Analysis of Iranian postage stamps belonging to the Qajar dynasty (18th–20th century's) by micro‐PIXE

Eighteen historical Iranian postage stamps belonging to the Qajar dynasty were analyzed by micro‐particle induced X‐ray emission (PIXE) and complementary techniques using Van de Graaff accelerator in the Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the elemental composition of different papers and inks of Iranian stamps printed in the Netherlands, Austria, France and Iran. The results obtained in this work show differences between elemental composition of stamps printed in different places and indicate that micro‐PIXE is a suitable technique for this kind of analysis. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An investigation of Forex market efficiency based on detrended fluctuation analysis: A case study for Iran

The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) states that asset prices fully reflect all available information. As a result, speculators cannot predict the future behavior of asset prices and earn excess profits at least after adjusting for risk. Although initial tests of the EMH were performed on stock market data, the EMH was soon applied to other markets including foreign exchange (FX). This study uses the detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) technique to test 01:12:2005–18:04:2010 Iranian Rial/US Dollar exchange rate time series data to see if it can be explained by the weak form of the EMH. Moreover, to determine changes in the degree of inefficiency over time, the whole period has been divided into four subperiods. The study shows that the Iranian Forex market (the Rial/Dollar case) is weak-form inefficient over the whole period and in each of the subperiods. However, the degree of inefficiency is not constant over time. The findings suggest that profitable risk-adjusted trades could be made using past data.     

The perception of Arabic and Japanese short and long vowels by native speakers of Arabic, Japanese, and Persian

This study examines the perception of short and long vowels in Arabic and Japanese by three groups of listeners differing in their first languages (L1): Arabic, Japanese, and Persian. While Persian uses the same alphabet as Arabic and Iranian students learn Arabic in school, the two languages are typologically unrelated. Further, unlike Arabic or Japanese, vowel length may no longer be contrastive in modern Persian. In this study, a question of interest was whether Persian listeners' foreign language learning experience or Japanese listeners' L1 phonological experience might help them to accurately process short and long vowels in Arabic. In Experiment 1, Arabic and Japanese listeners were more accurate than Persian listeners in discriminating vowel length contrasts in their own L1 only. In Experiment 2, Arabic and Japanese listeners were more accurate than Persian listeners in identifying the length categories in the "other" unknown language as well as in their own L1. The difference in the listeners' perceptual performance between the two experiments supports the view that long-term L1 representations may be invoked to a greater extent in the identification than discrimination test. The present results highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate test for assessing cross-language speech perception.     

Recent progress of isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions in Iran

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the contributions and recent advances made by Iranian scientists in the field of isocyanide-based reactions between 1999 and 2009. With over 100 publications during this period, Iranians are responsible for approximately 10% of all publications in the world involving isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (IMCRs). Some important aspects of these IMCRs include the execution of reactions in green reaction mediums like water or ethanol, high atom economies, mild reaction conditions, high yields, and catalyst-free processes. On the other hand, in most of these reactions, new classes of heterocyclic compounds with potential biological and medicinal activities have been reported.     

Characterisation of decorations on Iranian (10th–13th century) lustreware

It has been recently shown that lustre decoration of Medieval and Renaissance pottery consists of silver and copper nanoparticles, dispersed within the glassy matrix of the ceramic glaze. Lustre surfaces show peculiar optical effects, such as metallic reflection and iridescence. Here we report the findings of a study on lustred glazes of several shards belonging to Iranian pottery of the 10th and 13th centuries, decorated on both sides. Two different glazes, depending on the side of the sample, have been identified. Different lustre chromatic effects are characterised by the relative presence of silver- and copper-metal nanoparticles dispersed in the glassy matrix. PACS 61.46.+w     

超短激光脉冲中时空耦合效应的研究进展

概述了超短激光脉冲中时空耦合效应的研究进展。将时空耦合效应分为一阶时空耦合和高阶时空耦合两大类,并详细介绍了两类时空耦合效应的研究历史和现状。其中一阶时空耦合效应相对较为简单,对其的理论及实验研究也较为充分。相比一阶时空耦合效应,高阶时空耦合效应的起源更广泛、种类更丰富、时空结构更复杂。目前,对高阶时空耦合效应的研究也刚处于起步阶段。最后,展望了该领域的研究趋势。     

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of fenugreek flavonoids and its geographical-based comparative evaluation using green UHPLC-DAD analysis

