Real time inverse filter focusing through iterative time reversal

In order to achieve an optimal focusing through heterogeneous media we need to build the inverse filter of the propagation operator. Time reversal is an easy and robust way to achieve such an inverse filter in nondissipative media. However, as soon as losses appear in the medium, time reversal is not equivalent to the inverse filter anymore. Consequently, it does not produce the optimal focusing and beam degradations may appear. In such cases, we showed in previous works that the optimal focusing can be recovered by using the so-called spatiotemporal inverse filter technique. This process requires the presence of a complete set of receivers inside the medium. It allows one to reach the optimal focusing even in extreme situations such as ultrasonic focusing through human skull or audible sound focusing in strongly reverberant rooms. But, this technique is time consuming and implied fastidious numerical calculations. In this paper we propose a new way to process this inverse filter focusing technique in real time and without any calculation. The new process is based on iterative time reversal process. Contrary to the classical inverse filter technique, this iteration does not require any computation and achieves the inverse filter in an experimental way using wave propagation instead of computational power. The convergence from time reversal to inverse filter during the iterative process is theoretically explained. Finally, the feasibility of this iterative technique is experimentally demonstrated for ultrasound applications.     

On the time reversal in crystals of low point symmetry

The problems of additional time reversal degeneracy and the transformation properties of the time-reversed wave functions are studied in detail in cases where the low point symmetry (especially the absence of inversion) does not allow, for instance, the use of the formula derived by Elliott (1954). Some special examples are given and misleading statements in the literature are pointed out. The conclusions are summarized so as to be handy in actual applications. Spin is taken into account throughout the whole discussion. Multiplication tables for all double crystallographic point groups can be obtained from the Appendix.     

有平界面存在时时间反转法的自聚焦性能

时间反转法是一种具有独特优点的自适应聚焦方法,对超声成像中图象畸变的消除有重要价值。本文就声场中存在介质分平面时,对时间反转法实现自聚焦的声场给出了解析式;并运用所建立起来的时间反转成像实验系统进行了有平界面存在时的自聚焦实验,实验所得自聚焦增益与理论计算结果相符。     

正交频分复用无源时间反转信道均衡方法研究

针对水声信道多途信号引起的正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)水声通信系统符号间干扰的问题,提出了无源时间反转均衡的方法,将发送的探测信号时间反转与OFDM信号做卷积,利用无源时间反转镜的时间聚焦原理减小信道多途带来的符号间干扰,在OFDM符号中不使用导频的情况下实现信道均衡,简化了均衡步骤并提高了OFDM符号频带利用率。分析比较了无源时反均衡方法与最小平方信道均衡在水声多途信道下的误码性能。仿真研究和湖上实验表明,无源时反信道均衡算法可以有效的减小多途信道对OFDM水声通信系统带来的影响。     

正交频分复用无源时间反转信道均衡方法研究

针对水声信道多途信号引起的正交频分复用(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)水声通信系统符号间干扰的问题,提出了无源时间反转均衡的方法,将发送的探测信号时间反转与OFDM信号做卷积,利用无源时间反转镜的时间聚焦原理减小信道多途带来的符号间干扰,在OFDM符号中不使用导频的情况下实现信道均衡,简化了均衡步骤并提高了OFDM符号频带利用率。分析比较了无源时反均衡方法与最小平方信道均衡在水声多途信道下的误码性能。仿真研究和湖上实验表明,无源时反信道均衡算法可以有效的减小多途信道对OFDM水声通信系统带来的影响。     

一种新型的高功率高频率同轴渡越时间振荡器

提出了一种高频率和高功率的渡越时间振荡器,并且对其进行了理论和数值研究。这种振荡器采用同轴结构,功率容量大,不需要外加引导磁场聚焦电子束,波束相互作用区短,保持了传统渡越时间振荡器在结构上的简单性和输出信号的稳定性;运用电压为225kV和电流为11kA的电子束进行模拟,在X波段获得了峰值功率为1.4GW,频率为8.335GHz的微波输出。     

Source detection in mechanoacoustic systems by the wave front inversion and time reversal methods

A combined experimental and theoretical method is proposed for finding the vibration sources in mechanoacoustic systems. The method is similar to the wave front inversion and time reversal focusing methods used in optics and acoustics. The method performs coherent measurements of the vibration field at a set of points and employs the reciprocity principle in its theoretical part. To enhance the stability of the method, modifications are proposed that perform nonlinear processing of vibration fields calculated by the finite element method. Possibilities of using the method in self-testing vibrating systems are discussed.     

