三维多孔碳负载氧化锡并协同氟化锂制备高性能锂离子阳极

新型多孔碳纳米片/碳纳米管(PC/CNT)材料表现出丰富的分级孔隙结构,具有较高的氧化锡(SnO2)负载量.通过PC和CNT交联形成的三维结构能够有效地提高锂离子传输速率和电子的传导.此外,在电极中掺杂的氟化锂(LiF)不仅能够降低SnO2-PC/CNT-LiF电极的电荷转移电阻,而且还能补充SEI膜形成时消耗的Li+...     

富钴多孔碳制备高性能氧化锡阳极

通过一步碳化法制备富含氧化钴(CoO)的多孔碳(PC(Co))材料作为氧化锡(SnO_2)的载体。PC(Co)材料具有丰富的多孔结构,能够高效承载SnO_2。不仅如此,PC(Co)材料中的氧化钴能够作用于电化学反应,有效降低LiO_2的生成。但CoO参与反应会消耗大量的锂离子,所以选择添加氟化锂(LiF),在补锂的同时能够增强SEI膜的稳定性。SnO_2-PC(Co)/LiF电极活性物质的负载量高达1.51 mg·cm~(-2)。电化学测试表明,在电流密度为100 mAh·g~(-1)时,SnO_2-PC(Co)/LiF电极首次放电比容量达到1 653.63mAh·g~(-1),活性物质的利用率高达93.14%。循环100次后,放电比容量仍然达到1 070.68 mAh·g~(-1),且库仑效率仍然保持在99.81%。     

氧化锡多孔纳米纤维的制备及储锂性能

采用高压静电纺丝结合高温煅烧的方法制备了SnO₂多孔纳米纤维, 通过调节前驱体浓度获得具有高孔隙率的疏散型纤维, 利用SEM, TGA, XRD和电化学测试等手段对材料进行了表征. 结果表明, SnO₂多孔纳米纤维具有较好的电化学性质, 作为锂离子电池负极材料的初始可逆容量为717 mA·h/g, 20次循环后电池的充放电容量保持在320 mA·h/g左右.     

多孔纳米片状石墨相氮化碳的制备及其可见光催化

以三聚氰胺和硫脲为前驱体,通过简易的氧气刻蚀制备了多孔纳米片状氮化碳。相比于三聚氰胺制备的薄片状氮化碳(MCNS),以硫脲制备的多孔纳米片状的g-C_3N_4(TCNS)片层更薄,其单片厚度约为30 nm,且TCNS的层状结构明显,能带隙约为3.03 eV,高于石墨相氮化碳(2.77 eV),更宽的禁带赋予载流子更强的氧化还原能力。较大的比表面积(114 m~2·g~(-1))可以提供更多的活性位点,同时纳米片状结构可以促进电子与空穴的有效分离和转移,且能有效地降低光生载流子的复合率,因而TCNS具有更高的光催化活性。     

多孔纳米片状石墨相氮化碳的制备及其可见光催化

以三聚氰胺和硫脲为前驱体,通过简易的氧气刻蚀制备了多孔纳米片状氮化碳。相比于三聚氰胺制备的薄片状氮化碳（MCNS）,以硫脲制备的多孔纳米片状的g-C₃N₄（TCNS）片层更薄,其单片厚度约为30 nm,且TCNS的层状结构明显,能带隙约为3.03 eV,高于石墨相氮化碳（2.77 eV）,更宽的禁带赋予载流子更强的氧化还原能力。较大的比表面积（114 m²·g^-1）可以提供更多的活性位点,同时纳米片状结构可以促进电子与空穴的有效分离和转移,且能有效地降低光生载流子的复合率,因而TCNS具有更高的光催化活性。     

溶胶-凝胶法可控制备氧化锡纳米晶包覆碳纳米管

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了氧化锡纳米晶包覆的碳纳米管。自由Sn4+离子从稳定的Sn柠檬酸配合物中缓慢释放出来,迁移到碳纳米管上,并在碳纳米管上沉积形成了SnO2纳米晶,沉积过程完全为异相成核方式,在碳纳米管外并没有发现单独的SnO2纳米晶。这种溶胶-凝胶方法还可以用来制备无氯离子污染的、低团聚的纯SnO2纳米晶。     

