北京大学国产大晶粒铌材超导腔的性能研究

大晶粒铌材是射频超导领域的研究热点之一.采用大晶粒铌材的射频超导谐振腔,其后处理工艺可以大大简化.北京大学对此进行了深入细致的研究,自主研制了采用国产大晶粒铌材的射频超导腔,对这些超导腔进行了简单的表面处理,包括标准的化学抛光(BCP)和120.C低温烘烤处理,未进行非常复杂的电抛光处理,低温性能测试结果表明其低温超导性能优越,大晶粒1.3GHz超导腔的加速梯度达到了43.5MV/m,为我国超导加速器的国产化打下了基础.     

射频超导技术与ERL技术新进展

射频超导谐振腔可以工作在连续波或长宏脉冲模式. 射频超导技术已发展为加速各种带电粒子束的重要手段. 射频超导技术发展的前期受材料性能、腔的处理以及加工安装水平等的限制. 经过几十年的不断改进, 射频超导技术获得了重大突破. 射频超导腔应用到超导加速器上并成功运行, 积累了腔的质量控制工艺和工业化制备的大量经验. 近期国际上面对未来大科学装置项目, 在射频超导技术方面进行了大量的研发工作, 主要包括提高超导腔加速梯度的新腔型研究和采用新型材料(大晶粒铌材)超导腔的研究. 能量回收直线加速器(ERL)技术是近年来获得发展的重要加速器技术. ERL具有高效、节能、稳定性好、低辐射水平等优势, 被越来越多地应用到先进光源和自由电子激光装置中.     

射频超导技术与ERL技术新进展

射频超导谐振腔可以工作在连续波或长宏脉冲模式.射频超导技术已发展为加速各种带电粒子束的重要手段.射频超导技术发展的前期受材料性能、腔的处理以及加工安装水平等的限制.经过几十年的不断改进,射频超导技术获得了重大突破.射频超导腔应用到超导加速器上并成功运行,积累了腔的质量控制工艺和工业化制备的大量经验.近期国际上面对未来大科学装置项目,在射频超导技术方面进行了大量的研发工作,主要包括提高超导腔加速梯度的新腔型研究和采用新型材料(大晶粒铌材)超导腔的研究.能量回收直线加速器(ERL)技术是近年来获得发展的重要加速器技术.ERL具有高效、节能、稳定性好、低辐射水平等优势,被越来越多地应用到先进光源和自由电子激光装置中.     

1．5GHz锯材超导腔的研制

介绍铌材超导腔的研制进展，重点讨论了国产铌腔的材料改性，以及相应的超导腔性能的改进．叙述了１．５ＧＨｚ铌腔的腔形设计，分析了铌材的射频性能和机械性能，制定了铌腔制作与后处理的特定工艺．最后给出了１．５ＧＨｚ铌材超导腔的低温实验结果．     

1．5GHz锯材超导腔的研制

介绍铌材超导腔的研制进展，重点讨论了国产铌腔的材料改性，以及相应的超导腔性能的改进．叙述了１．５ＧＨｚ铌腔的腔形设计，分析了铌材的射频性能和机械性能，制定了铌腔制作与后处理的特定工艺．最后给出了１．５ＧＨｚ铌材超导腔的低温实验结果．     

1.3 GHz超导腔的掺氮实验

为了大幅度提高纯铌超导腔的品质因数,从而降低其使用功耗,选择对超导腔进行高温氮掺杂处理。立足国内外大型加速器的需求,中国科学院高能物理研究所首先开展了1.3 GHz 1-cell超导腔的研究,包括常规处理以及氮掺杂实验,并且对掺杂前后的结果进行了分析、对比。结果表明,通过掺氮,两只1.3 GHz 1-cell细晶粒纯铌超导腔的品质因数均获得了显著提升,同时在超导腔低温垂直测试中观察到了比较明显的反常的品质因数随加速梯度变化的曲线,即"anti-Q-slope"现象。     

用于射频超导腔制造的大晶粒铌材热导研究（英）

大晶粒铌材由于声子峰效应在2 K温度具有良好的热导,这有助于提高超导腔的热稳定性。对宁夏东方钽业股份有限公司（OTIC）生产的大晶粒铌材在不同热处理条件下的热导和晶格缺陷开展了研究,结果表明经过超过800 ℃的热处理,OTIC的大晶粒铌材能够恢复声子峰,这与之前DESY的测量结果不同。认为用其加工的超导腔有望具备较好热稳定性。     

