Experimental investigation of cavitating structures in the near wake of a cylinder

An experimental investigation of cavitating structures in the near-wake region of a cylinder is presented. From high-speed imaging of this subcritical flow (Reynolds number of 64,000), it is found that inception of cavities occurs in the shear layer. At the developed cavitation condition, the cavities in the separated zone and the free shear layer merge. A distinct spanwise variation in cavitation activity is observed. The non-dimensionalized correlation length at inception varies from close to a non-cavitating value of about 3.5 to about 1 at developed cavitation. The non-dimensionalized length of formation, characterized by crossover of the free shear layer and the wake axis, increases from 1 to 1.8 as the cavitation number is reduced from 85% to 50% of the inception value. A frequency analysis of the cavity dynamics indicates that although the vortex shedding frequency is dominant in the shear layer, there are peaks corresponding to other frequencies in other flow regions. The presence of a sharp peak at 125 Hz, corresponding to a Strouhal number of 0.2, along with a range of frequencies, is also verified independently through measurement of fluctuating pressure at the cylinder surface.     

Generalized rheological model of cavitating condensed media

It is shown that development of cavitation in solid–plastic, liquid–plastic, and liquid media can be modeled using a rheologically equivalent, cavitating viscoelastoplastic body containing microcavities in the initial state. An energy inequality is derived that defines the loading conditions for a body with microcavities under which the body enters a cavitating state, i.e., the concentration of microcavities increases by more than an order of magnitude. A generalized rheological equation of state is formulated; analytical dependences of the modulus of volume elasticity, volumetric (second) viscosity, and the relaxation time of tensile stresses on the volume concentration of cavitational hollows in the model viscoelastoplastic body are derived.     

Experimental investigation of the internal ballistics of a pulsed water cannon

Measurements were made of the piston velocity and water pressure in the tube of a pulsed water cannon. The results are compared with calculations, which show that the quasistationary formulation of the problem gives sufficient accuracy.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 3, pp. 150–152, May–June, 1979.     

爆炸驱动固/液介质爆炸抛撒的实验研究

针对爆炸驱动固/液介质抛撒混合过程设计了透明双层抛撒装置。采用高速运动分析系统记录抛撒装置壳体破碎和固/液界面、固/液介质抛撒形态的演变过程,结果表明:壳体裂纹的产生和断裂首先出现在轴向方向;固/液界面在外层壳体破碎之前清晰可见,表明固/液介质的混合主要发生在壳体破碎之后;导爆索驱动下呈现滑移爆轰驱力特征,介质抛撒形状呈倒圆台形,不同截面处的介质运动速度随截面到起爆端轴向距离的增大而减小。     

Experimental investigation of the displacement of viscous fluids from porous media

The results of experimental investigations of different-viscosity and immiscible Newtonian fluid flows through porous media are presented. The investigations were carried out for a Hele-Shaw cell occupied by a porous medium. The basic difference from the previous studies is the observation of the flow after break-through of the displacing fluid into the sink. A series of qualitative and quantitative results which clarify the physics of immiscible fluid flows through capillaries and porous media were obtained in the course of the experimental investigations.__________Translated from Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Academii Nauk, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 1, 2005, pp. 124–131. Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Baryshnikov, Belyaev, and Turuntaev.     

Experimental investigation of characteristic length scale in periodic heterogeneous porous media

An experimental investigation of scale-dependent dispersion in periodic heterogeneous porous media was conducted. Models with two-, three- and four-layer periodic heterogeneities were constructed to investigate the effect of heterogeneity size on the scale-dependence of dispersion. Longitudinal dispersion coefficients were determined as a function of column length by measuring the breakthrough of a continuous injection of potassium chloride tracer solution. Chloride ion concentration was monitored by recording the millivolt potential of silver/silver chloride electrodes placed at intervals along the length of the column. In all three models, dispersion appeared to be scale dependent up to a distance of approximately 20–30 times the size of the repeated heterogeneity group (hydraulic unit). Because all three models suggested a similar dependence, it was concluded that a medium with periodic heterogeneity may likely be characterized by the scale of its hydraulic unit.     

Experimental determination of the speed of sound in cavitating flows

This paper presents measurements of the speed of sound in two-phase flows characterized by high void fraction. The main objective of the work is the characterization of wave propagation in cavitating flows. The experimental determination of the speed of sound is derived from measurements performed with three pressure transducers, while the void fraction is obtained from analysis of a signal obtained with an optical probe. Experiments are first conducted in air/water mixtures, for a void fraction varying in the range 0–11%, in order to discuss and validate the methods of measurement and analysis. These results are compared to existing theoretical models, and a nice agreement is obtained. Then, the methods are applied to various cavitating flows. The evolution of the speed of sound according to the void fraction α is determined for α varying in the range 0–55%. In this second configuration, the effect of the Mach number is included in the spectral analysis of the pressure transducers’ signals, in order to take into account the possible high flow compressibility. The experimental data are compared to existing theoretical models, and the results are then discussed.     

