits can also be well discriminated by their contents of metals, total anthocyanins, and polyphenols.     

Fruits of ribes, rubus, vaccinium and prunus genus. Metal contents and genome

The production of fruits of genus Ribes, Rubus, Vaccinium and Prunus is particularly important in mountain communities. The contents of macro- and microelements in fruits from different cultivars of blueberry (Vaccinium corimbosus L.), red currant (Ribes rubrum L.), raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and cherry (Prunus avium L.) were determined. The anthocyanin and total polyphenol contents of the fruits were also determined. The results were analyzed with statistical methods. By using the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) the various genera of the fruits were found to be differentiable on the basis of their metal contents. Multivariate statistical analysis, performed using principal component analysis (PCA), confirms that the different fruits can also be well discriminated by their contents of metals, total anthocyanins, and polyphenols. Received: 4 August 1997 / Revised: 28 January 1998 / Accepted: 1 February 1998     

北五味子中的一个新单萜苷

红花（Carthamus tinctorius L.）为菊科红花属一年生草本植物的干燥花,是活血通经、去痰止痛的药食同源中药,红花的有效成分为查耳酮类、脂肪酸、多糖和其它一些类化合物,其中红花多糖能促进淋巴细胞转化,增加脾细胞对羊红细胞空斑形成的细胞数量,对抗强的松龙的免疫抑制作用等,是一种新的、值得进一步研究的免疫调节剂,目前,人们正深入研究红花多糖的其它药用价值,但对其结构的研究国内外尚未见报道。     

A New Bibenzyl Glycoside from Dendrobium moniliforme

A new bibenzyl glycoside has been isolated from the stems of Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw.(Orchidaceas).Its structure has been identified on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical methods.     

Assessment of Conventional Solvent Extraction vs. Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Khella (Ammi visnaga L.) Furanochromones and Their Cytotoxicity

Background: Khella (Ammi visnaga Lam.) fruits (Apiaceae) are rich in furanochromones, mainly khellin and visnagin, and are thus incorporated in several pharmaceutical products used mainly for treatment of renal stones. Methods: The objective of this study was to compare the yield of khellin and visnagin obtained using different conventional solvents and supercritical fluid extraction (SCFE) with carbon dioxide (containing 5% methanol as co-solvent). Water, acetone and ethanol (30% and 95%) were selected as conventional solvents. Results: Highest extract yield was obtained from 30% ethanol (15.44%), while SCFE gave the lowest yield (4.50%). However, the percentage of furanochromones were highest in SCFE (30.1%), and lowest in boiling water extract (5.95%). HPLC analysis of conventional solvent extracts showed other coumarins that did not appear in supercritical fluid extraction chromatogram due to non-selectivity of solvent extraction. Ammi visnaga extracts as well as standard khellin and visnagin were tested for their cytotoxic activity using sulforhodamine B assay on breast cancer (MCF-7) and hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cell lines. Results revealed a strong cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ < 20 µg/mL) for the SCFE and standard compounds (khellin and visnagin) (IC₅₀ ranging between 12.54 ± 0.57 and 17.53 ± 1.03 µg/mL). However, ethanol and acetone extracts had moderate cytotoxic activity (IC₅₀ 20–90 µg/mL) and aqueous extract had a weak activity (IC₅₀ > 90 µg/mL). Conclusions: Thus, supercritical fluid extraction is an efficient, relatively safe, and cheap technique that yielded a more selective purified extract with better cytotoxic activity.     

Medicinal flowers. XXII. Structures of chakasaponins V and VI, chakanoside I, and chakaflavonoside A from flower buds of Chinese tea plant (Camellia sinensis)

Two acylated oleanane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, chakasaponins V and VI, an aromatic glycoside, chakanoside I, and an acylated flavonol oligoglycoside, chakaflavonoside A, were isolated from the flower buds of Chinese tea plant [Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE]. The chemical structures of those new glycosides were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence.     

