Exponential trichotomy and homoclinic bifurcation with saddle-center equilibrium

In this paper the bifurcation of a homoclinic orbit is studied for an ordinary differential equation with periodic perturbation. Exponential trichotomy theory with the method of Lyapunov–Schmidt is used to obtain some sufficient conditions to guarantee the existence of homoclinic solutions and periodic solutions for this problem. Some known results are extended.     

On subharmonic solutions of systems of difference equations with periodic perturbations Part II: Multiplicity and stability

We consider the multiplicity and stability of subharmonic solutions of discrete dynamic systems with periodic perturbations, whose existence was established in the first part of this series. Under the hypotheses that the perturbation is locally Lipschitz continuous, we determine the precise number of subharmonic solutions, and we also show that these subharmonic solutions are stable (unstable) provide the periodic orbit of the unperturbed system is stable (unstable).     

Justification of the coupled-mode approximation for a nonlinear elliptic problem with a periodic potential

Coupled-mode systems are used in physical literature to simplify the nonlinear Maxwell and Gross–Pitaevskii equations with a small periodic potential and to approximate localized solutions called gap solitons by analytical expressions involving hyperbolic functions. We justify the use of the 1D stationary coupled-mode system for a relevant elliptic problem by employing the method of Lyapunov–Schmidt reductions in Fourier space. In particular, existence of periodic/anti-periodic and decaying solutions is proved and the error terms are controlled in suitable norms. The use of multi-dimensional stationary coupled-mode systems is justified for analysis of bifurcations of periodic/anti-periodic solutions in a small multi-dimensional periodic potential.     

On stability of zero solution of an essentially nonlinear second-order differential equation

Small periodic (with respect to time) perturbations of an essentially nonlinear differential equation of the second order are studied. It is supposed that the restoring force of the unperturbed equation contains both a conservative and a dissipative part. It is also supposed that all solutions of the unperturbed equation are periodic. Thus, the unperturbed equation is an oscillator. The peculiarity of the considered problem is that the frequency of oscillations is an infinitely small function of the amplitude. The stability problem for the zero solution is considered. Lyapunov investigated the case of autonomous perturbations. He showed that the asymptotic stability or the instability depends on the sign of a certain constant and presented a method to compute it. Liapunov’s approach cannot be applied to nonautonomous perturbations (in particular, to periodic ones), because it is based on the possibility to exclude the time variable from the system. Modifying Lyapunov’s method, the following results were obtained. “Action–angle” variables are introduced. A polynomial transformation of the action variable, providing a possibility to compute Lyapunov’s constant, is presented. In the general case, the structure of the polynomial transformation is studied. It turns out that the “length” of the polynomial is a periodic function of the exponent of the conservative part of the restoring force in the unperturbed equation. The least period is equal to four.     

Multiplicity of positive periodic solutions to superlinear repulsive singular equations

In this paper, we study positive periodic solutions to the repulsive singular perturbations of the Hill equations. It is proved that such a perturbation problem has at least two positive periodic solutions when the anti-maximum principle holds for the Hill operator and the perturbation is superlinear at infinity. The proof relies on a nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder type and on Krasnoselskii fixed point theorem on compression and expansion of cones.     

First kind symmetric periodic solutions and their stability for the Kepler problem and anisotropic Kepler problem plus generalized anisotropic perturbation

Motivated by some problems in Celestial Mechanics that combines quasihomogeneous potential in the anisotropic space, we investigate the existence of several families of first kind symmetric periodic solutions for a family of planar perturbed Kepler problem. In addition, we give sufficient conditions for the existence of first kind periodic solutions and also we characterize its type of stability. As an application of this general situation, we discuss the existence of symmetric periodic solutions for the anisotropic Kepler problem plus a generalized anisotropic perturbation, (shortly, p-AKPQ problem) and for the Kepler problem plus a generalized anisotropic perturbation (shortly, p-KPQ problem), as continuation of circular orbits of the two-dimensional Kepler problem. To get this objective, we consider different types of perturbations and then we apply our main result.     

