Ni-B/SiO2非晶态催化剂应用于硝基苯液相加氢制苯胺

 考察了Ni－B／SiO2非晶态催化剂在高压液相硝基苯加氢制苯胺反应中的催化活性和选择性．研究表明,该催化剂不仅具有很高的催化活性,而且对苯胺的选择性较高,优于RaneyNi以及其它Ni基催化剂．晶化导致催化剂失活．载体的存在不仅能提高催化剂的分散度,而且能对非晶态结构起稳定化作用;将催化剂保存在乙醇中可保持其活性不变．结合催化剂的表征,讨论了Ni－B／SiO2非晶态催化剂的催化性能与其结构的关系．     

超细Ni-B非晶态合金催化糠醛液相加氢制备糠醇

报道了超细Ni－B非晶态合金应用于糠醛液相选择加氢制备糠醇，研究发现，Ni－B非晶态合金催化剂对糠醇的选择性接近100％，而且其催化活性显著高于RaneyNi和超细Ni催化剂，进一步的研究表明，对于Ni-B非晶态合金，其在423K以下进行热处理时，未出现明显的晶化；但在高温下，逐渐发生晶化，并导致催化活性和选择性显著下降，在XRD、SEM、XPS和氢吸附等一系列表征的基础上，初步探讨了催化活性与催化剂结构的关系，并考察了高温晶化对催化性能的影响。     

高选择性苯乙酮加氢Ni-Sn-B/SiO2非晶态催化剂的制备及表征

采用化学还原法制备了一系列三元非晶态Ni-Sn-B／SiO2催化剂,并考察了Sn含量对催化剂的苯乙酮选择加氢制备苯乙醇反应的活性及选择性的影响,同时对Sn改性前后的催化剂进行了系统的表征．XRD结果表明,Sn物种在催化剂表面高度分散,没有改变催化剂的非晶态结构．SEM结果也表明Sn的修饰并不改变非晶态合金的特征形貌．在苯乙酮加氢反应中,当Sn／SiO2=10wt％时,羰基加氢产物苯乙醇的得率可高达97．5％,且苯环加氢产物仅为0．5％,显示了良好的羰基加氢选择性．结合XPS结果,我们将该催化剂优异的催化性能归因于非晶态合金独特的电子结构、活性组分的高度分散及催化剂中Sn氧化物对羰基的选择性活化．     

非晶态合金催化剂和磁稳定床反应工艺在石油化工技术中的推广应用

本文综述了中石化石科院开发非晶态合金催化剂和磁稳定床工艺的历程及其在石油化工技术中的推广应用. 将晶态催化剂的结构非晶化,极大地改善了广泛使用的Raney Ni催化剂的加氢性能. 通过加入原子半径大的稀土和碱抽提铝提高了非晶态合金催化剂的热稳定性和比表面积. 引入助剂以调节催化剂的加氢性能、耐酸性和磁性,从而研制出SRNA系列催化剂;开发出工业生产非晶态合金催化剂的关键技术和设备. 磁稳定床可以强化受传热和传质限制的反应过程,与磁性催化剂结合,形成磁稳定床反应工艺. 设计了调节磁场的磁隔?建立了可指导用于工业化的磁场和反应器的数学模型. 与釜式加氢工艺相比,将磁稳定床工艺用于己内酰胺加氢精制时,催化剂耗量降低70%, 反应器体积减少85%. 非晶态合金催化剂和磁稳定床反应工艺在国际上首次工业应用,大大推动了我国的加氢技术的发展,并产生了巨大的经济和社会效益. 最新研究表明,将该技术用于精制氢气中CO的甲烷化、蒸汽裂解乙烯选择性加氢和催化裂化轻汽油叠合醚化等反应时,其性能明显优于已有技术,显示出良好的工业应用前景.     

