Mechanistic studies on oxidation of L-ascorbic acid by an oxo-bridged diiron complex in aqueous acidic media

[Fe2(micro-O)(phen)4(H2O)2]4+ (1) (Fig. 1, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) equilibrates with [Fe2(micro-O)(phen)4(H2O)(OH)]3+ (2) and [Fe2(micro-O)(phen)4(OH)2]2+ (3) in aqueous solution in the presence of excess phen, where no phen-releasing equilibria from 1, 2 and 3 exist. 1 quantitatively oxidizes ascorbic acid (H2A) to dehydroascorbic acid (A) in the pH range 3.00-5.50 in the presence of excess phen, which buffers the reaction within 0.05 pH units and ensures complete formation of end iron product ferroin, [Fe(phen)3]2+. The reactive species are 1, 2 and HA- and the reaction proceeds through an initial 1 : 1 inner-sphere adduct formation between 1 and 2 with HA-, followed by a rate limiting outer-sphere one electron one proton (electroprotic) transfer from a second HA- to the ascorbate-unbound iron(III).     

Mechanistic studies on oxidation of nitrite by a {Mn3O4}4+ core in aqueous acidic media

[MnIV3(micro-O)4(phen)4(H2O)2]4+ (, phen=1,10-phenanthroline) equilibrates with its conjugate base [Mn3(micro-O)4(phen)4(H2O)(OH)]3+ in aqueous solution. Among the several synthetic multinuclear oxo- and/or carboxylato bridged manganese complexes known to date containing metal-bound water, to the best of our knowledge, only deprotonates (right harpoon over left harpoon+H+, pKa=4.00 (+/-0.15) at 25.0 degrees C, I=1.0 M, maintained with NaNO3) at physiological pH. An aqueous solution of quantitatively oxidises NIII (HNO2 and NO2-) to NO3- within pH 2.3-4.1, the end manganese state being MnII. Both and are reactive oxidants in the title redox. In contrast to a common observation that anions react quicker than their conjugate acids in reducing metal centred oxidants, HNO2 reacts faster than NO2- in reducing or . The observed rates of nitrite oxidation do not depend on the variation of 1,10-phenanthroline content of the solution indicating that the MnIV-bound phen ligands do not dissociate in solution under experimental conditions. Also, there was no kinetic evidence for any kind of pre-equilibrium replacement of MnIV-bound water by nitrite prior to electron transfer which indicates the substitution-inert nature of the MnIV-bound waters and the 1,10-phenanthroline ligands. The MnIV3 to MnII transition in the present observation proceeds through the intermediate generation of the spectrally characterised mixed-valent MnIIIMnIV dimer that quickly produces MnII. The reaction rates are substantially lowered when solvent H2O is replaced by D2O and a rate determining 1e, 1H+ electroprotic mechanism is proposed.     

Mechanistic studies on the oxidation of ascorbic acid and hydroquinone by a {Mn4O6}4+ core in aqueous media

Described in this work is the kinetics of oxidation of ascorbic acid and hydroquinone by a tetranuclear Mn(IV) oxidant, [Mn(4)(μ-O)(6)(bipy)(6)](4+) (1(4+), bipy =2,2(/)-bipyridine), in aqueous solution over a wide pH range 1.5-6.0. In particular, below pH 3.0, protonation on the oxo-bridge of 1(4+) results in the formation of [Mn(4)(μ-O)(5)(μ-OH)(bipy)(6)](5+) (1H(5+)) as an additional oxidant over 1(4+). Both ascorbic acid and ascorbate whereas only hydroquinone and none of its protolytic species were found to be reactive reducing agents in these reactions. Analysis of the rate data clearly established that the oxo-bridge protonated oxidant 1H(5+) is kinetically far more superior to 1(4+) in oxidizing ascorbic acid and hydroquinone. Rates of these reactions are substantially lowered in D(2)O-enriched media in comparison to that in H(2)O media. An initial one electron one proton transfer electroprotic rate step could be mechanistically conceived. DFT studies established that among the two sets of terminal and central Mn(IV) atoms in the tetranuclear oxidant, one of the two terminal Mn(IV) is reduced to Mn(III) at the rate step that we can intuitively predict considering the probable positive charge distribution on the Mn(IV) atoms.     

