The estimation of truncation error by τ-estimation revisited

The aim of this paper was to accurately estimate the local truncation error of partial differential equations, that are numerically solved using a finite difference or finite volume approach on structured and unstructured meshes. In this work, we approximated the local truncation error using the τ-estimation procedure, which aims to compare the residuals on a sequence of grids with different spacing. First, we focused the analysis on one-dimensional scalar linear and non-linear test cases to examine the accuracy of the estimation of the truncation error for both finite difference and finite volume approaches on different grid topologies. Then, we extended the analysis to two-dimensional problems: first on linear and non-linear scalar equations and finally on the Euler equations. We demonstrated that this approach yields a highly accurate estimation of the truncation error if some conditions are fulfilled. These conditions are related to the accuracy of the restriction operators, the choice of the boundary conditions, the distortion of the grids and the magnitude of the iteration error.     

An adaptive multiresolution scheme with local time stepping for evolutionary PDEs

We present a fully adaptive numerical scheme for evolutionary PDEs in Cartesian geometry based on a second-order finite volume discretization. A multiresolution strategy allows local grid refinement while controlling the approximation error in space. For time discretization we use an explicit Runge–Kutta scheme of second-order with a scale-dependent time step. On the finest scale the size of the time step is imposed by the stability condition of the explicit scheme. On larger scales, the time step can be increased without violating the stability requirement of the explicit scheme. The implementation uses a dynamic tree data structure. Numerical validations for test problems in one space dimension demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the local time-stepping scheme with respect to both multiresolution scheme with global time stepping and finite volume scheme on a regular grid. Fully adaptive three-dimensional computations for reaction–diffusion equations illustrate the additional speed-up of the local time stepping for a thermo-diffusive flame instability.     

Minimization of the Truncation Error by Grid Adaptation

A new grid adaptation strategy, which minimizes the truncation error of a pth-order finite difference approximation, is proposed. The main idea of the method is based on the observation that the global truncation error associated with discretization on nonuniform meshes can be minimized if the interior grid points are redistributed in an optimal sequence. The method does not explicitly require the truncation error estimate, and at the same time, it allows one to increase the design order of approximation globally by one, so that the same finite difference operator reveals superconvergence properties on the optimal grid. Another very important characteristic of the method is that if the differential operator and the metric coefficients are evaluated identically by some hybrid approximation, then the single optimal grid generator can be employed in the entire computational domain independently of points where the hybrid discretization switches from one approximation to another. Generalization of the present method to multiple dimensions is presented. Numerical calculations of several one-dimensional and one two-dimensional test examples demonstrate the performance of the method and corroborate the theoretical results.     

Unstructured finite volume discretisation of bed friction and convective flux in solute transport models linked to the shallow water equations

The finite volume discretisation of the shallow water equations has been the subject of many previous studies, most of which deal with a well-balanced conservative discretisation of the convective flux and bathymetry. However, the bed friction discretisation has not been so profusely analysed in previous works, while it may play a leading role in certain applications of shallow water models. In this paper we analyse the numerical discretisation of the bed friction term in the two-dimensional shallow water equations, and we propose a new unstructured upwind finite volume discretisation for this term. The new discretisation proposed improves the accuracy of the model in problems in which the bed friction is a relevant force in the momentum equation, and it guarantees a perfect balance between gravity and bed friction under uniform flow conditions. The relation between the numerical scheme used to solve the hydrodynamic equations and the scheme used to solve a scalar transport model linked to the shallow water equations, is also analysed in the paper. It is shown that the scheme used in the scalar transport model must take into consideration the scheme used to solve the hydrodynamic equations. The most important implication is that a well-balanced and conservative scheme for the scalar transport equation cannot be formulated just from the water depth and velocity fields, but has to consider also the way in which the hydrodynamic equations have been solved.     

An edge-based unstructured mesh discretisation in geospherical framework

An arbitrary finite-volume approach is developed for discretising partial differential equations governing fluid flows on the sphere. Unconventionally for unstructured-mesh global models, the governing equations are cast in the anholonomic geospherical framework established in computational meteorology. The resulting discretisation retains proven properties of the geospherical formulation, while it offers the flexibility of unstructured meshes in enabling irregular spatial resolution. The latter allows for a global enhancement of the spatial resolution away from the polar regions as well as for a local mesh refinement. A class of non-oscillatory forward-in-time edge-based solvers is developed and applied to numerical examples of three-dimensional hydrostatic flows, including shallow-water benchmarks, on a rotating sphere.     