Experimental evaluation of numerical simulation of cavitating flow around hydrofoil

Cavitation in hydraulic machines causes different problems that can be related to its unsteady nature. An experimental and numerical study of developed cavitating flow was performed. Until now simulations of cavitating flow were limited to the self developed “in house” CFD codes. The goal of the work was to experimentally evaluate the capabilities of a commercial CFD code (Fluent) for simulation of a developed cavitating flow. Two simple hydrofoils that feature some 3D effects of cavitation were used for the experiments. A relatively new technique where PIV method combined with LIF technique was used to experimentally determine the instantaneous and average velocity and void ratio fields (cavity shapes) around the hydrofoils. Distribution of static pressure on the hydrofoil surface was determined. For the numerical simulation of cavitating flow a bubble dynamics cavitation model was used to describe the generation and evaporation of vapour phase. An unsteady RANS 3D simulation was performed. Comparison between numerical and experimental results shows good correlation. The distribution and size of vapour structures and the velocity fields agree well. The distribution of pressure on the hydrofoil surface is correctly predicted. The numerically predicted shedding frequencies are in fair agreement with the experimental data.     

Numerical investigation of cavitating flows for marine propulsors using an unstructured mesh technique

In the present study, the cavitating flows around marine propulsors have been numerically investigated by using a multi-phase RANS flow solver based on pseudo-compressibility and a homogeneous mixture model using unstructured meshes. To handle the relative motion between the rotating rotor and the stator, an overset mesh technique was adopted. The mass transfer rate between the liquid and vapor phases was determined by Merkle’s cavitation model based on the difference between the local and vapor pressure. The calculations were made for the P4381 marine propeller with different cavitation numbers at several advancing ratios. It was shown that the vapor structure, such as cavitation size and shape, was well captured at cavitating flow conditions. It was observed that the cavitation breakdown behavior was also well captured by the present method. Good agreement was obtained between the present results and the experiment for the integrated blade loadings, such as thrust and torque. The calculations were also made for a water-jet pump configuration at several flow conditions, and the cavitation breakdown behaviors for total headrise, power and thrust were validated by comparing the results with the experiment. The blade area covered by the cavitation and the shape of tip leakage cavitation were also compared with the experiment. Reasonable agreement between the predicted results and the experiment was obtained.     

Experimental investigation of capillary pressure effects on immiscible displacement in lensed and layered porous media

This paper reports the results of extensive experimental studies of the effects of well-defined heterogeneous porous media on immiscible flooding. The heterogeneities were layers and lenses, with some of the lenses being a wettability contrast. Drainage and imbibition displacements, with and without an initial residual fluid saturation, were carried out at a variety of flow rates on layered and lensed two-dimensional glass beads models of the size of a typical large core test (58×10×0.6 cm). These displacements were followed photographically and the effluent saturation profiles recorded. In most of the experiments the glass beads were water-wet, but in some the lens beads were coated with a water repellent chemical. In all experiments, the displacement fronts became highly irregular due to the different capillary pressures acting in the different areas of the models. In this paper, these displacements are fully reported and their implications for reservoir simulation and for interpretation of laboratory core tests, where the inner heterogeneities are not known, are discussed.     

Thermal stretching in two-phase porous media: Physical basis for Maxwell model

An alternate yet general form of the classical effective thermal conductivity model (Maxwell model) for two-phase porous materials is presented, serving an explicit thermo-physical basis. It is demonstrated that the reduced effective thermal conductivity of the porous media due to non-conducting pore inclusions is caused by the mechanism of thermal stretching, which is a combination of reduced effective heat flow area and elongated heat transfer distance (thermal tortuosity).     

Experimental investigation into the influence of polymer additives in water on the relative permeabilities of porous media

A method has been developed for investigating the relative permeabilities of porous media for oil and for aqueous solutions of polymers; experimental equipment has been developed for determining the phase permeabilities by a stationary method. Investigations were made of the influence of polyacrylamide additives on the change in the relative permeabilities for the simultaneous flow of water and a nonpolar hydrocarbon liquid. It was established that addition of the polymer can lead to a simultaneous reduction in the relative permeability for the wetting liquid and an increase for the nonwetting liquid. The phase permeabilities were obtained for oil and water moving behind a fringe of polymer substance. It was established that the phase permeability for the water phase is a function of the saturation and the amount of sorbate. A cycle of experimental investigations was made into the influence of the rate of pumping and the concentration of the dissolved polymer on the change in the relative permeabilities.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Mekhanika Zhidkosti i Gaza, No. 4, pp. 163–167, July–August, 1980.     

Formation mechanism of cavitating spalls

The dynamics of formation of cavitation zones in a liquid upon reflection of a shock pulse from the free surface is studied numerically in a one-dimensional formulation using the Iordanskii-Kogarko-van Wijngaarden two-phase model. It is shown that the formation of a system of cavitation zones (clusters) with a dynamically increasing volume concentration of the gas phase near the free surface is due to oscillations of the structure of the rarefaction wave profile. The fast relaxation of tensile stresses in the cavitation zone ends in the formation of a quasistationary mass-velocity field, which provides for almost unbounded growth of cavitation bubbles in subsurface clusters and explains the occurrence of the spall layers observed in experiments. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 65–73, March–April, 2008.     

基于低雷诺数串置翼型气动特性研究

基于低雷诺数,应用二维CFD方法,对串置翼型的气动特性进行了数值模拟。比较了串置翼型布局与常规单独翼型的升阻特性。分析了翼差角度对串置翼升阻特性的影响,并且在保持鸭翼±5°偏角不变的同时,研究了两翼之间的距离以及安装的相对高度对整个串置翼型升阻特性的影响。发现上鸭翼与主翼相结合具有相对较高的最大升力系数和临界迎角, 可以显著改善串置翼型的气动特性。