Long-time asymptotic of temporal-spatial coherence function for light propagation through time dependent disorder

The long-time asymptote of the field autocorrelation function for radiation propagated through a medium of point-like scatterers is studied using the Bethe-Salpeter equation. It is shown that for a plane source the fluctuation intensity (the zeroth spatial moment of the correlator) damps out following a power-logarithmically stretched exponential decay law, the exponent and preexponent being dependent on the scattering angle. The spatial center of gravity and dispersion of the correlator (the normalized first and second moments, respectively) turn out to be to weakly divergent at infinite time. A spin analogy of this problem is also discussed.     

时间反转方法用于高强度聚焦超声的焦点偏移补偿

传统的高强度聚焦超声(HIFU)治疗中实际焦点和预设焦点容易出现偏移,为考察时间反转方法对HIFU治疗中焦点偏移的补偿效果,采用时域有限差分方法求解Westervelt方程,建立高强度聚焦声场数值模型。数值计算得到在人体软组织中进行HIFU治疗时,采用时间反转方法后焦点偏移距离最大仅为1.6 mm。脂肪层厚度及声源强度改变对时间反转聚焦精度影响不大,F数(焦点距离同换能器孔径的比值)降低时,焦点偏移减小。研究表明在人体软组织吸收系数和非线性系数范围内,时间反转方法可有效补偿焦点偏移,达到更好的聚焦效果。     

Locating an acoustic point source scattered by a skull phantom via time reversal matched filtering

This paper examines the utilization of the time reversal matched filtering method to resolve the location of an acoustic point source beneath a skull phantom (variable thickness layer), without the removal of this layer. This acoustical process is examined experimentally in a water tank immersion system containing an acoustic source, a custom-made skull phantom, and a receiving transducer in a pitch-catch arrangement. The phantom is designed to approximately model the acoustic properties of an average human skull bone (minus the diploe layer), while the variable thickness of the phantom introduces a variable time delay to the acoustic wave, relative to its entry point on the phantom. This variable delay is measured and corrected for, and a matched filtering time reversed process is used to determine the location of the point source. The results of the experiment are examined for various positions of the acoustic source behind the phantom and compared to the reference cases with no phantom present. The average distance between these two cases is found to be 4.36 mm, and within the expected deviation in results due to not accounting for the effects of refraction.     

基于时间反演电磁波的稀疏阵列单频信号空间功率合成

基于时间反演技术, 建立了稀疏阵列单频信号相干合成的数学模型, 定义了合成效率函数概念, 推导出合成信号幅度最大时刻目标点合成效率值的统计特征与相位误差及阵元数的关系表达式, 并通过理论分析与仿真计算研究了相位误差对时间反演单频信号合成效果的影响. 分析表明, 当其他参数确定时, 假设相位误差服从一定范围的均匀分布, 且相互独立, 则峰值功率时刻的合成效率均值与阵元数无关, 仅与误差分布范围有关; 峰值功率时刻的合成效率方差与两者均相关, 且误差分布范围确定时, 阵元数越大, 峰值功率时刻的合成效率方差越小. 仿真计算结果表明, 即使存在一定的相位误差, 利用时间反演技术, 仍可实现单频信号在目标点邻域的相干合成及能量聚焦; 对相位误差的控制精度应结合需求与实现条件折中考虑. 本文的方法与结论可为研究稀疏阵列功率合成在高功率微波武器等技术中的应用提供理论依据.     

The logic of time reversal

Active time reversal in the sense of object reversal and passive time reversal in the sense of a frame reversal of time are discussed separately and then together so as to bring out their dual nature. An understanding of that duality makes it unavoidable to contrast symmetry properties of matter with symmetry properties to be assigned to antimatter. Only frame reversal of time can see all conceivable active time reversals relevant to physical objects. Only frame reversal of time can be used for a meaningful extension of the Neumann principle to the time domain.     