Compact local integrated-RBF approximations for second-order elliptic differential problems

This paper presents a new compact approximation method for the discretisation of second-order elliptic equations in one and two dimensions. The problem domain, which can be rectangular or non-rectangular, is represented by a Cartesian grid. On stencils, which are three nodal points for one-dimensional problems and nine nodal points for two-dimensional problems, the approximations for the field variable and its derivatives are constructed using integrated radial basis functions (IRBFs). Several pieces of information about the governing differential equation on the stencil are incorporated into the IRBF approximations by means of the constants of integration. Numerical examples indicate that the proposed technique yields a very high rate of convergence with grid refinement.     

基于改进格林元的压裂水平井动态分析方法

以建立高效的动态分析方法为出发点,以边单元作为求解点,改进传统的格林元方法,减少未知数和求解矩阵维度;并提出基于改进格林元的加密网格加密方法,保证考虑复杂裂缝网络的压裂水平井动态模拟的早期精度.退化模型与半解析解、数值模拟结果进行对比,验证本文基于加密网格的改进格林元方法的准确性和动态分析的高效性.最后进行动态响应的敏感性分析,结果表明：①格林元方法是一种高精度的动态模拟方法,将求解节点设置在网格的边上可以提高压裂水平井动态模拟的速度;②改进格林元方法的加密基于叠加原理,不需要通过插值近似,其求解精度高.在相同加密网格条件下,基于本文改进格林元方法的加密效果比有限差分加密效果更佳;③复杂裂缝导流能力、改造区渗透率提高倍数、改造区大小等参数对压裂水平井动态特征影响较大,在动态分析和参数反演时,应着重考虑这些因素的影响.     

A direct-forcing embedded-boundary method with adaptive mesh refinement for fluid–structure interaction problems

In the present work we developed a structured adaptive mesh refinement (S-AMR) strategy for fluid–structure interaction problems in laminar and turbulent incompressible flows. The computational grid consists of a number of nested grid blocks at different refinement levels. The coarsest grid blocks always cover the entire computational domain, and local refinement is achieved by the bisection of selected blocks in every coordinate direction. The grid topology and data-structure is managed using the Paramesh toolkit. The filtered Navier–Stokes equations for incompressible flow are advanced in time using an explicit second-order projection scheme, where all spatial derivatives are approximated using second-order central differences on a staggered grid. For transitional and turbulent flow regimes the large-eddy simulation (LES) approach is used, where special attention is paid on the discontinuities introduced by the local refinement. For all the fluid–structure interaction problems reported in this study the complete set of equations governing the dynamics of the flow and the structure are simultaneously advanced in time using a predictor–corrector strategy. An embedded-boundary method is utilized to enforce the boundary conditions on a complex moving body which is not aligned with the grid lines. Several examples of increasing complexity are given to demonstrate the robustness and accuracy of the proposed formulation.     

Non-uniform order mixed FEM approximation: Implementation,post-processing,computable error bound and adaptivity

The present work provides a straightforward and focused set of tools and corresponding theoretical support for the implementation of an adaptive high order finite element code with guaranteed error control for the approximation of elliptic problems in mixed form. The work contains: details of the discretisation using non-uniform order mixed finite elements of arbitrarily high order; a new local post-processing scheme for the primary variable; the use of the post-processing scheme in the derivation of new, fully computable bounds for the error in the flux variable; and, an hp-adaptive refinement strategy based on the a posteriori error estimator. Numerical examples are presented illustrating the results obtained when the procedure is applied to a challenging problem involving a ten-pole electric motor with singularities arising from both geometric features and discontinuities in material properties. The procedure is shown to be capable of producing high accuracy numerical approximations with relatively modest numbers of unknowns.     

Integrating 1D and 2D hydrodynamic,sediment transport model for dam-break flow using finite volume method

The purpose of this study is to set up a dynamically linked 1D and 2D hydrodynamic and sediment transport models for dam break flow.The 1D-2D coupling model solves the generalized shallow water equations,the non-equilibrium sediment transport and bed change equations in a coupled fashion using an explicit finite volume method.It considers interactions among transient flow,strong sediment transport and rapid bed change by including bed change and variable flow density in the flow continuity and momentum equations.An unstructured Quadtree rectangular grid with local refinement is used in the 2D model.The intercell flux is computed by the HLL approximate Riemann solver with shock captured capability for computing the dry-to-wet interface for all models.The effects of pressure and gravity are included in source term in this coupling model which can simplify the computation and eliminate numerical imbalance between source and flux terms.The developed model has been tested against experimental and real-life case of dam-break flow over fix bed and movable bed.The results are compared with analytical solution and measured data with good agreement.The simulation results demonstrate that the coupling model is capable of calculating the flow,erosion and deposition for dam break flows in complicated natural domains.     