Mechanistic Studies on the Oxidation of Glyoxylic and Pyruvic Acid by a [Mn4O6]4+ Core in Aqueous Media: Kinetics of Oxo‐Bridge Protonation

In aqueous media (pH 2.5–6.0), the Mn^IV tetramer [Mn₄(μ‐O)₆(bipy)₆]⁴⁺ ( 1 ⁴⁺; bipy = 2,2′‐bipyridine) oxidizes both glyoxylic and pyruvic acid to formic and acetic acid, respectively, under formation of CO₂. Kinetics studies suggest that the species 1 ⁴⁺, its oxo‐bridge protonated form [ 1 H]⁵⁺, i.e., [Mn₄(μ‐O)₅(μ‐OH)(bipy)₆]⁵⁺, the reducing acids (RH) and their conjugate bases (R^?) all take part in the reaction. The oxo‐bridge protonated oxidant [ 1 H]⁵⁺ was found to react much faster than 1 ⁴⁺. Thereby, the gem‐diol forms of the α‐oxo acids (especially in the case of glyoxylic acid) are the possible reductants. A one‐electron/one‐proton electroprotic mechanism operates in the rate‐determining step.     

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of hydroxylamine by a {Mn3O4}4+ core in aqueous acidic media

In this work we report the kinetics of oxidation of hydroxylamine by a trinuclear Mn(IV) oxidant, [Mn(3)(μ-O)(4)(phen)(4)(H(2)O)(2)](4+) (1, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline), in aqueous solution over a pH range 2.0-4.0. The trinuclear Mn(IV) species (1) deprotonates in aqueous solution at physiological pH: 1 ? 2 + H(+); pK(1) = 4.00 (± 0.15) at 25.0 °C, I = 1.0 (M) NaNO(3). Both 1 and 2 are reactive oxidants reacting with the conjugate acid of hydroxylamine, viz. NH(3)OH(+) where the deprotonated oxidant 2 reacts faster. This finding is in contrast to a common observation and belief that protonated oxidants react quicker than their deprotonated analogues. Mn(IV)(3) to Mn(II) transition in the present reaction proceeds through the intervention of a spectrally detected mixed-valent Mn(III)Mn(IV) dimer that quickly collapses to Mn(II). The rate of the reaction was found to be lowered in D(2)O-enriched media in comparison to that in pure H(2)O media. An initial one electron one proton transfer to Mn(IV)(3) (electroprotic; 1e, 1H(+)) could be mechanistically conceived as the rate step. We also demonstrate by means of high level DFT studies that, among the two sets of Mn(IV) atoms in the trinuclear oxidant, the unique one that is coordinated with two phen ligands and two oxo-bridges is reduced to Mn(III) at the rate step. This is explained based on energetic and spin density calculations. Moreover, this result agrees with the charge distribution on the Mn atoms of the trinuclear complex.     

Mechanistic Studies on the Oxidation of Nitrite by a μ‐Oxodiiron(III,III) Complex in Aqueous Acidic Media

Examined in this study is the kinetics of a net 2e⁻ transfer between [Fe₂(μ‐O)(phen)₄(H₂O)₂]⁴⁺ ( 1 ) and its hydrolytic derivatives [Fe₂(μ‐O)(phen)₄(H₂O)(OH)]³⁺ ( 2 ) and [Fe₂(μ‐O)(phen)₄(OH)₂]²⁺ ( 3 ) with in aqueous media and in presence of excess 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen). The reaction is quantitative with a 1 : 1 stoichiometry between the oxidant and reductant to produce ferroin ([Fe(phen)₃]²⁺) and . The order of reactivity of the oxidant species is 1 > 2 > 3 , in agreement with the progressive cationic charge reduction. The reactions appear to be inner‐sphere where the initial one‐electron proton‐coupled redox (1e⁻, 1H⁺; electroprotic) seems to be rate‐determining.     

Mechanistic studies on the oxidation of glyoxylic and pyruvic acids by a {Mn3O4}4+ core in aqueous media

In aqueous media, the Mn^IV trimer [Mn^IV₃(μ‐O)₄(phen)₄(H₂O)₂]⁴⁺ ( 1 , phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) equilibrates with its deprotonated from [Mn₃(μ‐O)₄(phen)₄(H₂O)(OH)]³⁺ ( 2 ). Among the several synthetic multinuclear oxo‐ and/or carboxylato‐bridged manganese complexes known to date containing metal‐bound water, to the best of our knowledge, 1 is one of the rare examples that deprotonates ( 1 ? 2 + H⁺; pK_a = 4.00 (±0.15) at 25.0°C, I = 1.0 mol dm^?3, maintained with NaNO₃) at physiological pH. In aqueous media (pH 2–4), 1 oxidizes both glyoxylic and pyruvic acids to formic and acetic acid, respectively, along with the formation of CO₂, the end manganese state being Mn^II. Kinetic studies suggest that the species 1 , its deprotonated form 2 , the reducing acids (HA), and their conjugate bases (A^?) all take part in the reaction. The oxidant 1 is found to be more reactive than its conjugate base 2 , and HA reacts faster than A^? in reducing 1 or 2 . The gem‐diol form of the α‐oxo acids (especially for glyoxylic acid) is the possible reducing species. The Mn^IV₃ to Mn^II transition in the present observation proceeds through the intermediate generation of the spectrally characterized mixed‐valent Mn^IIIMn^IV dimer that quickly collapses to Mn^II. The observed rates of glyoxylic or pyruvic acid oxidation do not depend on the variation of 1,10‐phenanthroline content of the solution, indicating the absence of any phen‐releasing preequilibrium of the title complex in solution. The reactions rates were found to be lowered in media enriched with D₂O in comparison to that in H₂O and a rate‐limiting one electron one proton (1e, 1H⁺) electroprotic mechanism is proposed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 42: 323–335, 2010     