氮掺杂石墨烯量子点/MOF衍生多孔碳纳米片构筑高性能超级电容器

首先采用溶液法在碳布上生长Co-MOF二维纳米片,通过高温退火和刻蚀后得到MOF衍生多孔碳纳米片。以Co-MOF衍生的多孔碳纳米片/碳布(CNS/CC)作为碳基骨架,采用电化学沉积法负载高活性氮掺杂石墨烯量子点(N-GQDs),制备得到分级多孔结构的N-GQD/CNS/CC复合材料。组装成自支撑且无粘结剂的N-GQD/CNS/CC电极,当电流密度为1 A·g~(-1)时,其比电容高达423 F·g~(-1)。通过储能机制和电容贡献机制的研究表明,在碳纤维上原位生长的具有高双电层电容的CNS和表面负载具有高赝电容的N-GQDs之间相互协同作用,使得N-GQD/CNS/CC电极具有高电容性能,是一种理想的超级电容器电极材料。电极材料的高导电、分级多孔结构有利于电子的传输和电解质离子的扩散,具有良好的动力学性能,能快速充放电和具有优异的倍率特性。将电极组装成对称型超级电容器,功率密度为250 W·kg~(-1)时对应的能量密度达到7.9 Wh·kg~(-1),且经过10 000次循环后电容保持率为91.2%,说明氮掺杂石墨烯量子点/MOF衍生多孔碳纳米片复合材料是一种电化学性能稳定的具有高电容性能的全碳电极材料。     

熔盐锌热法制备三维多孔碳用于高性能钾离子电池负极材料

采用熔盐锌热法,以蔗糖为前驱体成功制备了三维多孔碳材料,并将其用作钾离子电池负极材料。所制备的三维多孔碳具有大量相互贯通的孔道,有效地缓解了电极在充放电循环过程中的体积效应,提高了电解液对电极的浸润性,缩短了钾离子的扩散路径,从而展现出优异的循环稳定性和倍率性能。三维多孔碳电极在0.5 A·g-1的电流密度下,经过2500次循环后仍展现174.6 mAh·g-1的比容量,甚至在4.4 A·g-1的高倍率下容量仍保持在170 mAh·g-1。     

基于活化多孔碳负载聚苯胺正极和活化多孔碳负极的有机非对称超级电容器

采用KOH活化法制得高比表面积的活化多孔碳(aHPC),借助原位化学氧化法制得疏松多孔的活化多孔碳负载聚苯胺纳米复合材料(aHPC@PANI),并分别以aHPC及aHPC@PANI为负极与正极,以四乙基氟硼酸-乙腈为电解液,构建有机非对称超级电容器。电化学测试结果显示:在1A/g电流密度下,aHPC@PANI正极与aHPC负极分别呈现256.7F/g(-0.6~0.8V)及152.4F/g(-2~-0.6 V)的比容量;所组装的有机非对称电容器呈现宽电位窗口(2.8V),高的能量密度(在0.75kW/kg功率密度下为56.2 W·h/kg)及优异的循环稳定性(循环5 000次后其比电容保持率高达92.4%)。     

多孔碳材料的制备

多孔碳材料不仅具有碳材料化学稳定高、导电性好等优点,由于多孔结构的引入,还具有比表面积高、孔道结构丰富、孔径可调等特点,在催化、吸附和电化学储能等方面都得到了广泛的应用。本文综述了微孔、介孔、大孔及多级孔碳等多孔碳材料的最新研究进展,重点介绍了多孔碳孔道结构的调控,并对多孔碳材料的应用进行了展望。     

Biomass Inspired Nitrogen Doped Porous Carbon Anode with High Performance for Lithium Ion Batteries

Ginkgo leave, a naturally abundant resource, has been successfully employed as the raw material to prepare nitrogen doped porous carbon (NDPC) materials. The preparation of the porous carbon does not involve assistance of any activation or template technique. The as‐obtained NDPC shows favorable features for electrochemical energy storage, which can not only provide multiple sites for the storage and insertion of Li ions, but also facilitate rapid mass transport of electrons and Li ions. As a result, the NDPC when evaluated as an anode material for lithium ion batteries delivers high reversible capacity (505 mAh·g^?1 at 0.1 C), excellent rate capability (190 mAh·g^?1 at 10 C). These favorable properties suggest that the NDPC can be a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries (LIBs).     

