Synthesis of 3-substituted isocoumarins via a cascade intramolecular Ullmann-type coupling-rearrangement process

A simple and highly efficient strategy for the synthesis of 3-substituted isocoumarins through a copper(I)-catalyzed reaction of 1-(2-halophenyl)-1,3-diones has been developed. The procedure is based on a cascade copper-catalyzed intramolecular Ullmann-type C-arylation and rearrangement process. This methodology is tolerant of a wide range of substrates and applicable to library synthesis.     

Copper-catalyzed annulation of 2-bromobenzoic esters with terminal alkynes towards 3-substituted isocoumarins

An efficient method for the synthesis of 3-substituted isocoumarins that are an important class of biologically active scaffolds via annulation of 2-bromobenzoic esters with terminal alkynes by copper catalyzed is described. The advantages of this method include mild reaction conditions, high yield and regioselectivity, and wide tolerance toward functional groups.     

Bioactive constituents from Chinese natural medicines. XX. Inhibitors of antigen-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia

The ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the methanolic extract from the seeds of Psoralea corylifolia was found to inhibit the release of beta-hexosaminidase, as a marker of antigen-IgE-induced degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells. Sixteen constituents were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction and several constituents, Delta(1),3-hydroxybakuchiol (IC(50) = 49 microM), Delta(3),2-hydroxybakuchiol (69 microM, bavachin (58 microM), and psoralidin (ca. 100 microM), showed inhibitory activities against the antigen-induced degranulation.     

New farnesane-type sesquiterpenes,hedychiols A and B 8,9-diacetate,and inhibitors of degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells from the rhizome of Hedychium coronarium

Two new farnesane-type sesquiterpenes, hedychiols A and B 8,9-diacetate, were isolated from the methanolic extract of the fresh rhizome of Hedychium coronarium KOEN. cultivated in Japan. Their stereostructures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. The inhibitory effects of isolated constituents on the release of beta-hexosaminidase from RBL-2H3 cells were examined, and hedychilactone A and coronarin D were found to show the inhibitory activity.     

Synthesis of 1-substituted trans-2-thiahydrindanes and 3-substituted trans-2-thiadecalins

Methods of synthesis of 1-R-trans-2-thiahydrindanes and 3-R-trans-2-thiadecalins from trans-1-methoxymethyl-2-chlorocyclohexane have been developed. The order of the chromatographic elution of the isomeric sulfides formed has been found. The configurations of the compounds have been established by¹H and¹³C NMR spectroscopy. The characteristics of the intermediate and final compounds are given. The splitting of 1-R-trans-2-oxahydrindanes and 3-R-trans-2-oxadecalins by the PBr₃/conc. HBr system has been effected.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1877–1884, August, 1991.     

Synthesis of 3-substituted trans-2-oxadecalins and 1-substituted trans-2-oxahydrindanes

A study was carried out of the intramolecular cyclization of trans-1-methoxymethyl-2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)cyclohexanes and trans-1-methoxymethyl-2-(2-hydroxyalkyl)cyclohexanes by the action of acid chlorides of phosphorous, sulfurous and p-toluenesulfonic acids with the formation of 1-substituted trans-2-oxahydrindanes in low yields and 3-substituted trans-2-oxadecalins in high yields. A relationship has been established between the yields of the cyclization products and the nature of the halogenating agent. The cyclization does not proceed via an intermediate oxonium ion, but by means of an intermolecular electronic transition.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1865–1877, August, 1991.     

Synthesis and inhibitory activity of 8-substituted 2-deoxy-beta-KDO against CMP-KDO synthetase

3-Deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate cytidyltransferase (CMP-KDO synthetase) is involved in the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which is an essential component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. New CMP-KDO synthetase inhibitors, 8-substituted derivatives of 2-deoxy-beta-KDO (2) have been prepared. Compounds 8, 11, 15 and 16 in which the 8-hydroxyl group of 2 is replaced by guanidine, di(carbamoylethyl)amino, p-methoxy- or p-nitro-benzyloxycarbonylamino, respectively affect moderately the CMP-KDO synthetase activity.     

An expeditious and environmentally friendly synthesis of 3-substituted isocoumarins using microwave irradiation

A microwave-assisted, environmentally friendly, high-yielding, time-saving synthesis of medicinally important 3-substituted isocoumarins was carried out in a single step by direct condensation of homophthalic acid with aryol and acyl chlorides under solvent-free conditions without any solid support. The synthesised isocoumarins were structurally characterised by microanalysis, 1H NMR, EI, IR and UV.     