Kinetics of uncatalysed and Mn2+ -catalysed oxidation of hydrazine by [MnIV 3 (μ-O)4(bipy)4(H2O)2]4+ ion in aqueous acid

In aqueous acid, hydrazine reduces [Mn^IV ₃(-O)₄(bipy)₄(H₂O)₂]⁴⁺, (1), quantitatively to [Mn^III,IV ₂(-O)₂(bipy)₄]³⁺, (2), and Mn²⁺ if [N₂H⁺ ₅] 2 × (stoichiometric amount). At higher [N₂H⁺ ₅], reduction proceeds up to Mn²⁺. The reduction of (1) to (2) is strongly catalysed by Mn²⁺ and the absorbance (A _t ) versus time (t) graphs have sigmoidal shapes. The graphs become steeper with increasing amounts of added Mn²⁺ and N₂H⁺ ₅, but remain unchanged when [H⁺] is changed. The A _t – t graphs, under various experimental conditions, can all be simulated with a single set of second order rate constants, estimated for the individual steps in a proposed reaction scheme, in which the catalytic action of Mn²⁺ involves a one-electron and a two-electron reduced form of (1), but not (1) itself. The absence of any proton-dependence of the reaction rate refutes an electroprotic mechanism and an inner-sphere mechanism appears to be most likely for the reduction of (1) by N₂H⁺ ₅     

Penicillamine and captopril: mechanistic exploration of defensive actions of thiol drugs against a metal bound-superoxo complex

In acid-media ([H⁺] = 0.01–0.06 M), each of the thiol compounds, D-penicillamine (PEN, L_PH₂) and captopril (CAP, L_CH₂) exist in several proton-dependent forms which can reduce the superoxo complex [(en)(dien)Co^III(O₂)Co^III(en)(dien)]⁵⁺ (1) to the corresponding peroxo [(en)(dien)Co^III(O₂)Co^III(en)(dien)]⁴⁺ (2) or the hydroperoxo complex [(en)(dien)Co^III(OOH)Co^III(en)(dien)]⁵⁺ (3). The observed first-order rate constants, k_o,P and k_o,C for PEN and CAP increase with the increase in [T_PEN] and [T_CAP] (which are the analytical concentrations of the respective thiols) but decrease with the increase in the media-acidity ([H⁺]) and the media ionic strength (I). The protolytic equilibria in aqueous solution allow several potentially reducing forms to coexist for both PEN (L_PH₃⁺, L_PH₂, L_PH^?, and L_P^2?) and CAP (L_CH₂, L_CH^?, L_C^2?) but the kinetic analyses reveal that the order of reactivity for the species are L_PH₃⁺ ~ L_PH₂ <<< L_PH^? and L_CH₂ < L_CH^? <<< L_C^2?, respectively. The predominance and higher reactivities of the anionic species, L_PH^? and L_C^2? are supported by the negative slopes of the plots of k_o,P or k_o,C versus I. Moreover, a large value of k_H/k_D for PEN suggests an inner-sphere electroprotic reaction pathway while the absence of such effect for CAP strongly supports an outer-sphere electron transfer reaction. These propositions are supported by the structural features of L_PH^? and L_C^2?.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

酞菁染料的金属化和溴化与光物理影响的研究

以α位(2,4-二特戊基)苯氧基邻苯二腈作为环合前体,制备了多种金属酞菁,产物经元素分析、紫外、红外、核磁氢谱等分析手段进行表征.并选择了部分酞菁进行溴化,其中着重研究了不同中心金属以及溴化对染料Q带吸收的影响.结果表明,酞菁染料的金属化对于其Q带吸收影响很大,多数染料金属化后会出现蓝移,而选择合适的条件进行溴化,可以使得金属酞菁的Q带吸收出现一定程度的红移,其中部分溴化金属酞菁的吸收波长与光信息产业中使用的近红外激光器很接近,具有潜在的实用价值.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.     

PHONONS IN POLYACENIC CHAINS

We have theoretically resolved phonon excitations in quasi-two-dimensional organic crystals of polyacenic semiconductor material which may be obtained by the pyrolytic treatment of phenol-formaldehyde resin. A model for studying the dynamical properties using three polyacene chains is proposed with the aim to present the vibrational properties of this structure. It employs the formalism of solid states in two dimensions which admit phonons. A simulation process of the two-dimensional lattice structure shows that elastic waves may explain the existence of vibrational modes in the frequency range 100-400 cm-1. The presence of acoustic and optical like phonons is discussed in terms of the elastic force constants. A hyperfine resonance structure is obtained. It allows the analysis of the dynamical evolution in thin films of polyacene. It is found that the behavior of the phonon density of states exhibits resonance between modes in the structure.     