Characterization of rapidly and naturally quenched skeletal iron catalysts for FT synthesis

The slurry phase is a promising system for Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis. Since the liquid medium efficiently removes the heat of reaction so that the steady-state reaction is easily achieved. High catalytic activity is maintained due to removal of waxy products from the catalyst surface by the action of solvent. In addition, CO-rich syngas from coal gasification can be directly used in FT synthesis which may increase the thermal efficiency of the indirect coal liquefaction. One of the important problems to be solved for slurry phase FT is the catalyst attrition and separation from wax residue. Fused iron and Raney iron were found to have high attrition resistance and easy to separate from wax in slurry phase FT synthesis, but their activity is relatively low. Amorphous alloys made by rapid quenching techniques have drawn increasing interest due to their superior mechanical,chemical and magnetic properties compared to the thermodynamically stable crystalline alloys of the same compositions. It is reported that rapidly quenched skeletal Ni catalyst showed higher catalytic activity than Raney Ni in selective hydrogenation of unsaturated organic functional groups.In this paper, Fe50Al50 (by weight) alloys with different quenching rates, rapid quenching (RQ) and natural quenching (NQ) were prepared for FT synthesis. The phase composition of alloys was characterized by XRD. The physical properties, thermal-stability and adsorption properties of skeletal Fe that was prepared by leaching aluminum of the corresponding alloy with aqueous solution of NaOH were also studied by BET, in situ XRD and H2- and CO-TPD. It is found from XRD patterns of the alloys that RQ Fe50Al50 is composed of orthorhombic phase, and NQ Fe50Al50 alloy is mainly composed of monoclinic phase. Meanwhile, diffraction peaks of the RQ alloy are seriously broadened. After leaching aluminum by aqueous solution of NaOH at the same conditions,skeletal Fe from the RQ alloy give the higher specific surface area and larger pore volume. The in -situ XRD shows that skeletal Fe from RQ alloy is composed of elemental iron and magnetite (FeFe2O4) with poor crystalline. The skeletal Fe from NQ alloy is mainly composed of elemental Fe and minor magnetite. The higher content of the magnetite phase in RQ skeletal Fe may arise from the higher activity of the RQ alloy. When the skeletal Fe was heated under Ar flow, the content of magnetite phase increased with temperature and became the main composition at 400℃ for the skeletal Fe from the RQ alloy. For the skeletal iron from the NQ alloy, phase change under heating is less obvious compared with that for the RQ skeletal iron. The H2-TPD profiles of the catalysts showed that two H2 desorption peaks appeared in both NQ and RQ skeletal iron, but the temperatures at maximum desorption rate of RQ skeletal iron were higher than those of the NQ skeletal iron. The CO-TPD experiment showed that NQ skeletal iron had the stronger affinity to CO than RQ skeletal iron. The different properties were explained on the basis of structure.     

Ni-Zr-Al基非晶合金催化剂的苯加氢催化性能

 利用快速凝固技术制备了Ni23.3Zr6.7Al64Cu2.3Ce3.7非晶态合金,用碱洗抽Al的方法进行活化,制成了Ni-Zr基非晶态合金催化剂(A＞50 m2/g), 并考察了其对苯加氢反应的催化性能. 结果发现,这种新型催化材料的比活性高出常规Raney Ni催化剂约375%. 反应动力学分析表明,苯加氢反应级数对氢基本上表现为一级,表观反应活化能约为31.2 kJ/mol, 并推导出苯加氢反应的动力学方程.     