基于局部加密纯无网格法非线性Cahn-Hilliard方程的模拟

为数值求解描述不同物质间相位分离现象的高阶非线性Cahn-Hilliard(C-H)方程,发展了一种基于局部加密纯无网格有限点集法(local refinement finite pointset method,LR-FPM).其构造过程为:1)将C-H方程中四阶导数降阶为两个二阶导数,连续应用基于Taylor展开和加权最小二乘法的FPM离散空间导数;2)对区域进行局部加密和采用五次样条核函数以提高数值精度;3)局部线性方程组求解中准确施加含高阶导数Neumann边值条件.随后,运用LR-FPM求解有解析解的一维/二维C-H方程,分析粒子均匀分布/非均匀分布以及局部粒子加密情况的误差和收敛阶,展示了LR-FPM较网格类算法在非均匀布点情况下的优点.最后,采用LR-FPM对无解析解的一维/二维C-H方程进行了数值预测,并与有限差分结果相比较.数值结果表明,LR-FPM方法具有较高的数值精度和收敛阶,比有限差分法更易数值实现,能够准确展现不同类型材料间相位分离非线性扩散现象随时间的演化过程.     

Multigrid Solution of the Incompressible Navier–Stokes Equations for Density-Stratified Flow past Three-Dimensional Obstacles

The steady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations in three dimensions are solved for neutral and stably stratified flow past three-dimensional obstacles of increasing spanwise width. The continuous equations are approximated using a finite volume discretisation on staggered grids with a flux-limited monotonic scheme for the advective terms. The discrete equations which arise are solved using a nonlinear multigrid algorithm with up to four grid levels using the SIMPLE pressure correction method as smoother. When at its most effective the multigrid algorithm is demonstrated to yield convergence rates which are independent of the grid density. However, it is found that the asymptotic convergence rate depends on the choice of the limiter used for the advective terms of the density equation, and some commonly used schemes are investigated. The variation with obstacle width of the influence of the stratification on the flow field is described and the results of the three-dimensional computations are compared with those of the corresponding computation of flow over a two-dimensional obstacle (of effectively infinite width). Also given are the results of time-dependent computations for three-dimensional flows under conditions of strong static stability when lee-wave propagation is present and the multigrid algorithm is used to compute the flow at each time step.     

Euler及N-S方程的二维四边形/叉树混合网格自适应算法

描述了一种基于直角叉树网格的Euler和N-S方程自适应算法.由于考虑了粘性的作用,提出并使用了四边形叉树混合网格的方法,在几何表面附近生成贴体的四边形网格,外流场使用直角叉树网格.采用中心有限体积法,对Euler及N-S方程进行数值求解,对N-S方程的计算中加入了B-L代数湍流模型.在流场中,运用了网格自适应算法,提高了数值计算对激波、流动分离等特性的捕捉和分辨能力.采用上述方法,数值分析了单段和多段翼型的绕流问题.     

Fully anisotropic goal-oriented mesh adaptation for 3D steady Euler equations

This paper studies the coupling between anisotropic mesh adaptation and goal-oriented error estimate. The former is very well suited to the control of the interpolation error. It is generally interpreted as a local geometric error estimate. On the contrary, the latter is preferred when studying approximation errors for PDEs. It generally involves non local error contributions. Consequently, a full and strong coupling between both is hard to achieve due to this apparent incompatibility. This paper shows how to achieve this coupling in three steps.First, a new a priori error estimate is proved in a formal framework adapted to goal-oriented mesh adaptation for output functionals. This estimate is based on a careful analysis of the contributions of the implicit error and of the interpolation error. Second, the error estimate is applied to the set of steady compressible Euler equations which are solved by a stabilized Galerkin finite element discretization. A goal-oriented error estimation is derived. It involves the interpolation error of the Euler fluxes weighted by the gradient of the adjoint state associated with the observed functional. Third, rewritten in the continuous mesh framework, the previous estimate is minimized on the set of continuous meshes thanks to a calculus of variations. The optimal continuous mesh is then derived analytically. Thus, it can be used as a metric tensor field to drive the mesh adaptation. From a numerical point of view, this method is completely automatic, intrinsically anisotropic, and does not depend on any a priori choice of variables to perform the adaptation.3D examples of steady flows around supersonic and transsonic jets are presented to validate the current approach and to demonstrate its efficiency.     