Synthesis of N3-substituted uridine and related pyrimidine nucleosides and their antinociceptive effects in mice

Seventy eight N(3)-substituted derivatives of uridine (1), thymidine (2), 2'-deoxyuridine (3), 6-azauridine (4), 2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine (5), and arabinofuranosyluracil (6) were synthesized and their antinociceptive effects were evaluated. N(3)-(2',4'-Dimethoxyphenacyl)uridine (1l), N(3)-(2',4'-dimethoxyphenacyl)2'-deoxyuridine (3l), and N(3)-(2',5'-dimethoxyphenacyl)arabinofuranosyluracil (6m) possessed 93, 86, and 82% of the antinociceptive effects tested by hot plate, respectively. The antinociceptive effects of three derivatives were 5.8, 5.4, and 5.1-folds of the effect of N(3)-phenacyluridine (1h) (16%), respectively. The structure-activity relationship of N(3)-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides was also discussed.     

Synthesis of 2-substituted isothiazolopyridin-3-ones

The synthesis of some 2-substituted derivatives 1–4 of all four isomeric isothiazolopyridin-3-ones is described. Several novel 1,2-dithiolopyridin-3-ones and 3-thiones were prepared as intermediates.     

Preparation of 3-substituted isocoumarins in the reactions of homophthalic anhydride and its derivatives

Acetylation of 4-nitrohomophthalic anhydride gave 4-acetyl-7-nitroisochroman-1,3-dione, which was converted to 3-methyl-7-nitroisocoumarin. 3-Benzylisocoumarin derivatives were synthesized by reaction of homophthalic anhydrides with arylacetic acids in acetic anhydride and triethylamine.Communication XXVIII from the series Condensation of Dicarboxylic Acid Anhydrides with Compounds Containing Active Methylene Groups. See [1] for communication XXVII.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1487–1489, November, 1977.     

Synthesis and central nervous system depressant effects of N3-substituted 2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridines

N3-Substituted derivatives of 2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine (1) were synthesized and their pharmacological effects on the central nervous system (CNS) examined using mice. Methyl (2), ethyl (3), propyl (4), butyl (5), allyl (6), benzyl (7), o-, m-, p-xylyls (8, 9, 10), and alpha-phenylethyl (11) derivatives of 1 were administered to mice by intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection for evaluating hypnotic activity, pentobarbital-induced sleep prolongation, and spontaneous activity as indices. Only 3 possessed hypnotic activity by i.c.v. injection at the dose of 2.0 mumol/mouse. Compounds 3, 4, and 10 significantly showed synergism with a barbiturate, indicating that the derivatives have some CNS depressant effects. Moreover, 3 and 4 caused decrease in the spontaneous activity of mice, even at low doses. The present study indicated that substitution by ethyl, propyl, and p-xylyl groups at the N3-position of 2',3'-O-isopropylideneuridine imparted the CNS depressant effects.     

Effects of low power laser irradiation on intracellular calcium and histamine release in RBL-2H3 mast cells

Although laser irradiation has been reported to promote skin wound healing, the mechanism is still unclear. As mast cells are found to accumulate at the site of skin wounds we hypothesized that mast cells might be involved in the biological effects of laser irradiation. In this work the mast cells, RBL-2H3, were used in vitro to investigate the effects of laser irradiation on cellular responses. After laser irradiation, the amount of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) was increased, followed by histamine release, as measured by confocal fluorescence microscopy with Fluo-3/AM staining and a fluorescence spectrometer with o-phthalaldehyde staining, respectively. The histamine release was mediated by the increment of [Ca2+]i from the influx of the extracellular buffer solution through the cation channel protein, transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). The TRPV4 inhibitor, Ruthenium Red (RR) can effectively block such histamine release, indicating that TRPV4 was the key factor responding to laser irradiation. These induced responses of mast cells may provide an explanation for the biological effects of laser irradiation on promoting wound healing, as histamine is known to have multi-functions on accelerating wound healing.     