Perturbation of Fredholm eigenvalues of linear operators

We use the reduction method, which allows one to reduce the study of perturbations of multiple eigenvalues to perturbations of simple eigenvalues, to analyze the general perturbation problem for Fredholm points of the discrete spectrum of linear operator functions analytically depending on the spectral parameter. The same method is used to study a perturbation of multiple Fredholm points of the discrete Schmidt spectrum (s-numbers) of a linear operator. We present an example of a problem on a perturbation of the domain of the Sturm–Liouville problem for a second-order differential operator.     

Asymptotic behaviour of non-linear parabolic equations with monotone principal part

We consider non-linear parabolic equations with subdifferential principal part and give conditions under which they posses global attractors in spite of considering non-Lipschitz perturbations. The case of globally Lipschitz perturbations of a maximal monotone operator has been addressed in Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. B (8) 2 (2000) 693–706. In the case of perturbations which are not globally Lipschitz, the main difficulty is the lack of uniqueness of solutions which at first does not even allow us to define attractors. We overcome this difficulty for problems enjoying certain regularity and absorption properties that allow uniqueness of solutions after some time has been elapsed. The results developed here are applied to the case when the subdifferential operator is the p-Laplacian to obtain existence of attractors and the existence of periodic solutions.     

The stiffness of quasilinear gyroscopically coupled systems with respect to low and high frequency periodic perturbations

The stability of the equilibrium of gyroscopically coupled quasilinear systems with many degrees of freedom is investigated when there is dissipation and a periodic perturbation which is not necessarily of small amplitude. Non-potential forces (customarily referred to as radial correction forces or circulating forces) act together with potential forces. Under conditions of a low- and high-frequency periodic perturbation, classes of systems are distinguished using Lyapunov functions which possess the property of unperturbability, that is, their qualitative structure remains almost the same as in the case of autonomous systems. Generalizations to the case of non-periodic perturbations are possible.     

An Inverse Problem in Periodic Diffractive Optics: Reconstruction of Lipschitz Grating Profiles

We consider the problem of recovering a two-dimensional periodic structure from scattered waves measured above the structure. Following an approach by Kirsch and Kress, this inverse problem is reformulated as a nonlinear optimization problem. We develop a theoretical basis for the reconstruction method in the case of an arbitrary Lipschitz grating profile. The convergence analysis is based on new perturbation and stability results for the forward problem.     

Whitham modulation theory for the Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation and stability analysis of its periodic traveling wave solutions

We derive the Whitham modulation equations for the Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation via a multiple scales expansion and averaging two conservation laws over one oscillation period of its periodic traveling wave solutions. We then use the Whitham modulation equations to study the transverse stability of the periodic traveling wave solutions. We find that all periodic solutions traveling along the first spatial coordinate are linearly unstable with respect to purely transversal perturbations, and we obtain an explicit expression for the growth rate of perturbations in the long wave limit. We validate these predictions by linearizing the equation around its periodic solutions and solving the resulting eigenvalue problem numerically. We also calculate the growth rate of the solitary waves analytically. The predictions of Whitham modulation theory are in excellent agreement with both of these approaches. Finally, we generalize the stability analysis to periodic waves traveling in arbitrary directions and to perturbations that are not purely transversal, and we determine the resulting domains of stability and instability.     

The periodic solution bifurcated from homoclinic orbit for coupled ordinary differential equations

We consider the problem of the periodic solutions bifurcated from a homoclinic orbit for a pair of coupled ordinary differential equations in . Assume that the autonomous system has a degenerate homoclinic solution γ in . A functional analytic approach is used to consider the existence of periodic solution for the autonomous system with periodic perturbations. By exponential dichotomies and the method of Lyapunov–Schmidt, the bifurcation function defined between two finite dimensional subspaces is obtained, where the zeros correspond to the existence of periodic solutions for the coupled ordinary differential equations near . Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spectral analysis for periodic solutions of the Cahn�CHilliard equation on {\mathbb{R}}

We consider the spectrum associated with the linear operator obtained when the Cahn–Hilliard equation on \mathbbR{\mathbb{R}} is linearized about a stationary periodic solution. Our analysis is particularly motivated by the study of spinodal decomposition, a phenomenon in which the rapid cooling (quenching) of a homogeneously mixed binary alloy causes separation to occur, resolving the mixture into regions of different crystalline structure, separated by steep transition layers. In this context, a natural problem regards the evolution of solutions initialized by small, random (in some sense) perturbations of the pre-quenching homogeneous state. Solutions initialized in this way appear to evolve transiently toward certain unstable periodic solutions, with the rate of evolution described by the spectrum associated with these periodic solutions. In the current paper, we use Evans function methods and a perturbation argument to locate the spectrum associated with such periodic solutions. We also briefly discuss a heuristic method due to Langer for relating our spectral information to coarsening rates.     