Contributions to the Chemistry of the Binary Compounds of the Transition Elements

Phase and structural relationships of the sulfur, selenium, and tellurium compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups IV to VII of the periodic system are discussed. Homologous elements behave very similarly with respect to the chalcogens, and this is particularly the case for niobium and tantalum, and for molybdenum and tungsten. However, zirconium, niobium, and molybdenum have a greater tendency towards formation of chalcogen-poor phases than their homologues hafnium, tantalum, and tungsten. Subchalcogenides are known only for zirconium and niobium. The number of phases and the tendency towards formation of solid solutions are considerably smaller among the tellurides than among the sulfides and selenides. The crystal structures of the telluride phases also differ from those of the sulfide and selenide phases of analogous composition. In addition, a review of the phase and structural relationships of the arsenic and antimony compounds of the 4d and 5d transition elements of groups V to VII is given.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CrOx在ZrO2上的分散状态及其CO还原NO性能的研究

利用XRD和BET等物理技术研究了CrOx对ZrO2的抗烧结性能及Cr的分散状态.结果表明,CrOx是良好的ZrO2抗烧结剂,会抑制ZrO2晶型从无定形→四方→单斜的相变过程;CrOx与ZrO2之间的强相互作用还有利于Crox在ZrO2表面的分散.NO的TPD-MS实验表明,NO在CrOx/ZrO2表面存在两种与ZrO2作用强弱不同的吸附态,在程序升温脱附过程中发生了NO的离解反应.NO+CO的反应实验表明,反应过程中存在中间产物N2O,低温有利生成N2O,而高温有利于转化成N2.     

Role of Ni(II) and Co(II) ions in the mediated reduction of gem-dichlorocyclopropanes

A study has been made of the influence of Co(II) and Ni(II) ions on the kinetics of the homogeneous reduction of gem-dichlorocyclopropanes by anthracene anion radicals. It has been shown that Co(II) and Ni(II) ions accelerate this process. The observed effect depends on the nature and concentration of the metal ion and also on the type of gem-dichlorocyclopropane. Two mechanisms are examined: 1) homogeneous reduction of metal ions by anthracene anion radicals with the formation of univalent and zero-valent metals that are more effective reducting agents; and 2) activation of a dichlorocyclopropane molecule by previous coordination with a metal ion.A. E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan' Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 420083 Kazan'. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2, pp. 292–297, February, 1992.     

ELECTROCHEMICAL POLYMERIZATION OF ANILINE IN PHOSPHORIC ACID AND THE PROPERTIES OF POLYANILINE

The behavior of the electrochemical polymerization of aniline in a weak acid, phosphoric acid, is very similar to that in strong acids, i.e. its polymerization rate increases quickly with the electrolysis time. The FTIR spectra of polyaniline samples synthesized in phosphoric acid indicate that the counter ion H2PO4^- is present in both the oxidized form and the reduced form of polyaniline. The counter ion plays an important role in adjusting the pH value at the electrode surface of polyaniline during the oxidation and reduction processes. As a result, a pair of redox peaks still appear in cyclic voltammograms of polyaniline in a solution of sodium sulfate of pH 5.5 and in a solution of NaH2PO4 of pH 7.0,respectively, at low potential scan rate; and the color of polyaniline film also changes with applied potential at pH 7.0. Thus,the pH region for the electrochemical activity and the electrochromism of polyaniline is extended to pH 5.5 for a solution of sodium sulfate and to pH 7.0 for a solution of NaH2PO4. The conductivity of polyaniline is 3.3 S cm^-1, depending on the concentration of phosphoric acid used in the stage of polymerization of aniline. The result of elemental analysis of polyaniline is presented here.     

Dielectric analysis of PMMA microcapsules containing an aqueous KCl solution to derive a distribution function of the release rate of KCl

Release of KCl from a batch of PMMA microcapsules containing an aqueous 3 mM KCl solution was studied with the following two methods: 1) dielectric measurements of suspensions of the microcapsules in distilled water. The electrical conductivity of capsule interior was estimated with this method. 2) Measurements of the conductivity of suspending medium of the microcapsule suspensions. These two kinds of experiments provided us with information about the amount of KCl remaining in the capsules and that diffused outside. Results of these experiments showed that the microcapsules varied in their release rate of KCl. A distribution function of the release rates was derived from the results of the dielectric measurements. That distribution function was successful in explaining the results of the measurements of the conductivity of suspending medium. Furrther examination revealed that the release rate increased with the increase in the thickness of capsule wall.