用于射频超导腔制造的大晶粒铌材热导研究（英文）

大晶粒铌材由于声子峰效应在2K温度具有良好的热导,这有助于提高超导腔的热稳定性。对宁夏东方钽业股份有限公司(OTIC)生产的大晶粒铌材在不同热处理条件下的热导和晶格缺陷开展了研究,结果表明经过超过800℃的热处理,OTIC的大晶粒铌材能够恢复声子峰,这与之前DESY的测量结果不同。认为用其加工的超导腔有望具备较好热稳定性。     

国产铌材超导腔的研制和实验

通过对国产铌腔的研制和探索，掌握了超导腔的计算制造和实验研究的关键技术，进行铌材性后获得了铌腔后处理的特定工艺，在２．５Ｋ温度时，国产铌腔的加速梯度超过１０ＭＶ／ｍ，品质因素１０＾９。     

射频超导腔加速性能的改进

 为提高超导加速腔的加速梯度和Q值，改进了薄膜型超导腔的加速性能。研究证明，对于铜铌溅射腔，在无氧铜衬底和铌膜之间加入NbN 层可以提高铌膜的超导转变温度，改善晶格结构；对纯铌超导腔提出了改进方法，在传统的纯铌超导腔表面制备多层的超导-绝缘-超导复合膜可以屏蔽Nb腔表面的界面场，提高超导腔的临界磁场，从而提高了铌腔的加速梯度。     

The design of a five-cell high-current superconducting cavity

Energy recovery linacs are promising for achieving high average current with superior beam quality. The key component for accelerating such high-current beams is the superconducting radio-frequency cavity. The design of a 1.3 GHz five-cell high-current superconducting cavity has been carried out under cooperation between Peking University and the Argonne National Laboratory. The radio-frequency properties, damping of the higher order modes, multipacting and mechanical features of this cavity have been discussed and the final design is presented.     

Study on the 1.3 GHz low loss shape superconducting cavities at IHEP

As part of the international research program on the superconducting cavity for the International Linear Collider (ILC) R&;D on the 1.3 GHz low loss superconducting cavities has been carried out at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) since 2005. A design of 1.3 GHz low loss cavity shape was proposed and six single-cell cavities of different niobium material were successfully fabricated with standard technology. In this study our priority was on large grain (LG) cavities. The two LG cavities were treated with complete procedures of surface treatments based on chemical polishing (CP) without electro polishing (EP) at IHEP. The two LG cavities and a fine grain cavity were sent to KEK for vertical testing. All the three cavities reached accelerating gradients higher than 35 MV/m and the maximum gradient of 40.27 MV/m was achieved in the LG cavity. This paper presents the process of the vertical RF tests and the comparison of the LG and fine grain cavities's performance.     

Study on the 1.3 GHz low loss shape superconducting cavities at IHEP

As part of the international research program on the superconducting cavity for the International Linear Collider (ILC) R&D on the 1.3 GHz low loss superconducting cavities has been carried out at the Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) since 2005. A design of 1.3 GHz low loss cavity shape was proposed and six single-cell cavities of different niobium material were successfully fabricated with standard technology. In this study our priority was on large grain (LG) cavities. The two LG cavities were treated with complete procedures of surface treatments based on chemical polishing (CP) without electro polishing (EP) at IHEP. The two LG cavities and a fine grain cavity were sent to KEK for vertical testing. All the three cavities reached accelerating gradients higher than 35 MV/m and the maximum gradient of 40.27 MV/m was achieved in the LG cavity. This paper presents the process of the vertical RF tests and the comparison of the LG and fine grain cavities's performance.     

HOMs simulation and measurement results of IHEP02 cavity

In accelerator RF cavities, there exists not only the fundamental mode which is used to accelerate the beam, but also higher order modes(HOMs). The higher order modes excited by the beam can seriously affect beam quality, especially for the higher R/Q modes. 1.3 GHz low-loss 9-cell superconducting cavity as a candidate for ILC high gradient cavity, the properties of higher order mode has not been studied carefully. IHEP based on existing low loss cavity, designed and developed a large grain size 1.3 GHz low-loss 9-cell superconducting cavity(IHEP02cavity). The higher order mode coupler of IHEP02 used TESLA coupler's design. As a result of the limitation of the mechanical design, the distance between higher order mode coupler and end cell is larger than TESLA cavity.This paper reports on measured results of higher order modes in the IHEP02 1.3 GHz low-loss 9-cell superconducting cavity. Using different methods, Q e of the dangerous modes passbands have been obtained. The results are compared with TESLA cavity results. R/Q of the first three passbands have also been obtained by simulation and compared with the results of the TESLA cavity.     