纳米锡/硬碳复合材料作为嵌锂负极的研究

利用金属铁和钴纳米颗粒的催化活化作用,制备了多孔硬碳球.应用聚焦离子束切割技术,观察到扩孔后的硬碳球中充满彼此连通的发达中孔.在此多孔硬碳球中填入纳米锡(Sn)颗粒,对复合材料的电化学性能进行了测试.     

Tin Oxide Thin Film with Three‐Dimensional Ordered Reticular Morphology as a Lithium Ion Battery Anode

Three‐dimensional (3D) reticular SnO₂ thin films deposited on copper and stainless steel substrates were prepared by the electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) technique. The 3D reticular SnO₂ film exhibit a high reversible capacity near 300 mAh g^?1 up to the 50th cycle.     

A Hierarchical Tin/Carbon Composite as an Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries with a Long Cycle Life

Tin is a promising anode candidate for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries with a high energy density, but suffers from the huge volume change (ca. 260 %) upon lithiation. To address this issue, here we report a new hierarchical tin/carbon composite in which some of the nanosized Sn particles are anchored on the tips of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that are rooted on the exterior surfaces of micro‐sized hollow carbon cubes while other Sn nanoparticles are encapsulated in hollow carbon cubes. Such a hierarchical structure possesses a robust framework with rich voids, which allows Sn to alleviate its mechanical strain without forming cracks and pulverization upon lithiation/de‐lithiation. As a result, the Sn/C composite exhibits an excellent cyclic performance, namely, retaining a capacity of 537 mAh g^?1 for around 1000 cycles without obvious decay at a high current density of 3000 mA g^?1.     

Multiple Ambient Hydrolysis Deposition of Tin Oxide into Nanoporous Carbon To Give a Stable Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

A novel ambient hydrolysis deposition (AHD) methodology that employs sequential water adsorption followed by a hydrolysis reaction to infiltrate SnO₂ nanoparticles into the nanopores of mesoporous carbon in a conformal and controllable manner is introduced. The empty space in the SnO₂/C composites can be adjusted by varying the number of AHD cycles. An SnO₂/C composite with an intermediate SnO₂ loading exhibited an initial specific delithiation capacity of 1054 mAh g^?1 as an anode for Li‐ion batteries. The capacity contribution from SnO₂ in the composite electrode approaches the theoretical capacity of SnO₂ (1494 mAh g^?1) if both Sn alloying and SnO₂ conversion reactions are considered to be reversible. The composite shows a specific capacity of 573 mAh g^?1 after 300 cycles, that is, one of the most stable cycling performances for SnO₂/mesoporous carbon composites. The results demonstrated the importance of well‐tuned empty space in nanostructured composites to accommodate expansion of the electrode active mass during alloying/dealloying and conversion reactions.     

二氧化锡/石墨烯柔性电极的制备及其在锂离子电池中的应用

采用简便的抽滤装置制备了三明治结构的不同粒径大小的二氧化锡(SnO_2)/石墨烯柔性薄膜电极,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、比表面积(BET)和电化学等测试技术手段对样品结构、形貌和电化学性能进行表征,研究了二氧化锡颗粒大小对复合电极电化学性能的影响。结果表明,当SnO_2纳米颗粒的粒径为6 nm时柔性复合电极表现出最优的电化学性能,在100 m A/g的电流密度下经过100次循环后,可逆比容量保持在555 m A·h/g,远高于纯SnO_2和粒径过大或过小的SnO_2/石墨烯复合电极。