A Novel Ultrafine Ru-B Amorphous Alloy Catalyst for Glucose Hydrogenation to Sorbitol

Glucose hydrogenation to sorbitol is of great industrial importance since sorbitol is widely used as the additive in foods, drugs, cosmetics, and as an intermediate in the vitamin C synthesis. Besides small amount of sorbitol can be obtained naturally from red seaweed and some fruits, commercial large scale production of sorbitol has always relied on the hydrogenation of glucose, in which Raney Ni catalyst is frequently used1-3. In order to enhance the catalytic efficiency and overcome the e…     

用超声波技术制备的Raney Ni催化剂及其催化加氢活性

 将超声波技术与碱抽滤方法相结合制备出一种Raney Ni催化剂. 以苯饱和加氢为探针反应,测定了超声处理时间对Raney Ni催化剂催化活性(包括吸氢速率和苯转化率)的影响. 结果表明,超声处理对催化剂的活性有明显的促进作用. 随着超声处理时间的延长,催化剂的活性先逐渐升高,后慢慢降低,超声处理15 min时可获得最高的催化活性. 通过ICP,XRD,XPS,BET和SEM等手段对Raney Ni催化剂的表面电子态、比表面积、孔体积、孔径、粒径及表面形貌等进行了表征,并对超声波的作用进行了初步讨论.     

急冷非晶态镍合金催化剂的研究开发和工业应用

Raney Ni催化剂是石油化学工业用量最大的催化剂之一,通过急冷技术将其晶态结构转变为非晶态结构,能够提高加氢活性.但非晶态合金热稳定性差、比表面积小限制了这类催化材料的工业应用.通过加入少量稀土元素,使非晶态 Ni 晶化温度提高200 K以上; 通过加入Al再碱抽Al,使非晶态Ni比表面积增加100倍以上; 通过加入功能助剂调节非晶态Ni的加氢选择性、增加抗酸碱腐蚀性和磁性,从而形成了系列非晶态Ni加氢催化剂 (商品名为 SRNA).其中,SRNA-1 用于药物中间体加氢; SRNA-2用于葡萄糖加氢制山梨醇; SRNA-3用于汽、柴油吸附脱硫; SRNA-4用于己内酰胺加氢精制; SRNA-5 用于苯甲酸加氢中替代Pd/C催化剂,使后者的用量减少了50%.     

超细Co-B非晶态合金的制备及其催化乙腈加氢性能

报道了 一种用 于乙腈加 氢的 新 型 复合 型 催化 剂 超细 Ｃｏ Ｂ 非 晶 态合 金（ 粒 径 ６０ ｎ ｍ左右） , 其催 化性能显 著优于 其它 Ｃｏ 基催 化剂． 以此代替 工业用 Ｒａｎｅｙ Ｎｉ , 不 仅可 提高 对乙 胺的选择性 ,而且可 显著减轻 环境污 染． 通 过一系列 表征,讨 论了乙腈 在催化 剂活性位 的吸附 模式及催化加氢 反应机 理,由此对 其催化 性能与催 化剂结 构的关系 进行了说 明．     

Ni含量对Co_(1-x)Ni_xB催化水解放氢性能的影响(英文)

采用化学还原法以乙醇为溶剂在冰水浴中合成了一系列Co1-xNixB合金催化剂,研究了该系列合金不同Ni含量对NaBH4水解放氢性能的影响.X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)显示Co1-xNixB合金是纳米非晶态颗粒.放氢测试表明Co1-xNixB具有很高的催化活性.放氢速率先随着Ni含量的增加而增大,并在x=0.15时放氢速率达到最大值,然后随x值的增加而减小.298K时Co0.85Ni0.15B合金催化碱性硼氢化钠水解的最大放氢速率可达4228mL·min-1·g-1,CoB和Co0.85Ni0.15B合金催化放氢的活化能分别为34.25和31.87kJ·mol-1.因此以乙醇为溶剂合成的Co1-xNixB合金具有较高的催化活性.     

非晶态超微粒子镍合金催化剂的研究──Ⅱ．Ni－B催化剂对苯加氢反应动力学的研究

非晶态超微粒子镍合金催化剂的研究──Ⅱ．Ｎｉ－Ｂ催化剂对苯加氢反应动力学的研究李同信，张秀峰，李合秋（中国科学院大连化学物理研究所，大连１１６０２３）靳常德，蒋育林，崔建彤，王大庆（大连理工大学化工学院，大连１１６０１１）关键词非晶态超微粒子，镍基合...     