Numerical time reversal of waves

A numerical time reversal of waves is proposed instead of the conventional time reversal of wave procedure used in underwater acoustics. In the numerical method, the test sound source and the receiving arrays are used, as in the conventional method, but the transmission of the received signals after their time reversal into the same medium, as well as the measurement of the field obtained in this way at the point of the test source, is replaced by computations. To use the proposed technique for obtaining the same results as those provided by the conventional time reversal of waves, the teset source should be placed at different depths. A simplified numerical algorithm with the test source operating at a single depth is proposed and justified. This version of the time reversal of waves is successfully applied to the experiment in the Barents Sea. In contrast to the conventional method, the proposed technique allows one to study the stability of the sea medium with currents.     

基于时反算子分解的时反高分辨率定位技术研究

基于时反算子分解技术,提出了主动时间反转选择性定位方法。为提高此定位方法的分辨率,根据时反算子和协方差矩阵的相似性,提出了时反MUSIC和对角线加载时反MVDR定位技术。传统的获取时反算子的方法是通过单个阵元依次发射,该方法的缺点是每次只有单个元发射,导致输入信噪比较小,本文提出通过多个波束正交发射获取时反算子,能得到较大的输入信噪比,从而改善三种定位方法的定位性能。波导实验分别对三种定位方法和正交发射技术进行了验证,结果显示三种定位算法中,子空间基于的时反MUSIC方法具有较好的定位精度,时反MVDR技术具有较高的分辨率。     

Optical activity and time reversal

The rôle of time reversal symmetry in natural and magnetic optical activity is discussed. Natural optical rotation is shown to be generated by an anti-hermitian odd parity time-even operator and magnetic optical rotation by an anti-hermitian even parity time-odd operator. This shows that lack of time reversal invariance is not the source of natural optical rotation and that free atoms can show natural optical rotation without violating reversality, which leads to a fundamental distinction between the conditions necessary for natural optical rotation and a permanent space-fixed electric dipole moment. General transition optical activity and polarizability tensors between components of degenerate states are discussed with reference to possible new Raman experiments and new contributions to discriminating intermolecular forces between chiral molecules. Time reversal symmetry also leads to a new criterion for chiral objects and to the concept that natural optical activity provides an example of spontaneous symmetry breaking with respect to CP.     

Glauber model and time reversal invariance

The Glauber model is discussed from the point of view of time reversal invariance. It is shown that the model slightly violates the T-invariance conditions unless the longitudinal momentum transfers are not negligible relative to a nucleon mass.On leave of absence fromCharles University, Prague, Czechoslovakia.The author would like to thank Professor Abdus Salam, the International Atomic Energy Agency and UNESCO for hospitality at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste.     

A new interpretation of time reversal

A new interpretation of the time-reversal invariance principle is given. As a result, it is shown that microscopic dynamic reversibility has no basis in physics. The existing contradiction between one-way time and two-way time is reconciled. It is also pointed out that the common notion that clocks run backwards when time is reversed is wrong.     

Performance prediction of passive time reversal communications

A recent paper [M. Stojanovic J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 117, 1173-1185 (2005)] presented theoretical performance bounds of time reversal communications. In this letter, the performance of time reversal communications is evaluated using at-sea experimental data and compared to the theory for two different approaches; (1) time reversal alone and (2) time reversal combined with channel equalization. It is found that approach (1) shows a good agreement between theory and data. On the other hand, approach (2) indicates that the data is about 3-5 dB below the theory which assumes perfect knowledge of the channel, an infinite number of taps to remove the intersymbol interference, and no need for phase tracking. Taking these into consideration, the theoretical performance can provide a useful upper bound for predicting performance of time reversal communications.     

The time reversal operator for semigroup evolutions

A quantum theory combining an irreversible time evolution semigroup with a time reversal operator is presented.     

Robust time reversal focusing in the ocean

Recent time-reversal experiments with high-frequency transmissions (3.5 kHz) show that stable focusing is severely limited by the time-dependent ocean environments. The vertical focal structure displays dynamic variations associated with focal splitting and remerging resulting in large changes in focal intensity. Numerical simulations verify that the intensity variation is linked to the focal shift induced by phase changes in acoustic waves resulting from sound speed fluctuations due to internal waves. A relationship between focal range shift, frequency shift, or channel depth changes is illustrated using waveguide-invariant theory. Based on the analysis of experimental data and numerical simulations, methods for robust time-reversal focusing are developed to extend the period of stable focusing.