Error estimation and anisotropic mesh refinement for 3d laminar aerodynamic flow simulations

This article considers a posteriori error estimation and anisotropic mesh refinement for three-dimensional laminar aerodynamic flow simulations. The optimal order symmetric interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin discretization which has previously been developed for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations in two dimensions is extended to three dimensions. Symmetry boundary conditions are given which allow to discretize and compute symmetric flows on the half model resulting in exactly the same flow solutions as if computed on the full model. Using duality arguments, an error estimation is derived for estimating the discretization error with respect to the aerodynamic force coefficients. Furthermore, residual-based indicators as well as adjoint-based indicators for goal-oriented refinement are derived. These refinement indicators are combined with anisotropy indicators which are particularly suited to the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) discretization. Two different approaches based on either a heuristic criterion or an anisotropic extension of the adjoint-based error estimation are presented. The performance of the proposed discretization, error estimation and adaptive mesh refinement algorithms is demonstrated for 3d aerodynamic flows.     

Spectral accuracy in fast Ewald-based methods for particle simulations

A spectrally accurate fast method for electrostatic calculations under periodic boundary conditions is presented. We follow the established framework of FFT-based Ewald summation, but obtain a method with an important decoupling of errors: it is shown, for the proposed method, that the error due to frequency domain truncation can be separated from the approximation error added by the fast method. This has the significance that the truncation of the underlying Ewald sum prescribes the size of the grid used in the FFT-based fast method, which clearly is the minimal grid. Both errors are of exponential-squared order, and the latter can be controlled independently of the grid size. We compare numerically to the established SPME method by Essmann et al. and see that the memory required can be reduced by orders of magnitude. We also benchmark efficiency (i.e. error as a function of computing time) against the SPME method, which indicates that our method is competitive. Analytical error estimates are proven and used to select parameters with a great degree of reliability and ease.     

Advances in multi-domain lattice Boltzmann grid refinement

Grid refinement has been addressed by different authors in the lattice Boltzmann method community. The information communication and reconstruction on grid transitions is of crucial importance from the accuracy and numerical stability point of view. While a decimation is performed when going from the fine to the coarse grid, a reconstruction must performed to pass form the coarse to the fine grid. In this context, we introduce a decimation technique for the copy from the fine to the coarse grid based on a filtering operation. We show this operation to be extremely important, because a simple copy of the information is not sufficient to guarantee the stability of the numerical scheme at high Reynolds numbers. Then we demonstrate that to reconstruct the information, a local cubic interpolation scheme is mandatory in order to get a precision compatible with the order of accuracy of the lattice Boltzmann method.These two fundamental extra-steps are validated on two classical 2D benchmarks, the 2D circular cylinder and the 2D dipole–wall collision. The latter is especially challenging from the numerical point of view since we allow strong gradients to cross the refinement interfaces at a relatively high Reynolds number of 5000. A very good agreement is found between the single grid and the refined grid cases.The proposed grid refinement strategy has been implemented in the parallel open-source library Palabos.     

Structural Resolvent Estimates and Derivative Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations

A refinement of a uniform resolvent estimate is given and several smoothing estimates for Schrödinger equations in the critical case are induced from it. The relation between this resolvent estimate and a radiation condition is discussed. As an application of critical smoothing estimates, we show a global existence result for derivative nonlinear Schrödinger equations.     

Mass,momentum and energy conserving (MaMEC) discretizations on general grids for the compressible Euler and shallow water equations

The paper explains a method by which discretizations of the continuity and momentum equations can be designed, such that they can be combined with an equation of state into a discrete energy equation. The resulting ‘MaMEC’ discretizations conserve mass, momentum as well as energy, although no explicit conservation law for the total energy is present. Essential ingredients are (i) discrete convection that leaves the discrete energy invariant, and (ii) discrete consistency between the thermodynamic terms. Of particular relevance is the way in which finite volume fluxes are related to nodal values. The method is an extension of existing methods based on skew-symmetry of discrete operators, because it allows arbitrary equations of state and a larger class of grids than earlier methods.The method is first illustrated with a one-dimensional example on a highly stretched staggered grid, in which the MaMEC method calculates qualitatively correct results and a non-skew-symmetric finite volume method becomes unstable. A further example is a two-dimensional shallow water calculation on a rectilinear grid as well as on an unstructured grid. The conservation of mass, momentum and energy is checked, and losses are found negligible up to machine accuracy.     

A priori mesh quality estimation via direct relation between truncation error and mesh distortion

The purpose of the present work is the derivation and evaluation of a priori mesh quality indicators for structured, unstructured, as well as hybrid grids. Emphasis is placed on deriving direct relations between the indicators and mesh distortion. The work is based on use of the finite volume discretization for evaluation of first order spatial derivatives. The analytic form of the truncation error is derived and applied to elementary types of mesh distortion including typical hybrid grid interfaces. The corresponding analytic expressions provide direct relations between computational accuracy and the degree of stretching, skewness, shearing and non-alignment of the mesh.