非负载镍催化剂的2-乙基蒽醌加氢活性及其氢吸脱附性质

 分别制备了金属镍粉、兰尼镍、Ni-B非晶态合金及镧掺杂的Ni-B非晶态合金(Ni-B-La)催化剂,研究了催化剂的氢吸附和脱附性质以及对2-乙基蒽醌加氢反应的催化性能. 结果表明,金属镍粉、兰尼镍和Ni-B催化剂表面均具有两种氢吸附位: 弱吸附位和强吸附位. Ni-B-La催化剂表面只有氢的强吸附位,其强吸附氢量与兰尼镍相当. 推测只有氢的强吸附位是2-乙基蒽醌加氢反应的活性中心,并且Ni-B-La催化剂上的强吸附氢较兰尼镍上的更活泼,因而Ni-B-La非晶态合金催化剂对加氢反应的催化活性高于兰尼镍.     

Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol over An Ultrafine Co—B Amorphous Catalyst

A novel Co-B amorphous alloy catalyst in the form of ultrafine particles was prepared by chemical reduction of CoCl2 with aqueous NaBH4, which exhibited excellent activity and selectivity during the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol in liquid phase. The optimum yield of cinnamyl alcohol was 87.6%, much better than the yield of using Raney Ni, Raney Co and other Co-based catalysts.     

Hydrogen absorption and phase transitions in rapidly quenched LaNi alloys

Several LaNi binary alloys were rapidly quenched by melt spinning. A metastable phase and an uniform Laves phase were obtained. Differences in behaviour were observed between hydrogenation of quenched materials and of as-cast materials whose compositions were identical. The quenched materials, in contrast to the as-cast phases, had a tendency to form amorphous LaNiH alloys. The amorphous alloy was stable, in particular when the ratio La:Ni was 1:2.     

Liquid phase glucose hydrogenation to -glucitol over an ultrafine Ru-B amorphous alloy catalyst

A Ru-B amorphous alloy catalyst in the form of ultrafine particles was prepared by chemical reduction of RuCl₃ with borohydride in aqueous solution, whose amorphous structure was confirmed by XRD, DSC, and SAED. Heating pretreatment resulted in the rapid crystallization and the deep decomposition of the Ru-B amorphous alloy as well as the abrupt decrease in the surface area due to the gathering of small particles at high temperature. XPS spectra revealed that partial electrons transferred from the alloying B to the metallic Ru in the as-prepared Ru-B sample. In comparison with other catalysts, the as-prepared Ru-B amorphous catalyst exhibited excellent activity and perfect selectivity to -glucitol as well as superior lifetime during the liquid phase glucose hydrogenation, showing its potential application in industrial process. The higher activity of the Ru-based catalysts than that of other metal catalysts, such as Co-B and Ni-B amorphous catalysts as well as Raney Ni catalysts, demonstrated that the metallic Ru was more active than both metallic Ni and Co for the glucose hydrogenation. Meanwhile, the Ru-B amorphous catalyst exhibited higher activity than its corresponding crystallized Ru-B and pure Ru powder catalysts, showing the promoting effects of both the amorphous structure and the electronic interaction between the metallic Ru and the alloying B, which was briefly discussed based on the kinetic studies and various characterizations.     

壳聚糖表面修饰的SiO2负载Ni-B非晶态合金的制备及催化性能

以壳聚糖(CS)对SiO2进行表面修饰, 采用浸渍还原法制备了负载型Ni-B非晶态合金催化剂(Ni-B/CS/SiO2), 并采用XRD、FTIR、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、BET、XPS、TEM、SAED等表征方法研究了催化剂的非晶性质、原子组成、尺寸分布及粒径大小等. 考察了催化剂对糠醇加氢制四氢糠醇反应的催化性能, 并与没有壳聚糖修饰的Ni-B/SiO2催化剂及Raney Ni催化剂进行了对比. 结果表明, 加入壳聚糖制得的Ni-B/CS/SiO2催化剂的活性组分Ni-B团簇粒径更小, 表面活性组分浓度更高, 催化活性更高.     

