Continuous quantum hypothesis testing

I propose a general quantum hypothesis testing theory that enables one to test hypotheses about any aspect of a physical system, including its dynamics, based on a series of observations. For example, the hypotheses can be about the presence of a weak classical signal continuously coupled to a quantum sensor, or about competing quantum or classical models of the dynamics of a system. This generalization makes the theory useful for quantum detection and experimental tests of quantum mechanics in general. In the case of continuous measurements, the theory is significantly simplified to produce compact formulas for the likelihood ratio, the central quantity in statistical hypothesis testing. The likelihood ratio can then be computed efficiently in many cases of interest. Two potential applications of the theory, namely, quantum detection of a classical stochastic waveform and test of harmonic-oscillator energy quantization, are discussed.     

A novel hyperchaotic system and its circuit implementation

A four-dimensional hyperchaotic system with five parameters is proposed. Its dynamical properties such as dissipativity, equilibrium points, Lyapunov exponent, Lyapunov dimension, bifurcation diagrams and Poincare maps are analyzed theoretically and numerically. Theoretical analyses and simulation tests indicate that the new system's dynamics behavior can be periodic attractor, chaotic attractor and hyperchaotic attractor as the parameter varies. Finally, the circuit of this new hyperchaotic system is designed and realized by Multisim software. The simulation results confirm that the chaotic system is different from the existing chaotic systems and is a novel hyperchaotic system. The system is recommendable for many engineering applications such as information processing, cryptology, secure communications, etc.     

A new technology for studying multicomponent liquids using a quartz crystal resonator: Theory and applications

A new technique for analyzing multicomponent liquids is suggested. It is based on recording “electronic autographs” of liquids and thereby allows one to identify and certify them. In this technique, information comes from the dynamics of the complex process of self-organization in drying drops, this dynamics being dependent on the composition and structure of the liquid. Detecting the self-organization dynamics as acoustomechanical impedance, one can reveal quantitative distinctions between liquids and thereby test their quality by comparing with a reference.     

Hidden attractors in a new fractional–order discrete system: Chaos,complexity, entropy, and control

This paper studies the dynamics of a new fractional-order discrete system based on the Caputo-like difference operator.This is the first study to explore a three-dimensional fractional-order discrete chaotic system without equilibrium. Through phase portrait, bifurcation diagrams, and largest Lyapunov exponents, it is shown that the proposed fractional-order discrete system exhibits a range of different dynamical behaviors. Also, different tests are used to confirm the existence of chaos,such as 0–1 test and C0 complexity. In addition, the quantification of the level of chaos in the new fractional-order discrete system is measured by the approximate entropy technique. Furthermore, based on the fractional linearization method, a one-dimensional controller to stabilize the new system is proposed. Numerical results are presented to validate the findings of the paper.     

Dynamical Analysis of a New Chaotic Fractional Discrete-Time System and Its Control

This article proposes a new fractional-order discrete-time chaotic system, without equilibria, included two quadratic nonlinearities terms. The dynamics of this system were experimentally investigated via bifurcation diagrams and largest Lyapunov exponent. Besides, some chaotic tests such as the 0–1 test and approximate entropy (ApEn) were included to detect the performance of our numerical results. Furthermore, a valid control method of stabilization is introduced to regulate the proposed system in such a way as to force all its states to adaptively tend toward the equilibrium point at zero. All theoretical findings in this work have been verified numerically using MATLAB software package.     

A high-order cell-centered Lagrangian scheme for two-dimensional compressible fluid flows on unstructured meshes

We present a high-order cell-centered Lagrangian scheme for solving the two-dimensional gas dynamics equations on unstructured meshes. A node-based discretization of the numerical fluxes for the physical conservation laws allows to derive a scheme that is compatible with the geometric conservation law (GCL). Fluxes are computed using a nodal solver which can be viewed as a two-dimensional extension of an approximate Riemann solver. The first-order scheme is conservative for momentum and total energy, and satisfies a local entropy inequality in its semi-discrete form. The two-dimensional high-order extension is constructed employing the generalized Riemann problem (GRP) in the acoustic approximation. Many numerical tests are presented in order to assess this new scheme. The results obtained for various representative configurations of one and two-dimensional compressible fluid flows show the robustness and the accuracy of our new scheme.     

蒙特卡罗模拟中三维介质辐射对称性检验

蒙特卡罗方法是数值模拟中一个很常用的计算方法,应用范围很广泛,并常常作为数值仿真算法的基准.概率模型和伪随机数发生器是蒙特卡罗法中两个很重要的组成部分,它们决定了蒙特卡罗法的正确性和计算精度.本文提出了一种比较充分的检验方法-三维介质辐射对称性检验法,它可在不同条件下对各种伪随机数程序进行无限制的检验,在更精细的层次上区分伪随机数发生器的优劣,同时还可检验概率模型的正确性.     