On the matrix Fourier filtering problem for a class of models of nonlinear optical systems with a feedback

A novel statement of the Fourier filtering problem based on the use of matrix Fourier filters instead of conventional multiplier filters is considered. The basic properties of the matrix Fourier filtering for the filters in the Hilbert–Schmidt class are established. It is proved that the solutions with a finite energy to the periodic initial boundary value problem for the quasi-linear functional differential diffusion equation with the matrix Fourier filtering Lipschitz continuously depend on the filter. The problem of optimal matrix Fourier filtering is formulated, and its solvability for various classes of matrix Fourier filters is proved. It is proved that the objective functional is differentiable with respect to the matrix Fourier filter, and the convergence of a version of the gradient projection method is also proved.     

Equivariant Hopf bifurcation for functional differential equations of mixed type

In this paper we employ the Lyapunov–Schmidt procedure to set up equivariant Hopf bifurcation theory of functional differential equations of mixed type. In the process we derive criteria for the existence and direction of branches of bifurcating periodic solutions in terms of the original system, avoiding the process of center manifold reduction.     

Periodic Oscillations and Waves in Nonlinear Weakly Coupled Dispersive Systems

Bifurcations of periodic solutions in autonomous nonlinear systems of weakly coupled equations are studied. A comparative analysis is carried out between the mechanisms of Lyapunov–Schmidt reduction of bifurcation equations for solutions close to harmonic oscillations and cnoidal waves. Sufficient conditions for the branching of orbits of solutions are formulated in terms of the Pontryagin functional depending on perturbing terms.     

Metastable Energy Strata in Weakly Nonlinear Wave Equations

We consider the problem of the long-time stability of plane waves under nonlinear perturbations of linear Klein-Gordon equations. This problem reduces to studying the distribution of the mode energies along solutions of one-dimensional semilinear Klein–Gordon equations with periodic boundary conditions when the initial data are small and concentrated in one Fourier mode. It is shown that for all except finitely many values of the mass parameter, the energy remains essentially localized in the initial Fourier mode over time scales that are much longer than predicted by standard perturbation theory. The mode energies decay geometrically with the mode number with a rate that is proportional to the total energy. The result is proved using modulated Fourier expansions in time.     

Transformation Operator for Jacobi Matrices with Asymptotically Periodic Coefficients

We construct the transformation operator for the scattering problem with a periodic background under the assumption that the coefficients of the perturbation have a first finite moment. By means of the Marchenko approach [Marchenko, V. (1986) Sturm–Liouville Operators and Applications. Birkhäuser, Basel, Switzerland] we derive an estimate on the kernel of this transformation operator that allow us to study the inverse problem solution in the prescribed class of perturbations.     

The Stability Analysis of the Periodic Traveling Wave Solutions of the mKdV Equation

The stability of periodic solutions of partial differential equations has been an area of increasing interest in the last decade. In this paper, we derive all periodic traveling wave solutions of the focusing and defocusing mKdV equations. We show that in the defocusing case all such solutions are orbitally stable with respect to subharmonic perturbations: perturbations that are periodic with period equal to an integer multiple of the period of the underlying solution. We do this by explicitly computing the spectrum and the corresponding eigenfunctions associated with the linear stability problem. Next, we bring into play different members of the mKdV hierarchy. Combining this with the spectral stability results allows for the construction of a Lyapunov function for the periodic traveling waves. Using the seminal results of Grillakis, Shatah, and Strauss, we are able to conclude orbital stability. In the focusing case, we show how instabilities arise.