BackgroundThis study, for the first time, reports a simultaneous determination of flavonoids; rutin (RT), quercetin (QT), luteolin (LT), and kaempferol (KF) in different origins of fenugreek seeds samples (N = 45) using a green UHPLC-DAD analysisMethodologyUltrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) was employed to extract fenugreek flavonoids using different polarity solvents of n-hexane (n-hex), dichloromethane (DCM), and methanol (MeOH)ResultsThe extract yield on an individual basis was observed in the range of 1.03–17.29 mg, with the highest yield (mg/sample) for the Egyptian sample (17.29 mg). The highest total extract yield (mg/origin) was observed for the Iranian sample (82.28 ± 5.38). The solvent with the highest extract yield (mg) was n-hex 169.35 ± 13.47, followed by MeOH 114.39 ± 12.27. The validated green UHPLC-DAD method resulted in a short runtime (9 min) with an accuracy of 97.86(±12.32)-101.37(±5.91), r²-values = 0.993–0.999, LOD = 2.09–4.48 ppm, and LOQ = 6.33–13.57 ppm for flavonoids analysis within the linearity range of 1–500 ppm. The general yield for flavonoids exhibited a descending order (ppm): RT (2924.55 ± 143.84) > QT (457.05 ± 34.07) > LT (82.37 ± 3.27) > KF (4.54 ± 0.00). The yield (ppm) for the flavonoids was more in MeOH solvent (3424.81 ± 235.44) constructing a descending order of MeOH > n-hex > DCM. For an individual flavonoid yield; MeOH was seen with an order of RT > QT > LT, n-hex (LT > QT), and DCM (RT > LT > QT). The statistical analysis of PCA (principle component analysis) revealed a widespread distribution of flavonoids in fenugreek seeds with a variance of 35.93% (PC1). Moreover, flavonoids extraction was prone to the nature and specificity of the solvent used (PC2: 33.34%) rather than the amount of the extract yield (P = 0.00). The K-mean cluster analysis showed the origins with higher flavonoids yield in appropriate solvent as I3M (Indian accession # 3 MeOH extract) with more QT amount, IR2M (Iranian accession # 2 MeOH extract) with more LT amount along with I2M (Indian accession # 2 MeOH extract) and Q2M (Qassim Saudi Arabia accession # 2 MeOH extract) containing high amount of RT. The outcomes are supported by KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin) and Bartlett’s test value of 0.56 with X²-value of 191.87 (P = 0.00)ConclusionThe samples were effectively evaluated and standardized in terms of flavonoid amount suggesting a significant variation in fenugreek quality.     

用于第一镜表面的金属玻璃薄膜研究

为解决大口径非晶金属第一镜实现难题,在研究块体金属玻璃Co61.2B26.2Si7.8Ta4.8材料基础上,采用金属玻璃块体材料制作拼接成溅射靶材,通过非平衡磁控溅射镀膜方法,实现了Co61.2B26.2Si7.8Ta4.8非晶金属薄膜第一镜。研究结果表明:通过成分设计及合成靶材的设计,能够实现与块体金属玻璃具有相同光学特性的非晶薄膜第一镜;通过Cr成分改进,能够进一步提高非晶金属薄膜第一镜在可见光波段的光谱反射率。     

基于等离子喷涂的反射型激光防护涂层研究

本文首先介绍了激光武器在未来战争中的突出地位和发展现状,阐明了高能激光束与目标材料相互作用时的热效应毁伤机理;总结了基于等离子喷涂的反射型激光防护涂层的研究进展,包括等离子喷涂金属涂层和陶瓷涂层的研究进展、以及各自的技术特点和防护效果,为高能激光防护领域的研究提供了借鉴。研究结果表明,控制金属涂层在激光辐照过程中的氧化现象能有效地提高涂层的激光防护性能,同时具有优异反射性能的新型陶瓷涂层在高能激光防护领域中有较好的发展前景。     

An electron gun for physical research

An electron gun with a cold cathode is developed for physical research with energy to 300 keV. The gun operates in the pulsed mode. Current amplitude is to 100 A, and pulse duration is 100 ns. The first results of the experimental investigation are represented.     

The sound speed in southern deepwater zone of the Caspian Sea,off Anzali Port

Sound velocity determination in seawater is a key component of modern hydrographic surveying; however, little data exists on sound velocity characteristics of the southern Caspian Sea. Hence, a study was undertaken in 2008 to examine the seasonal variability of sound speed in deep-waters of the South Caspian Sea near the Iranian coast. The seasonal cycle of seawater temperature and thermal stratification in the Caspian Sea water created a wide range of spatial and temporal changes of sound speed with relevant differences between shallow water (over the continental shelf) and deep-water area. The collected data showed that seasonal variations of the sound speed were most important in the upper 100 m water depth, while below this level that is in deepwater the changes were small. The maximum values of sound speed were observed at the surface in midsummer around 1517–1519 m s⁻¹ over the continental shelf while the speed of sound was about 1453 m s⁻¹ between 450–470 m depths with no major seasonal variations. Variations in vertical structure of the sound speed were in agreement with temperature changes, while effects of the salinity on the sound speed were little.     