Two new furostanol saponins from Tribulus terrestris L.

<正>Two new furostanol glycoside,26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25S)-5α-furost-3β,22α,26-triol-3-O-β-D-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)]-β-D-galactopyranoside(1) and 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25S)-5α-furost-20(22)-en-2α,3β,26-triol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside(2) were isolated fromthe fruits of Tribulus terrestris L.The structures of two new furostanol saponins were elucidated by spectroscopic methods.     

Screening of Brazilian fruit aromas using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Manual headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the qualitative analysis of the aromas of four native Brazilian fruits: cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum, Spreng.), cajá (Spondias lutea. L.), siriguela (Spondias purpurea, L.) and graviola (Anona reticulata, L). Industrialized pulps of these fruits were used as samples, and extractions with SPME fibers coated with polydimethylsiloxane, polyacrylate, Carbowax and Carboxen were carried out. The analytes identified included several alcohols, esters, carbonyl compounds and terpernoids. The highest amounts extracted, evaluated from the sum of peak areas, were achieved using the Carboxen fiber.     

Studies on the Constituents of Murraya Paniculata Jack (I)

The components of the flowers and fruits of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack (Rutaceae) were examined. Scopolin, scopoletin and glucose from the former, and scopoletin and glucose from the latter were isolated and identified, respectively.     

Chemical composition of essential oils of Litsea cubeba harvested from its distribution areas in China

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. is a promising industrial crop with fruits rich in essential oils. The chemical composition of essential oils of L. cubeba (EOLC) were determined for fruits harvested from eight regions in China. The overall essential oil content, obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), ranged from 3.04% to 4.56%. In total, 59 compounds were identified, the dominant components being monoterpenes (94.4-98.4%), represented mainly by neral and geranial (78.7-87.4%). D-Limonene was unexpectedly a lesser constituent (0.7-5.3%) in fruits, which differed from previous reports (6.0-14.6%). Several components were only detected in certain regions and compounds such as o-cymene and eremophilene have never before been reported in EOLC. These results demonstrate significant regional variation in the chemical composition of EOLC. This investigation provides important information with regard to the bioactivity, breeding work and industrial applications of L. cubeba.     

A new isoflavone glycoside from Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner

From the 80% EtOH extract of the bark of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertner, a new isoflavone glycoside was isolated along with known isoflavones, vavain and vavain glucoside. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis as 5-hydroxy-7,4',5'-trimethoxyisoflavone 3'-O-alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside.     

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-Quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry-based metabolite profiling,quality evaluation,and marker analysis of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague by high-performance thin-layer chromatography

Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague (Apiaceae), commonly known as “Ajwain” is distributed throughout India. Ajwain fruits contain fiber, carbohydrates, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins. The fruits also yield a small amount of essential oil, with Thymol as the principal constituent. Ajwain has various pharmacological activities like anti-leishmanial, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antispasmodic, nematocidal, and anthelmintic. The fruits are of high therapeutic value; thus, it becomes quite essential to evaluate the quality of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague to authenticate and ensure its therapeutic and nutritional properties. The ethyl acetate fraction of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague fruits exhibited the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content values of 149.55 ± 1.19 mg rutin equivalent and 682.85 ± 3.68 mg gallic acid equivalent, respectively. Metabolite profiling of the ethyl acetate fraction using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry analysis resulted in identifying 19 phytomolecules. A validated high-performance thin-layer chromatography method was developed to quantify standard phytomolecules in the ethyl acetate fraction. The highest and lowest percentages of phytomarker were found to be caffeic acid (5.51% ± 0.16% w/w) and gallic acid (1.29% ± 0.09% w/w), respectively. This validated rapid, accurate, and precise method for standardization of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague will be beneficial for its quality evaluation as well as the derived products.     