Hydrogenation of phenylpyruvic acid to phenylalanine catalyzed by Ni-B/SiO2

Phenylalanine （Phe） is a significant amino acid that cannot be synthesized by human themselves but must be taken from environment. It was initially found that the nanosized amorphous Ni-B/SiO2 alloy prepared by the chemical reduction method was an effective catalyst for the preparation of Phe from phenylpyruvic acid （PPA） by amination and hydrogenation. It has been found that the amorphous Ni-B/SiO2 alloy catalyst exhibits superior activity and selectivity to the traditional catalysts Raney Ni and Urushibara nickel. The effects of reaction time, amounts of catalysts and ammonia solution, reaction temperature, and H2 pressure on the reaction have been investigated systematically. The results indicated that the yield of Phe was 97.9%, and the selectivity for Phe reached 98.9% when the reaction was carried out for 3 h at 333 K and 2.0 MPa of H2 with m（Cat.） ： m（PPA） = 0.6 ： 1.0 and n（NH3） ： n（PPA） = 3 ： 1. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, AAS, XPS, BET, and TEM, and the relationship between the catalyst structure and the catalytic activity was discussed in detail. It was found that the reason why Ni-B/SiO2 amorphous alloy catalyst was much more active for the preparation of Phe could be accounted for by the presence of electron-rich Ni due to electron donation from alloying B; the smaller size of Ni-B particles, the larger specific surface area of Ni-B/SiO2.     

超细非晶态NiWB合金的制备及葡萄糖加氢性能的研究

通过改变溶液中的Na~2WO~4浓度以化学还原法制备了一系列超细非晶态NiWB合金,并用于葡萄糖高压液相加氢制取山梨醇。研究表明NiWB合金的催化活性均远高于RaneyNi。同时XPS揭示了钨的加入可以调变元素态硼的给电子能力,进而影响硼对羰基的活化和镍对氢的解离吸附能力。在活性最佳的NiWB-3合金上的基本动力学研究表明,葡萄糖加氢反应对氢压为一级,对葡萄糖浓度为零级,在373～403K范围内的反应活化能为54.7kJ·mol^-^1。     

Amorphous Ni Alloy Hydrogenation Catalyst and Magnetically Stabilized Bed Reaction Technology

A new hydrogenation technology is introduced. This hydrogenation technology includes two new concepts: amorphous Ni alloy and magnetically stabilized bed. Amorphous metal alloys are new kinds of catalytic materials with short-range orderly but long-range disorderly structure. The disadvantages of the amorphous Ni alloy materials in terms of small specific surface area and low thermal stability have been solved to develop these materials into practical catalyst to substitute for the Raney Ni catalyst. The magnetically stabilized bed reactor, a fluidized bed of magnetically stabilized particles by applying a spatially uniform and time-invariant magnetic field oriented axially relative to the fluidizing fluid flow, has many advantages such as the low pressure drop and the high mass transfer efficiency. The cold model tests had revealed that the magnetically stabilized bed reactor displayed three different forms, i.e., the scattered particulates mode, the chain mode and the magnetic condensation mode. The chain mode was conductive to good contact between solid and liquid to promote the catalytic reaction. Two commercial units of the magnetically stabilized bed reactor were set up, with the capacity of 200 and 250 kt/a, respectively. Integration of the amorphous Ni alloy catalyst and the magnetically stabilized bed reactor was developed in the process for purification of caprolactam at RIPP, SINOPEC. The new reaction process has enhanced the hydrogenation reaction to reduce the reaction volume to 1/8 and 1/3 of those of kettle-type reactor and the fixed-bed reactor of the same throughput, respectively.