Status of the IHEP 1.3 GHz superconducting RF program

The 1.3 GHz superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) technology is one of the key technologies for the ILC and future XFEL and ERL projects in China. With the aim to develop 1.3 GHz SRF technology, IHEP has started a program to build an SRF Accelerating Unit. This unit contains a 9-cell 1.3 GHz superconducting cavity, a short cryomodule, a high power input coupler, a tuner and a low level RF system. This program also includes the SRF laboratory upgrade, which will permit the unit to be built and tested at IHEP. The unit will be used for the 1.3 GHz SRF system integration study, high power horizontal test and possible beam test in the future. In this paper, we report the recent R&D status of this program. The first large grain low-loss shape 9-cell superconducting RF cavity made by IHEP reached 20 MV/m in the first vertical test in July, 2010. The prototype tuner and low level RF (LLRF) system are under test. The high power input coupler and cryomodule are under fabrication. Several key SRF facilities for 9-cell cavity surface treatment and pre-tuning were successfully commissioned and are in operation.     

基于PDH技术的微波谐振环稳频

北京大学高功率耦合器谐振环锻炼平台是对北京大学1.3 GHz超导加速器的耦合器进行高功率测试和锻炼的平台,通过谐振环与信号源谐振来产生高功率。在谐振环工作过程中,由于外界扰动会使其共振频率发生变化,故需要对谐振环路进行频率锁定,从而维持其与信号源的共振。将PDH(Pound-Drever-Hall)技术应用在此锻炼平台上,用以锁定微波信号源与谐振环的频率。实验验证表明,该PDH反馈系统能有效维持谐振环的高增益。     

Experimental study on SC RF cavities by using China large grain niobium for ILC

Large grain niobium has the potential of simplifying the production sequence and consequently reducing the cost of the superconducting RF cavities for ILC.To investigate the feasibility of fabrication and the possibility to achieve high gradient by large grain cavities,two 1.3 GHz cavities were made of China large grain niobium and a series of vertical tests were carried out following several different surfaces treatment procedures.Two cavities have both reached the high gradient of more than 43 MV/m repeatedly and the maximum accelerating field of 47.9 MV/m has been achieved by China large grain niobium.This paper introduces the features of the fabrication and surface treatments on the large grain cavities and presents the preliminary results of the research.     

Experimental study on SC RF cavities by using China large grain niobium for ILC

Large grain niobium has the potential of simplifying the production sequence and consequently reducing the cost of the superconducting RF cavities for ILC. To investigate the feasibility of fabrication and the possibility to achieve high gradient by large grain cavities, two 1.3GHz cavities were made of China large grain niobium and a series of vertical tests were carried out following several different surfaces treatment procedures. Two cavities have both reached the high gradient of more than 43MV/m repeatedly and the maximum accelerating field of 47.9MV/m has been achieved by China large grain niobium. This paper introduces the features of the fabrication and surface treatments on the large grain cavities and presents the preliminary results of the research.     

光阴极微波电子枪优化设计的考虑

对光阴极微波电子枪进行了优化设计 ,给出了光阳极微波腔的形状、电参数和电场分布 .电子束团初始参数对束流横向发射度的影响 ,用 Parmela程序对其进行了优化 ,得到了一组最优参数 .考虑了补偿线圈对束流发射度的影响 ,对线圈的位置和电流的大小做了优化 .经过优化后得到腔出口处的横向发射度为 1 .39πmm.mrad,达到了设计时的要求. A 1.3 GHz photocathode RF gun is under study in peking University. The photocathode RF gun, composed of gun cavity, photocathode and Laser system, is expected to deliver a electron beam with a normalized transverse rms emittance of 1π mm·mrad at a charge of 1nC. Its performance has been studied by the space-charge tracking code PARMELA. The influences of the initialized electron beam were also studied. The emittance compensation technique is employed. After optimization of the parameters was...     

Design of a capacitive main power coupler for RF superconducting accelerators

An updated main coupler has been designed for the superconducting accelerator of Free Electron Laser (FEL) project under construction in Peking University. A capacitive structure is chosen for the main coupler. Numerical investigation using CST Microwave Studio demonstrates the cold window part. The other nonstandard structures such as holding rods and antenna are also optimized. The coupler uses a 95% purity Al2O3 ceramic cold window. The VSWR (Vottage Standing Wave Ratio) is 1.02 at 1.3 GHz and the frequency bandwidth is 45 MHz with VSWR<1.1. The electric field intensity is 8.5×10m-2 kV/mm around the window with 20 kW Continuous Wave (CW) transmitted power. The Qext is designed variable from 5×106 to 1×107.