Hypoglycaemic activity of two spices extracts: Rhus coriaria L. and Bunium persicum Boiss

The hypoglycaemic efficacy of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) and black cumin (Bunium persicum Boiss) extracts were investigated through inhibition of a glycoside hydrolase: alpha-amylase. On the basis of our result ethyl acetate extract of sumac may have interest in the treatment and prevention of hyperglycaemia, diabetes and obesity, with an IC50 value of 28.7 microg mL-1.     

A new iridoid glycoside from Veronica sibirica

A new iridoid glycoside,versibirioside（1）,and a known iridoid glycoside,verbaspinoside（2）,were isolated from the whole plant of Veronica sibirica L.Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods,including 2D-NMR spectra.     

A New Glycoside and a Novel‐Type Diterpene from Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L.

The CHCl₃ extract of dried roots of Hemerocallis fulva (L.) L. afforded a novel diterpene named hemerocallal A ( 1 ), which is the second reported naturally occurring diterpene with a trans‐bicyclo[5.1.0]octane system. The BuOH extract afforded a new glycoside named hemerocalloside ( 2 ). Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical studies.     

Cytotoxic major saponin from tomato fruits

A major novel steroidal alkaloid glycoside, possessing cytotoxic activity has been isolated from the fruits of Lycopersicon esculentum.     

A new cyanogenic glycoside from Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila

A new cyanogenic glycoside, sutherlandin-5-trans-p-coumarate was isolated along with a known cardiosdiospermin-5-(4-hydroxy) benzoate fr the aerial parts of Sorbaria sorbifolia (L.) A. Br. var. stellipila MAX. (Rosaceae). The structure of the new compound was established based on spectral evidence.     

Preparative isolation and purification of bergapten and imperatorin from the medicinal plant Cnidium monnieri using high-speed counter-current chromatography by stepwise increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase

A high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) method was developed for the preparative separation and purification of bergapten and imperatorin from the Chinese medicinal plant Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson. The crude extract was obtained by extraction with ethanol from the dried fruits of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson under sonication. Preparative HSCCC with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (5:5:5:5, v/v/v/v) was successfully performed by increasing the flow-rate of the mobile phase stepwise from 1.0 to 2.0 ml min(-1) after 180 min. The components purified and collected were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The method yielded 45.8 mg of bergapten at 96.5% purity and 118.3 mg of imperatorin at 98.2% purity from 500 mg of the crude extract in a single run. The recoveries of bergapten and imperatorin were 92.1 and 93.7%, respectively.     

Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of essential oils from Pimpinella aurea, Pimpinella corymbosa, Pimpinella peregrina and Pimpinella puberula gathered from Eastern and Southern Turkey

Essential oils from fruits, stems and leaves and roots of Pimpinella aurea DC., P. corymbosa Boiss., P. peregrina L. were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. Fruits and aerial parts of P. puberula (DC.) Boiss were also evaluated. A total of 140 different compounds were identified, and significant qualitative and quantitative differences were observed among the samples. In fact, the main constituents of each species were different and only the oils extracted from roots shared the same principal compound, epoxy pseudoisoeugenyl-2-methyl butyrate (26.8-42.8%). The other fractions were dominated by different sesquiterpene compounds although in three of them, P. aurea stem and leaves, P. puberula fruits and P. puberula stems and leaves, monoterpene constituents also appear as main ones.     

Antioxidant activities and phenolics profiling of different parts of Carica papaya by LCMS-MS

This article deals with the comparison of the antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of various parts of Carica papaya L. The evaluation of total phenolic content and total flavonoid content revealed high antioxidant potential of the seeds and fruits. The free radical-scavenging potential of the aqueous extracts indicated the seeds to have better DPPH-scavenging activity than fruits. The results were augmented by the FRAP activity as well. The phenolics present in the extracts were separated and identified as 5-hydroxy feruloyl quinic acid, acetyl p-coumaryl quinic acid, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, syringic acid hexoside, 5-hydroxy caffeic quinic acid, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, sinapic acid-O-hexoside, cyaniding-3-O-glucose and methyl feruloyl glycoside by LCMS-MS technique.