Testing a priority-based queue model with Linux command histories

We study human dynamics by analyzing Linux history files. The goodness-of-fit test shows that most of the collected datasets belong to the universality class suggested in the literature by a variable-length queuing process based on priority. In order to check the validity of this model, we design two tests based on mutual information between time intervals and a mathematical relationship known as the arcsine law. Since the previously suggested queuing process fails to pass these tests, the result suggests that the modelling of human dynamics should properly consider the statistical dependency in the temporal dimension.     

Nonequilibrium dynamic mechanism for allosteric effect

Allosteric regulation is often viewed as thermodynamic in nature. However, protein internal motions during an enzymatic reaction cycle can slow the hoping processes over numerous potential barriers. We propose that regulating molecules may function by modifying the nonequilibrium protein dynamics. The theory predicts that an enzyme under the new mechanism has a different temperature dependence, waiting time distribution of the turnover cycle, and dynamic fluctuation patterns with and without an effector. Experimental tests of the theory are proposed.     

Beam dynamics study of RFQ for CADS with a 3D space-charge-effect

The ADS (accelerator driven subcritical system) project was proposed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The initial proton beams delivered from an electron cyclotron resonance ion source can be effectively accelerated by 162.5 MHz 4.2 m long room temperature radio-frequency-quadrupoles (RFQ) operating in CW mode. To test the feasibility of this physical design, a new Fortran code for RFQ beam dynamics study, which is space charge dominated, was developed. This program is based on Particle-In-Cell (PIC) technique in the time domain. Using the RFQ structure designed for the CADS project, the beam dynamics behavior is performed. The well-known simulation code TRACK is used for benchmarks. The results given by these two codes show good agreements. Numerical techniques as well as the results of beam dynamics studies are presented in this paper.     

Rogue wave triplets in an ion-beam dusty plasma with superthermal electrons and negative ions

A new dust ion-acoustic wave structure called ‘Rogue wave triplets’ is investigated in an unmagnetized plasma consisting of stationary negatively charged dust grains, charged positive and negative ions, and electrons obeying kappa distribution, which is penetrated by an ion beam. The reductive perturbation theory is used to derive the nonlinear Schrödinger equation governing the dynamics as well as the modulation of wave packets. The rogue wave triplets which are composed of three separate Peregrine breathers can be generated in the modulation instability region. It has been suggested that a laboratory experiment be performed to test the theory presented here.     

Bursting as a source for predictability in biological neural network activity

The role of bursting as a unit of neural information has received considerable support in the recent years. Experimental evidence shows that in many different neural systems, e.g. visual cortex or hippocampus, bursting is essential for coding and processing. We have recently demonstrated (Menendez de la Prida et al., 1996) the spontaneous presence of bursts in in vitro hippocampal slices from newborn animals, providing a good system to investigate bursting dynamics in physiological conditions. Here we analyze the interspike intervals (ISIs) of five intracellularly recorded cells from immature hippocampal networks. First, we test the time series against Poisson processes, typical of pure random behavior, using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Only 2/5 records strongly deviate from Poisson process. Nonlinear diction tests are then applied to compare original series with its Gaussian-scaled random phase surrogates and signs of short time predictability are observed (1/5). This predictability is originated by the intrinsic structure of bursts, in an otherwise purely random process, and can be removed completely by eliminating the bursts from the original time series. Here we introduce this method of eliminating bursts to get insight into the nonlinear dynamics of firing. Also the interburst intervals are indistinguishable from pure noise. The analysis of unstable periodicities within the bursts in the original ISIs shows that signs of nonlinearities can be statistically differentiated from their surrogate realizations (Pierson-Moss method). We discuss the computational implication of these results.     

Lagrangian shock hydrodynamics on tetrahedral meshes: A stable and accurate variational multiscale approach

In the past, a number of attempts have failed to robustly compute highly transient shock hydrodynamics flows on tetrahedral meshes. To a certain degree, this is not a surprise, as prior attempts emphasized enhancing the structure of shock-capturing operators rather than focusing on issues of stability with respect to small, linear perturbations. In this work, a new method is devised to stabilize computations on piecewise-linear tetrahedral finite elements. Spurious linear modes are prevented by means of the variational multiscale approach. The resulting algorithm can be proven stable in the linearized limit of acoustic wave propagation. Starting from this solid base, the approach is generalized to fully nonlinear shock computations, by augmenting the discrete formulation with discontinuity-capturing artificial viscosities. Extensive tests in the case of Lagrangian shock dynamics of ideas gases on triangular and tetrahedral grids confirm the stability and accuracy properties of the method. Incidentally, the same tests also reveal the lack of stability of current compatible/mimetic/staggered discretizations: This is due to the presence of specific unstable modes which are theoretically analyzed and verified in computations.     