Synthesis of 6-substituted 3-cyano-5-nitropyridine-2(1H)-thiones

The reactions of 1-substituted 2-nitro-3-phenylaminoprop-2-en-1-ones with cyanothioacetamide afforded the corresponding 6-substituted 3-cyano-5-nitropyridine-2(1H)-thiones, which were used for the synthesis of 6-substituted 3-cyano-2-methylthio-5-nitropyridines and 7-substituted 4-hydroxy-8-nitropyrido[2",3":4,5]thieno[2,3-b]pyridin-2(1H)-ones.     

The effect of staurosporine on Ca2+ signals in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells

We examined the effect of staurosporine on cytosolic calcium response in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) cells using fura-2 as a fluorescent indicator of calcium ion. Staurosporine at a dose of 30 nM inhibited antigen-stimulated Ca2(+)-influx into the cells from the extracellular environment. In contrast, the drug at this concentration inhibited neither the mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores nor inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) formation. At a high concentration (300 nM), however, staurosporine completely inhibited the cytosolic calcium responses as well as IP3 formation. These results indicate that staurosporine, if used at an appropriate concentration, can be used to discriminate Ca2(+)-influx from extracellular environment from mobilization of the ion from intracellular stores. These results also suggest that protein kinases, possibly protein kinase C, are involved in the calcium influx of RBL-2H3 cells from the extracellular environment. Serotonin release was strongly inhibited by the drug at 30 nM staurosporine. Since the inhibition of serotonin release and suppression of cytosolic calcium increase in response to the antigen were in parallel, we concluded that the inhibition of serotonin release from RBL-2H3 cells caused by the drug was elicited by the suppression of Ca2(+)-influx into the cells.     

Effects of metal elements on beta-hexosaminidase release from rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3).

Immediate allergy is caused by a chemical mediator released from basophile and mast cells via cell degranulation due to reaction between an immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody, bound with the IgE receptor on the cell membrane, and an antigen. The present authors have established a new method for assaying the enzyme activity of beta-hexosaminidase as an index of chemical mediator release. Using cultured cells instead of conventional methods based on histamine release from mast cells, the present method permits highly accurate mass screening since it uses a well-established cell line of rat basophilic leukemia cells (RBL-2H3). The effects of metal elements on immediate allergic reaction were evaluated using a newly developed assay system. A total of 38 metal elements were investigated for effects on immediate allergic reactions in vitro. These elements were classified by five types on the basis of action on beta-hexosanimidase release: 1) those which showed very strong inhibitory action, such as ZnCl2 and ZrCl4, 2) those which showed relatively strong inhibitory action, such as CdCl2 and CuCl2, 3) those which showed relatively weak inhibitory action, such as CoCl2 and Pb(NO3)2, 4) those which showed neither inhibitory nor promoting action, such as MnCl2 and SrCl2, and 5) AgNO3, which alone showed promoting action.     

Synthesis of 3-substituted 2-fluoro- and 2,2-difluoroaziridines

A new route for the synthesis of stable 3-alkyl- and 3-aryl-2(,2)-(di)fluoroaziridines was developed by hydride reduction of novel alpha-bromo- and alpha-chloro-alpha(,alpha)-(di)fluoroketimines and subsequent ring closure of beta-fluorinated beta-chloro- and beta-bromoamines. This is the first report on the synthesis of 2,2-difluoroaziridines sensu stricto.     

Synthesis of 5-substituted 3-(2-oxopropyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-ones and heterocyclic compounds on their base

Alkylation of ethyl 2-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylates with 2,3-dichloroprop-1-ene and 3-bromoprop-1-yne gave new 3,5,5-tri- and 3,3,5,5-tetrasubstituted tetrahydrofuran-2-ones which were converted into the corresponding 3-(2-oxopropyl)tetrahydrofuran-2-ones. Reactions of the latter with semicarabazide, thiosemicarbazide, and phenylhydrazine were studied with a view to obtain new heterocyclic lactones.     

Synthesis of 2-dimethylamino-3-substituted 2h-pyrans and study of their valence isomerization to δ-dimethylamino dienones

It is shown that 2-dimethylamino-3-isopropyl(3-dimethylamino)-2H-pyrans are formed in the condensation of aminal acetals of -isopropyl-or -dimethylamino--dimethylaminoacroleins with -dicarbonyl compounds. It was observed by means of ¹H and ¹³C NMR and UV spectroscopy that they do not undergo valence isomerization to -dimethylamino dienones. Under the influence of pulse photoexcitation the 2H-pyrans undergo reversible cleavage of the C-O bond and isomerization to the corresponding dienones.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1325–1333, October, 1983.