Stefan Meyer: Pioneer of Radioactivity

Stefan Meyer was one of the pioneers in radioactivity research and director of the Vienna Radium Institute, the first institution in the world devoted exclusively to radioactivity. I give here a biographical sketch of Meyer and of some of his colleagues and an overview of the research activities at the Radium Institute.     

基于多时相PCA光谱增强和多源光谱分类器的SPOT影像土地利用变化检测

在全球快速城市化的大背景下,土地利用变化检测始终是全球变化研究的重点和热点。文章研究利用2003和2006年高分辨率SPOT-5遥感影像,在进行高精度的正射纠正后,运用多时相PCA光谱增强和多源光谱分类器相结合的方法进行城市土地利用变化检测。结果表明,多时相PCA光谱增强后得到前３个主成分集中了绝大部分光谱信息,其中PC1和PC2增强了土地利用未发生变化的光谱信息,而变化信息主要集中在PC3。而多源光谱分类器准确地提取出各种变化和未变化信息。精度评价结果表明,本文提出的变化检测方法的总体精度达到92.58%,Kappa系数为0.92,用户精度和生产精度也都取得满意的结果,并且精度都明显高于常规的方法(分类后比较法)。     

电场调制下单量子阱ZnCdSe／ZnSe的激射行为研究

近年来,随着宽禁带Ⅱ－Ⅵ族半导体激光器取得突破性进展［１］,对ＺｎＳｅ基超晶格与量子阱的受激发射也进行了广泛的研究［２,３］,同时对电场调制下的ＺｎＳｅ基超晶格的受激发射也有过报导［４］．但对于电场调制下的ＺｎＣｄＳｅ／ＺｎＳｅ基单量子阱的激射行为研...     

Research in Korea on Gas Phase Synthesis and Control of Nanoparticles

Research activity into the gas phase synthesis of nanoparticles has witnessed rapid growth on a worldwide basis, which is also reflected by Korean research efforts. Nanoparticle research is inherently a multi-disciplinary activity involving both science and engineering. In this paper, the recent studies undertaken in Korea on the gas phase synthesis and control of nanoparticles are reviewed. Studies on the synthesis of various kinds of nanoparticles are first discussed with a focus on the different types of reactors used. Recent experimental and theoretical studies and newly developed methods of measuring and modeling nanoparticle growth are also reviewed.     

Robust exponential attractors for the strongly damped wave equation with memory. II

We consider the singular limit of the semilinear strongly damped wave equation with memory in the presence of a critical nonlinearity, as the memory kernel converges to the Dirac mass at zero. We prove the existence of a robust family of regular exponential attractors in the weak energy space. Partially supported by the Italian PRIN research project 2006 Problemi a frontiera libera, transizioni di fase e modelli di isteresi. The first author has been partially supported by a research grant from the Fondazione Fratelli Confalonieri (Milano, Italy).     

Mercury and beyond: diode-pumped solid-state lasers for inertial fusion energy

We have begun building the Mercury laser system as the first in a series of new generation diode-pumped solid-state lasers for inertial fusion research. Mercury will integrate three key technologies: diodes, crystals and gas cooling, within a unique laser architecture that is scalable to kilojoules and megajoule energy levels for fusion energy applications. The primary near-term performance goals include 10% electrical efficiencies at 10 Hz and 100 J with a 2–10 ns pulse length at 1.047 μ m wavelength. When completed, Mercury will allow rep-rated target experiments with multiple chambers for high energy density physics research.     

基于可见-近红外光谱技术的葡萄酒真伪鉴别的研究

研究收集了不同品牌的90个葡萄酒样品,为了消除各光谱基线不同带来的影响,对所有光谱曲线都进行了一阶求导,以一阶导数谱线作为有效数据,通过独立主成分(PC)分析可知,前两个主成分的贡献率达到80%以上,主成分聚类使得真伪葡萄酒样品明显分为两类;以前四个主成分作为BP神经网络的输入建立了一个三层人工神经网络的识别模型,该模型对葡萄酒样品的预测识别率达到100%。研究表明,可见-近红外透射光谱结合主成分分析建立的BP神经网络模型能为快速、无损鉴别葡萄酒真伪提供一种准确可靠的新方法。