Discrete transfer method with the concept of blocked-off region for irregular geometries

The discrete transfer method (DTM) is applied to irregular geometries with a concept of blocked-off region previously applied in the problems of computational fluid dynamics. This gives a new alternative to the DTM for its implementation to irregular structures. The Cartesian coordinate-based ray-tracing algorithm can be applied to the geometries with inclined or curved boundaries. Some test problems are considered and results are validated with the available results in the literature. Both radiative and non-radiative equilibrium situations are considered. The medium is assumed to be both participating and non-participating. Results are found to be accurate for all kinds of situations.     

NDT of joined surfaces using digital time-integrated shearography with multiple-frequency sweep

This paper first describes the basic principles of digital time-integrated shearography in which speckle patterns of laser-illuminated object surfaces subjected to single excitation frequency are recorded over a finite time period. With image subtraction, the resulting phase-change manifests as a visible fringe pattern similar to that in conventional time-average shearography, except that dark areas denote nodal points. When this method is used for evaluating the soundness of joining, the test structure must be excited at or near resonant frequency; this requirement inhibits practical usage for field tests. To alleviate this concern, a new technique that uses a multiple-frequency sweep in digital shearography is proposed. Depending on whether or not phase-shifting by π radians is used during testing, improperly joined surfaces manifest as either a white patch (when phase-shifting is not used) or a dark patch (when phase-shifting is used) on the synthesized intensity map. This map also serves as a diagnostic map for rapid flaw detection. Thus, the user not only can conduct tests with little training provided, but also can very quickly interpret the test results from this map and report on defective areas in the joints. When need arises, the information recorded during testing also enables quantitative analysis of vibration displacements at any point on the test structure.     

Numerical comparison of Riemann solvers for astrophysical hydrodynamics

The idea of this work is to compare a new positive and entropy stable approximate Riemann solver by Francois Bouchut with a state-of the-art algorithm for astrophysical fluid dynamics. We implemented the new Riemann solver into an astrophysical PPM-code, the Prometheus code, and also made a version with a different, more theoretically grounded higher order algorithm than PPM. We present shock tube tests, two-dimensional instability tests and forced turbulence simulations in three dimensions. We find subtle differences between the codes in the shock tube tests, and in the statistics of the turbulence simulations. The new Riemann solver increases the computational speed without significant loss of accuracy.     

Testing the standard model in terms of a possible strong scalar sector

A complete test of the standard electro-weak model is performed against a background deviation as would be expected from a strong interacting sector. Such a potential deviation can be described by an effective lagrangian containing some parameters essentially related to a spin-one resonance transforming as a triplet under a vector SU(2). The validity limits of the standard model are represented in terms of allowed regions for such parameters. High energy tests will crucially decide on the compatibility of such potential deviations. Alternatively the new scheme can be seen, more fundamentally, as a non-linear realization of the electro-weak symmetry breaking, as opposite to the standard linear realization. This allows for all scalar fields to be absorbed such that in the lagrangian there is no surviving degree of freedom for the Higgs.     

Design and cold test of S-BAND cavity BPM for HLS

An S-band cavity BPM is designed for a new injector in National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. A re-entrant position cavity is tuned to the TM110 mode as position cavity. Cut-through waveguides are used as pickups to suppress the monopole signal. Theoretical resolution of this design is 31 nm. A prototype cavity BPM system is manufactured for off-line cold tests. The wire scanning method is used to calibrate the BPM and estimate the performance of the on-line BPM system. A cross-talk problem has been detected during the cold test. Racetrack cavity BPM design can be used to suppress the cross-talk. With the nonlinear effect being ignored, transform matrix can be used to correct cross-talk. Analysis of cold test results shows that the position resolution of prototype BPM is better than 3 μm.

     

Preparation of relativistic 7Li+ ion beams for precision experiments at storage rings

Heavy ion storage rings allow for tests of the structure of local space time via the Doppler effect. At the TSR/Heidelberg an experiment with high resolution laser spectroscopy at ⁷Li⁺ is performed. To gain the maximum resolution for saturation spectroscopy new methods of relativistic ion beam preparation and diagnostics have been developed. The laser cooling of the beam allows for precision determination of the mean velocity of the ions. A novel phase synchronous detection scheme, ultimately sensitive to single ions, gives insights into the cooling mechanism and dynamics. With an additional synchronous excitation scheme systematic uncertainties of the test experiment can be drastically reduced. After separation of the ground state ions from the triplet states of ⁷Li⁺ by the combination of laser and electron cooling, a bunched and cooled ensemble of fast moving high precision clocks with minimized perturbations by space charge effects and intra beam scattering is available. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.